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  Since the time of Aristotle, who gave the first systematization of literary genres in his Poetics, the idea that literary genres represent a natural, once and for all fixed system, and the author's task is only to achieve the most complete correspondence of his work to the essential properties of the chosen genre, has been strengthened. This understanding of the genre - as a ready-made structure presented to the author - led to the emergence of a number of normative poetics containing instructions for authors as to how exactly an ode or tragedy should be written; the pinnacle of this type of works is Boileau's treatise "Poetic Art" (). This does not mean, of course, that the system of genres as a whole and the peculiarities of individual genres really remained unchanged for two thousand years, but the changes (and very significant ones) were either not noticed by theorists, or were interpreted by them as damage, a deviation from the necessary models. And only by the end of the 18th century, the decomposition of the traditional genre system, associated, in accordance with the general principles of literary evolution, both with intra-literary processes and with the influence of completely new social and cultural circumstances, went so far that normative poetics could no longer describe and curb literary reality.

  Under these conditions, some traditional genres began to rapidly die out or marginalize, while others, on the contrary, moved from the literary periphery to the very center of the literary process. And if, for example, the rise of the ballad at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, associated in Russia with the name of Zhukovsky, turned out to be rather short-lived (although in Russian poetry it then gave an unexpected new surge in the first half of the 20th century - for example, in Bagritsky and Nikolai Tikhonov, - and then at the beginning of the 21st century with Maria Stepanova, Fyodor Svarovsky and Andrei Rodionov), then the hegemony of the novel - a genre that normative poetics did not want to notice as something low and insignificant for centuries - dragged on in European literature for at least a century. Works of a hybrid or indefinite genre nature began to develop especially actively: plays about which it is difficult to say whether it is a comedy or a tragedy, poems that cannot be given any genre definition, except that it is a lyric poem. The fall of clear genre identifications was also manifested in the intentional authorial gestures aimed at destroying genre expectations: from the novel by Laurence Stern, "The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, a Gentleman," which is cut short in mid-sentence, to "Dead Souls" by N. V. Gogol, where the subtitle is paradoxical for a prosaic text the poem can hardly fully prepare the reader for the fact that he will now and then be knocked out of the familiar rut of a rogue novel with lyrical (and sometimes epic) digressions.

  In the twentieth century, literary genres were particularly influenced by the separation of mass literature from literature oriented towards artistic search. Mass literature re-sensed an urgent need for clear genre prescriptions that significantly increase the predictability of the text for the reader, making it easy to navigate in it. Of course, the previous genres were not suitable for mass literature, and it rather quickly formed a new system, which was based on the genre of the novel, which was very flexible and accumulated a lot of diverse experience. At the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, a detective and a police novel, science fiction and a ladies' ("pink") novel were formed. It is not surprising that contemporary literature, aimed at artistic search, sought to deviate as far as possible from the mass and therefore moved away from genre specificity quite deliberately. But since the extremes converge, insofar as the desire to be further from genre predestination sometimes led to a new genre formation: for example, the French anti-novel so did not want to be a novel that the main works of this literary movement, represented by such distinctive authors as Michel Butor and Natalie Sarrott, are clearly observed signs of a new genre. Thus, modern literary genres (and we meet such an assumption already in the reflections of M.M.Bakhtin) are not elements of any predetermined system: on the contrary, they arise as points of concentration of tension in one place or another of the literary space in accordance with artistic objectives , here and now, put by this circle of authors, and can be defined as "a stable thematically, compositionally and stylistically type of statement." The special study of such new genres remains a matter of tomorrow.

  Typology of literary genres

  A literary work can be classified as one or another genre according to various criteria. Below are some of these criteria and examples of genres.

  Hierarchy of genres in classicism

  Classicism, for example, also establishes a strict hierarchy of genres, which are divided into high(ode, tragedy, epic) and low(comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined features, the mixing of which is not allowed.

  see also

  Notes (edit)

  Literature

  • Darwin M.N., Magomedova D.M., Tyupa V.I., Tamarchenko N.D. Theory of literary genres / Tamarchenko N. D .. - M.: Academy, 2011. - 256 p. - (Higher professional education. Bachelor's degree). - ISBN 978-5-7695-6936-4.
  • Genre as a reading tool / V.I. Kozlov .. - Rostov-on-Don: Innovative humanitarian projects, 2012. - 234 p. - ISBN 978-5-4376-0073-3.
  • Lozinskaya E.V. Genre // Western literary criticism of the XX century. Encyclopedia / Tsurganova E.A. - INION RAN: Intrada, 2004. - P. 145-148. - 560 p. - ISBN 5-87604-064-9.
  • Leiderman N.L. Genre theory. Research and analysis / Lipovetsky M. N, Ermolenko S. I. - Yekaterinburg: Ural State Pedagogical University, 2010. - 904 p. - ISBN 978-5-9042-0504-1.
  • Smirnov I.P. Oliterated time. (Hypo) theory of literary genres. - M.: Publishing house of the Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy, 2008. - 264 p. - ISBN 978-5-88812-256-3.
  • Tamarchenko N. D. Genre // Literary encyclopedia of terms and concepts / Nikolyukin A.N. - INION RAN: Intelvak, 2001 .-- S. 263-265. - 1596 p. - ISBN 5-93264-026-X.
  • Todorov Ts. An introduction to science fiction. - M.: House of Intellectual Books, 1999 .-- 144 p. - ISBN 5-7333-0435-9.
  • Freidenberg O. M. Poetics of plot and genre. - M.: Labyrinth, 1997 .-- 450 p. - ISBN 5-8760-4108-4.
  • Schaeffer J.-M. What is a literary genre ?. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2010 .-- ISBN 9785354013241.
  • L. V. Chernetz Literary genres (problems of typology and poetics). - M.: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1982.
  • Chernyak V.D., Chernyak M.A. Genres of mass literature, Formularity of mass literature// Mass literature in concepts and terms. - Science, Flint, 2015 .-- S. 50, 173-174. - 193 p. -

  At school, in literature lessons, they study stories, novellas, novels, essays, elegies. Various films are shown in cinemas - action films, comedies, melodramas. And how can all these phenomena be combined with one term? For this, the concept of "genre" was invented.

  Let's figure out what a genre is in literature, what types of them exist and how to determine which direction this or that work belongs to.

  The division of works by genus has been known since antiquity. What is a genre in ancient literature? It:

  • tragedy;
  • comedy.

  Fiction was practically inseparable from the theater, and therefore the set was limited to what could be embodied on the stage.

  In the Middle Ages, the list expanded: now it includes a short story, a novel and a story. The emergence of a romantic poem, an epic novel, and also ballads belongs to the New Age.

  The twentieth century, with its enormous changes in meaning, which now and then took place in the life of society and the individual, gave rise to new literary forms:

  • thriller;
  • action movie;
  • fantastic;
  • fantasy.

  What is genre in literature

  The totality of some features of groups of literary forms (signs can be both formal and meaningful) - these are genres of literature.

  

  According to Wikipedia, they are classified into three large groups:

  • by content;
  • by form;
  • by birth.

  Wikipedia names at least 30 different directions. These include (of the most famous):

  • story;
  • story;
  • novel;
  • elegy,

  other.

  There are also less common ones:

  • sketch;
  • opus;
  • stanzas.

  How to identify a genre

  How to determine the genre of a work? If we are talking about a novel or an ode, then we will not get confused, but something more complex - a sketch or stanzas - can cause difficulties.

  So, before us is an open book. It is immediately possible to correctly name well-known literary forms, the definition of which we do not even need. For example, we see a volumetric creation, describing a long period of time, in which many characters appear.

  There are several plot lines - one main and an unlimited number (at the author's discretion) of minor ones. If all these requirements are met, then every high school student will say with confidence that we have a novel.

  If this is a small story, limited to a description of an event, while the author's attitude to what he is talking about is clearly visible, then this is a story.

  It is more difficult, for example, with an opus.

  The interpretation of the concept is ambiguous: most often it means something that causes ridicule, that is, an essay, story or story, the merits of which are doubtful.

  In principle, many literary works can be attributed to the concept of "opus", if they do not differ in clarity of syllable, richness of thought, in other words, mediocre.

  What are stanzas? This is a kind of memory poem, a meditation poem. Remember, for example, Pushkin's Stanzas, written by him on a long winter road.

  Important! To correctly classify this or that literary form, be sure to take into account both external signs and content.

  Let's try to bring literary genres together, and for this we will collect the types of works known to us in a table. Of course, we will not be able to cover everything - literary trends are most fully represented in serious philological works. But a small list can be made.

  

  The table will look like this:

  Genre definition (generally accepted)	Characteristic signs
  Story	Accurate plot, description of one striking event
  Feature article	A kind of story, the task of the sketch is to reveal the spiritual world of the heroes
  The story	The description is not so much of the event as of its consequences for the mental world of the characters. The story reveals the inner world of the heroes
  Sketch	A short play (usually consisting of one act). The minimum number of actors. Designed for staging on stage
  Essay	A short story, where a considerable place is given to the personal impressions of the author
  Oh yeah	A solemn poem dedicated to a person or event

  Types of genres by content

  Before we touched upon the question of the form of writing and divided the types of literature on precisely this basis. However, the directions can be interpreted more broadly. The content, the meaning of what is written is very important. In this case, the terms in both lists can "overlap", overlap.

  For example, a story falls into two groups at once: stories can be distinguished by external features (short, with a pronounced attitude of the author), and by content (one striking event).

  Among the directions, divided by content, we note:

  • comedy;
  • tragedies;
  • horrors;
  • drama.

  

  Comedy is perhaps one of the most ancient trends. The definition of comedy is multifaceted: it can be a sitcom, a comedy of characters. There are also comedies:

  • household;
  • romantic;
  • heroic.

  Tragedies were also known to the ancient world. The definition of this genre of literature is a work, the outcome of which will certainly be sad and hopeless.

  Genres of literature and their definitions

  A list of literary genres can be found in any textbook for philology students. Who is important to know in what directions literary forms stand out?

  The following specialists need this information:

  • writers;
  • journalists;
  • teachers;
  • philologists.

  When creating a work of art, the author subordinates his creation to certain canons, and their framework - conditional boundaries - makes it possible to classify what he has created as a group of "novels", "essays" or "ode".

  

  This concept applies not only to the creations of literature, but also to other forms of art. Wikipedia explains: This term can also be used in relation to:

  • painting;
  • Photo;
  • cinema;
  • oratory;
  • music.

  Important! Even the game of chess obeys its own genre standards.

  However, these are very large separate topics. We are now interested in what genres are in literature.

  Examples of

  Any concept should be considered with examples, and the types of literary forms are no exception. Let's get acquainted with examples in practice.

  Let's start with the simplest thing - with a story. Surely everyone remembers Chekhov's work "I Want to Sleep" from school.

  This is a terrible story, written in a deliberately simple, everyday style, at its heart is a crime committed by a thirteen-year-old girl in a state of passion, when her consciousness was clouded with fatigue and despair.

  We see that Chekhov followed all the laws of the genre:

  • the description practically does not go beyond the scope of one event;
  • the author is "present", we feel his attitude to what is happening;
  • the story has one main character;
  • in terms of volume, the essay is small, you can read it in a few minutes.

  Turgenev's Spring Waters can be taken as an example of the story. The author is arguing more here, as if helping the reader to draw conclusions, unobtrusively pushing him to these conclusions. In the story, an important place is given to questions of morality, ethics, the inner world of the heroes - all these problems come to the fore.

  

  - is also a fairly specific thing. This is a kind of sketch where the author expresses his own thoughts on a specific occasion.

  The essay is characterized by vivid imagery, originality, frankness. If you have ever read André Maurois and Bernard Shaw, you will understand what this is about.

  Novels and their characteristic features - the length of events in time, multiple plot lines, a chronological chain, the author's periodic deviations from a given topic - do not allow the genre to be confused with any other.

  In the novel, the author touches on many issues: from personal to acute social. At the mention of the novels, “War and Peace” by L. Tolstoy, “Fathers and Sons”, “Gone with the Wind” by M. Mitchell, “Thunder Heights” by E. Bronte immediately come to mind.

  Types and groupings

  In addition to grouping by content and form, we can take advantage of the proposal of philologists and subdivide everything created by writers, poets and playwrights by genus. How to determine the genre of a work - what genre can it belong to?

  You can create the following list of varieties:

  • epic;
  • lyrical;
  • dramatic.

  The first are distinguished by a calm narration, descriptiveness. A novel, an essay, a poem can be epic. The second is everything that is connected with the personal experiences of the heroes, as well as with solemn events. This includes an ode, an elegy, an epigram.

  

  Dramatic ones are comedy, tragedy, drama. For the most part, the "right" to them is expressed by the theater.

  Summarizing what has been said, one can apply the following classification: there are three major directions in literature, covering everything that has ever been created by prose writers, playwrights and poets. Works are divided according to:

  • form;
  • content;
  • kind of written.

  Within the framework of one direction, there can be many completely diverse compositions. So, if we take the division by form, then here we include stories, novels, essays, odes, essays, stories.

  We determine the belonging to any direction according to the "external structure" of the work: its size, the number of plot lines, the author's attitude to what is happening.

  

  Gender divisions are lyrical, dramatic and epic works. A novel, a story, an essay can be lyrical. The epic genus includes poems, fairy tales, epics. Dramatic plays are: comedies, tragicomedy, tragedy.

  Important! New time is making adjustments to the system of literary trends. In recent decades, the detective genre has developed, which originated in the 19th century. In contrast to the utopian novel that arose in the late Middle Ages, dystopia was born.

  Useful video

  Let's summarize

  Literature continues to evolve these days. The world is changing at a tremendous speed, and therefore the forms of expression of thoughts, feelings, the speed of perception are changing. Perhaps in the future new genres will be formed - so unusual that it is difficult for us to imagine them yet.

  It is possible that they will be at the junction of several types of art at once, for example, cinema, music and literature. But this is in the future, but for now our task is to learn to understand the literary heritage that we already have.

  In contact with

  As you know, all literary works, depending on the nature of what is depicted, belong to one of the three childbirth: epic, lyric or drama .
  
  
  

  1 ) Anecdote2) Apocrypha3) Ballad a4) Fable5) Epic

  6) Drama7) Life 8) Riddle9) Historical songs

  10) Comedy11) Legend12) Lyrics13) Novella

  14) Ode 15) Sketch16) Pamphlet17) Story

  18) Proverbs and sayings 19) Poems 20) Story21) Novel

  22) Fairy tale23) Word 24) Tragedy25) Chastushka26) Elegy

  27) Epigram 28) Epic29) Epic

  Video lesson "Literary genres and genres"

  Literary genus is a generalized name for a group of works, depending on the nature of the reflection of reality.

  EPOS(from the Greek. "narration") is a generalized name for works depicting events external to the author.

  
  

  LYRICS(from the Greek "performed to the lyre") is a generalized name for works in which there is no plot, but the feelings, thoughts, experiences of the author or his lyric hero are depicted.

  DRAMA(from the Greek. "action") - the generalized name of works intended for staging on stage; in the drama, dialogues of the characters predominate, the author's beginning is minimized.

  The varieties of epic, lyric and dramatic works are called types of literary works.

  Type and genre - concepts in literary criticism very close.

  Variations of the type of literary work are called genres. For example, a genre type of a story can be a fantastic or historical story, and a genre type of comedy can be a vaudeville, etc. Strictly speaking, a literary genre is a historically developed type of a work of art that contains certain structural features and aesthetic quality characteristic of a given group of works.

  TYPES (GENRE) OF EPIC WORKS:

  epic, novel, story, story, fairy tale, fable, legend.
  
  

  

  EPOPEIA is a major work of fiction that tells about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the genre of the epic novel appears - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs during their participation in historical events.

  

  
  

  ROMAN is a large narrative work of fiction with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of an individual.

  
  

  THE STORY is a work of fiction that occupies a middle position between the novel and the story in terms of the volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.

  
  

  STORY is a small piece of fiction, based on an episode, an incident from the hero's life.

  
  

  A FAIRY TALE is a work about fictional events and characters, usually with the participation of magical, fantastic forces.

  
  

  BASNYA (from "bayat" - to tell) is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, moralizing or satirical in nature.

  
  

  

  
  

  TYPES (GENRE) OF LYRICAL WORKS:

  
  

  ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message.

  ODA (from the Greek "song") - a choral, solemn song.

  
  

  ANTHEM (from the Greek "praise") - a solemn song on poems of a program nature.

  
  

  EPIGRAM (from the Greek "inscription") - a short satirical poem of a mocking character, which arose in the 3rd century BC. NS.

  
  

  ELEGY is a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called "a song of sad content" an elegy. The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "mournful song". Elegy originated in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC. NS.

  
  

  MESSAGE - a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a recognition.

  
  

  SONNET (from the Provencal sonette - "song") is a 14-line poem with a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (creator - the poet Jacopo da Lentini), appeared in England in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia - in the 18th century. The main types of the sonnet are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 terzets) and English (from 3 quatrains and the final couplet).

  
  

  LYROEPIC TYPES (GENRE):

  Genre is a type of literary work. There are epic, lyric, dramatic genres. Lyroepic genres are also distinguished. Genres are also divided by volume into large (including Roma and epic novels), medium (“medium-sized” literary works - stories and poems), small (story, short story, essay). They have genres and thematic division: adventure novel, psychological novel, sentimental, philosophical, etc. The main division is associated with the kinds of literature. We present to your attention the genres of literature in the table.

  The thematic division of genres is rather arbitrary. There is no strict classification of genres by topic. For example, if they talk about the genre-thematic variety of lyrics, they usually single out love, philosophical, landscape lyrics. But, as you can imagine, the variety of lyrics is not limited to this set.

  If you set out to study the theory of literature, it is worth mastering the groups of genres:

  • epic, that is, genres of prose (epic novel, novel, story, story, short story, parable, fairy tale);
  • lyric, that is, poetic genres (lyric poem, elegy, message, ode, epigram, epitaph),
  • dramatic - types of plays (comedy, tragedy, drama, tragicomedy),
  • lyroepic (ballad, poem).

  Literary genres in tables

  Epic genres

  • Epic novel

    Epic novel- a novel depicting folk life in critical historical epochs. "War and Peace" by Tolstoy, "Quiet Don" by Sholokhov.

  • novel

    novel- a multi-problem work depicting a person in the process of his formation and development. The action in the novel is full of external or internal conflicts. By subject there are: historical, satirical, fantastic, philosophical, etc. By structure: a novel in verse, an epistolary novel, etc.

  • The story

    The story- an epic work of medium or large form, built in the form of a narration of events in their natural sequence. In contrast to the novel in P., the material is presented chronically, there is no sharp plot, there is no blue analysis of the characters' feelings. P. does not set tasks of a global historical nature.

  • Story

    Story- small epic form, a small work with a limited number of characters. In R., most often one problem is posed or one event is described. Novella differs from R. in an unexpected ending.

  • Parable

    Parable- moral teaching in allegorical form. A parable differs from a fable in that it draws its artistic material from human life. Example: Gospel parables, the parable of the righteous land, told by Luke in the play At the Bottom.

  
  

  Lyric genres

  • Lyric poem

    Lyric poem- a small form of lyrics, written either on behalf of the author, or on behalf of a fictional lyric hero. Description of the inner world of the lyre hero, his feelings, emotions.

  • Elegy

    Elegy- a poem imbued with moods of sadness and grief. As a rule, the content of elegies is made up of philosophical reflections, sad reflections, sorrow.

  • Message

    Message- a poetic letter addressed to a person. According to the content of the message there are friendly, lyrical, satirical, etc. Message mb. addressed to one person or a group of persons.

  • Epigram

    Epigram- a poem that makes fun of a specific person. Characteristic features are wit and brevity.

  • Oh yeah

    Oh yeah- a poem, distinguished by the solemnity of style and the sublimity of the content. Glorification in verse.

  • Sonnet

    Sonnet- a solid poetic form, as a rule, consisting of 14 verses (lines): 2 quatrains-quatrain (for 2 rhymes) and 2 three-verses-tercets

  
  

  Dramatic genres

  • Comedy

    Comedy- a kind of drama in which characters, situations and actions are presented in funny forms or imbued with comic. There are satirical comedies ("Minor", "The Inspector General"), high ("Woe from Wit") and lyrical ("The Cherry Orchard").

  • Tragedy

    Tragedy- a work based on an irreconcilable life conflict leading to the suffering and death of the heroes. Play by William Shakespeare "Hamlet".

  • Drama

    Drama- a play with an acute conflict, which, unlike the tragic one, is not so sublime, more mundane, common and somehow resolvable. The drama is built on modern, not ancient material and asserts a new hero who rebelled against circumstances.

  
  

  Lyroepic genres

  (intermediate between epic and lyrics)

  • Poem

    Poem- the average lyric-epic form, a work with a plot-narrative organization, in which not one, but a whole series of experiences is embodied. Traits: the presence of a detailed plot and, at the same time, close attention to the inner world of the lyric hero - or an abundance of lyrical digressions. The poem "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol

  • Ballad

    Ballad- an average lyric-epic form, a work with an unusual, intense plot. This is a story in verse. A story presented in a poetic form, of a historical, mythical or heroic nature. The ballad's plot is usually borrowed from folklore. Ballads "Svetlana", "Lyudmila" V.A. Zhukovsky

  
  

  Literature genres

  Literary genres- historically formed groups of literary works, united by a set of formal and substantial properties (in contrast to literary forms, the selection of which is based only on formal characteristics). The term is often incorrectly identified with the term “type of literature”.

  The genera, types and genres of literature do not exist as something unchanging, given from time to time and eternally existing. They are born, theoretically realized, develop historically, change, dominate, freeze or retreat to the periphery, depending on the evolution of artistic thinking as such. The most stable, fundamental is, of course, the extremely general concept of "genre", the most dynamic and changeable is the much more concrete concept of "genre".

  The first attempts at theoretical substantiation of the genus make themselves felt in the ancient doctrine of mimesis (imitation). Plato in The State, and then Aristotle in Poetics, came to the conclusion that poetry is of three kinds, depending on what, how and by what means, it imitates. In other words, the generic division of fiction is based on the subject, means and methods of imitation.

  Separate remarks about the ways of organizing artistic time and space (chronotope), scattered in Poetics, constitute the prerequisites for further division into types and genres of literature.

  Aristotle's concept of generic characteristics is traditionally called formal. Its successors are representatives of German aesthetics of the 18th-19th centuries. Goethe, Schiller, Aug. Schlegel, Schelling. At about the same time, the principles of the opposite - a meaningful approach to the generic division of fiction were laid down. It was initiated by Hegel, who proceeded from the epistemological principle: the object of artistic knowledge in the epic is the object, in the lyrics - the subject, in the drama - their synthesis. Accordingly, the content of an epic work is being in its entirety, dominating the will of people, therefore the event plan prevails in it; the content of the lyric work is the state of mind, the mood of the lyric hero, therefore the eventfulness in it recedes into the background; the content of a dramatic work is striving for a goal, a person's volitional activity, manifested in action.

  Derived from the category of the genus, or, rather, clarifying, concretizing its concepts are the concepts of "species" and "genre". By tradition, we call a species stable structural formations within a literary genus, grouping even smaller genre modifications. For example, an epic consists of small, medium and large types, such as a story, an essay, a short story, a story, a novel, a poem, an epic. However, they are often called genres, which, in a strict terminological sense, concretize the types either in the historical, or thematic, or in the structural aspect: an antique novel, a Renaissance short story, a psychological or industrial essay or a novel, a lyrical story, a story - an epic (“Fate man "M. Sholokhov). Some structural forms combine specific and genre characteristics, i.e. types of genre varieties do not have (such are, for example, types and at the same time genres of medieval theater soti and moralite). However, along with synonymous word usage, hierarchical differentiation of both terms is relevant. Accordingly, the types are subdivided into genres according to a number of different characteristics: thematic, stylistic, structural, volume, in relation to the aesthetic ideal, reality or fiction, main aesthetic categories, etc.

  Literature genres

  Comedy- type of dramatic work. Displays everything ugly and ridiculous, funny and absurd, ridicules the vices of society.

  Lyric poem (in prose)- a type of fiction that emotionally and poetically expresses the feelings of the author.

  Melodrama- a kind of drama, the characters of which are sharply divided into positive and negative.

  Fantasy- a subgenre of science fiction. The works of this subgenre are written in an epic fairytale manner, using the motives of ancient myths and legends. The plot is usually based on magic, heroic adventures and travel; the plot usually contains magical creatures; the action takes place in a fairy-tale world reminiscent of the Middle Ages.

  Feature article- the most reliable type of narrative, epic literature, displaying facts from real life.

  Song, or song- the most ancient type of lyric poetry; a poem consisting of several verses and a chorus. Songs are divided into folk, heroic, historical, lyrical, etc.

  The story- medium form; a work that highlights a number of events in the life of the protagonist.

  Poem- type of lyrical epic work; poetic plot narration.

  Story- small form, a work about one event in the life of a character.

  novel- large form; a work, in the events of which many characters usually take part, whose fates are intertwined. Novels can be philosophical, adventure, historical, family and everyday, social.

  Tragedy- a kind of dramatic work telling about the unfortunate fate of the protagonist, often doomed to death.

  Utopia- genre of fiction, close to science fiction, describing the model of the ideal, from the point of view of the author, society. Unlike dystopia, it is characterized by the author's belief in the impeccability of the model.

  Epic- a work or cycle of works depicting a significant historical epoch or a major historical event.

  Drama- (in a narrow sense) one of the leading genres of drama; a literary work written in the form of a dialogue between the characters. Intended for performance on stage. Focused on spectacular expressiveness. The mutual relations of people, the conflicts that arise between them are revealed through the actions of the heroes and are embodied in a monologo-dialogical form. Unlike tragedy, drama does not end with catharsis.