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Voynich Ethel Lillian (May 11, 1864, Cork, Ireland, - 07/28/1960, New York), English writer, composer, daughter of a prominent English scientist and professor of mathematics George Boole, wife of Mikhail-Wilfred Voynich.

She was friends with S.M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky. In 1887-89 she lived in Russia. She was familiar with F. Engels, G.V. Plekhanov. From 1920 she lived in New York. Acted as a translator of Russian literature and several poems of T. G. Shevchenko into English. Voynich's best work is the revolutionary novel The Gadfly (1897; Russian translation, 1898), dedicated to the liberation struggle of the Italian people in the 1930s and 1940s. 19th century The novel has become one of the favorite books of young people in Russia; has been used many times as a literary basis for performances, films, and operas.

I have done my share of the work, and the death sentence is only evidence that it was done in good faith. (Gadfly)

Voynich Ethel Lillian

The revolutionary pathos that pervades the novel The Gadfly, Voynich's best book, is also felt in some of her other works; The author's courage in choosing "unpleasant" and sensitive topics was the reason for the conspiracy of silence among literary critics of Europe around the name of the writer.

Ethel Lilian Voynich (Ethel Lilian Voynich) was born on May 11, 1864 in Ireland, the city of Cork, County Cork, in the family of the famous English mathematician George Boole (Boole). Ethel Lillian did not know her father. He died when she was only six months old. His name, as a very prominent scientist, is included in the British Encyclopedia. Her mother is Mary Everest, the daughter of a professor of the Greek language, who helped Bule a lot in his work and left interesting memories of her husband after his death. By the way, the surname Everest is also quite famous. The highest peak of our planet, located in the Himalayas, between Nepal and Tibet - Everest or Mount Everest, is named after Ethel Lillian's uncle, George Everest, who in the middle of the 19th century headed the English Survey Department, and never visited Nepal, nor in Tibet, I have never seen my famous "namesake".

Ethel's orphanage turned out to be not easy, for five little girls all the meager funds left to the mother after George's death were spent. Mary Boole gave math lessons to feed them, wrote articles in newspapers and magazines. When Ethel was eight years old, she became seriously ill, but her mother could not provide the girl with good care and chose to send her to her father's brother, who worked as a mine manager. This gloomy, fanatically religious man sacredly adhered to the Puritan British traditions in raising children.

In 1882, having received a small inheritance, Ethel graduated from the conservatory in Berlin, but an illness of her hand prevented her from becoming a musician. While studying music, she attended lectures on Slavic studies at the University of Berlin.

In her youth, she became close to political émigrés who took refuge in London. Among them were Russian and Polish revolutionaries. The romance of the revolutionary struggle in those days was the most fashionable hobby of the intelligentsia. As a sign of mourning for the regrettably unfair order of the world, Ethel Lillian dresses only in black. At the end of 1886, she met with an emigrant living in London - writer and revolutionary S.M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, author of the book "Underground Russia". Acquaintance with the book prompted her to go to this mysterious country to see with her own eyes the struggle of the People's Will against the autocracy.

In the spring of 1887, the young Englishwoman went to Russia. In Petersburg, she immediately found herself surrounded by revolutionary-minded youth. The future writer witnessed the terrorist actions of "Narodnaya Volya" and its defeat. Wishing to better understand Russian reality, she agreed to take the place of governess in the family of E.I. Venevitinova in the estate of Novozhivotinnoye. Where, from May to August 1887, she taught the children of the owner of the estate music and English lessons. In her own words, Ethel Lillian and her pupils could not stand each other.

A place of death: Occupation:

prose writer, translator

Years of creativity: Language of works:

Ethel Lilian Voinich(eng. Ethel Lilian Voynich; May 11, Cork, Ireland - July 28, New York) - English writer, composer, daughter of a prominent English scientist and professor of mathematics George Boole.

Biography

She practically did not know her father, since he died shortly after her birth. Her mother, Mary Everest (eng. Mary Everest), was the daughter of a professor of Greek. Their surname is quite famous in the world, because this is the name of the highest mountain peak in the Himalayas, named after Mary Everest's uncle - George Everest (eng. Sir george everest).

A mother in need raised her five daughters, so when the youngest, Ethel, reached the age of eight, she took her to her husband's brother, who worked as a quartermaster at the mine. He was a very religious and stern man. In 1882, Ethel received a small inheritance and began studying music at the Berlin Conservatory as a pianist. In Berlin, she also attended Slavic lectures at the university.

Arriving in London, she attended meetings of political immigrants, among whom was the Russian writer Sergei Kravchinsky (pseudonym - Stepnyak). He told her a lot about his homeland - Russia. Ethel had a desire to visit this mysterious country, which she realized in 1887.

She worked in Russia for two years as a governess and teacher of music and English in the Venevitinov family.

Serge Kravchinsky

Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Perpetuation of memory

Bibliography

  • Voynich E. L. Collected works: In 3 vols. - M.: Pravda, 1975.

Links

  • http://www.ojstro-voynich.narod.ru - Gadfly in Esperanto
The article is based on materials from the Literary Encyclopedia 1929-1939.

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See what "Voynich E.L." in other dictionaries:

    Ethel Lilian Voynich (1864) is an English writer, daughter of a prominent English scientist and professor of mathematics George Boole. Having married V.M. Voynich, a Polish writer who moved to England, V. found herself on Wednesday radically ... ... Literary encyclopedia

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    - (Voynich) Ethel Lillian (1864 1960), English writer. Daughter of the English mathematician J. Boole. In 1887 89 she lived in Russia, was associated with the Polish and Russian revolutionary movement. Since 1920 in the USA. In the novel The Gadfly (1897), The Gadfly in Exile (1910; ... ... Modern encyclopedia

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    Ethel Lilian Voynich Date of birth: 11 May 1864 (18640511) Place of birth: Cork, Ireland Date of death: 27 July ... Wikipedia

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    Mikhail Voynich, 1885 Mikhail (pseudo "Wilfred") Leonardovich Voynich (October 31, 1865, Telshi, Kovno province, Russian Empire (now Lithuania) March 19, 1930, New York) revolutionary movement leader, bibliophile and antiquarian, ... ... Wikipedia

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Biography

She actually did not know her father, since he died shortly after her birth. Her mother, Mary Everest (eng. Mary Everest), was the daughter of a professor of Greek. Their surname is quite famous in the world, because this is the name of the highest mountain peak in the Himalayas, named after Mary Everest's uncle - George Everest (eng. Sir george everest).

A mother in need raised her five daughters, so when the youngest, Ethel, reached the age of eight, she took her to her husband's brother, who worked as a quartermaster at the mine. He was a very religious and stern man. In 1882, Ethel received a small inheritance and began studying music at the Berlin Conservatory as a pianist. In Berlin, she also attended Slavic lectures at the university.

Arriving in London, she attended meetings of political immigrants, among whom was the Russian writer Sergei Kravchinsky (pseudonym - Stepnyak). He told her a lot about his homeland - Russia. Ethel had a desire to visit this mysterious country, which she realized in 1887.

She worked in Russia for two years as a governess and teacher of music and English in the Venevitinov family.

Mikhail Voynich

Ethel Voynich was a member of the Society of Friends of Russian Freedom and the Free Russian Press Foundation, which criticized the tsarist regime in Russia.

Under the impression of conversations with the Russian writer Kravchinsky, as well as read biographies of the great Italian patriots Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini, Voynich created the image and character of the hero of her book - Arthur Burton, who is also called the Gadfly in the book. The famous ancient Greek philosopher Socrates had the same pseudonym.

Writer Robin Bruce Lockhart (whose father Bruce Lockhart was a spy) in his adventurous book "The Spy King" claimed that Voynich's lover was allegedly Sydney Reilly (a native of Russia Sigmund Rosenblum), who was later called the "ace of spies", and that they traveled together in Italy, where Reilly allegedly told Voynich his story and became one of the prototypes of the book's hero - Arthur Burton. However, Andrew Cook, Reilly's best-known biographer and intelligence historian, challenged this romantic but unsubstantiated legend of "love affairs" with Reilly. According to him, it is much more likely that Reilly's spy traveled on the heels of a freethinking Englishwoman with a very prosaic goal - to write denunciations against her to the British police.

In 1897 the book "The Gadfly" was published in the USA and England. The following year, her Russian translation appeared in Russia, where it was a tremendous success. Later, the book was reprinted several times in many languages.

Three times, in 1928, the films "The Gadfly" based on the novel by Ethel Voynich were released. Several playwrights and directors have presented plays and operas in theaters.

In 1895 she wrote The Humor of Russia.

At the same time, she translated many books by famous Russian writers and poets: Nikolai Gogol, Mikhail Lermontov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Gleb Uspensky, Vsevolod Garshin into English.

In 1901, the writer completed her new novel, Jack Raymond. In the heroine of her other novel (1904), Olive Latham, the character traits of Ethel Voynich are noticeable.

In 1910 her book, An Interrupted Friendship, appeared. Its translation into Russian was entitled "The Gadfly in Exile."

She also successfully translated six lyric poems of the great Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko (Six Lyrics from Ruthenian of Taras Shevchenko) into English in 1911.

Later, for a long time, she did not compose or translate anything, preferring to play music. She created several pieces of music, of which she considered the best oratorio "Babylon".

In 1931, in America, where she settled, her translation of the collection of letters of the great Polish composer Frederic Chopin from Polish and French into English was published.

In the spring of 1945 (she was then 81 years old) she finished writing her last work, Put off Thy Shoes. Voynich, forgotten in the United States, found out about her incredible popularity in the USSR, huge circulations and film adaptations of The Gadfly only at this age: she was found in the USA by a literary critic (See “Our friend Ethel Lilian Voynich” Ogonyok Library, no. 42, 1957). She began to receive letters from Soviet readers; she was visited in New York by delegations of pioneers, artists of the Bolshoi Theater, sailors and various other Soviet citizens who found themselves working in the United States.

Italy, 19th century. The young man, having lost his beloved, comrades and having learned about the deception of the closest person, disappears. After 13 years, he returns to realize revolutionary ideas and return the love of loved ones.

Part one

Nineteen-year-old Arthur Burton spends a lot of time with his confessor Lorenzo Montanelli, the rector of the seminary. Arthur worships padre (as he calls a Catholic priest). The boy's mother, Gladys, died a year ago. Now Arthur lives in Pisa with his stepbrothers.

The young man is very handsome: “Everything in him was too graceful, as if chiseled: long arrows of eyebrows, thin lips, small arms, legs. When he sat quietly, he could be mistaken for a pretty girl dressed in a man's dress; but with flexible movements he resembled a tamed panther - albeit without claws. "

Arthur trusts his mentor with his secret: he has become a part of "Young Italy" and will fight for the freedom of this country with his comrades. Montanelli feels trouble, but cannot dissuade the young man from this idea.

The organization also includes Arthur's childhood friend, Gemma Warren, Jim, as Burton calls her.

Montanelli was offered a bishopric, and he left for Rome for several months. In his absence, the young man, at a confession with the new rector, talks about his love for the girl and jealousy for his fellow party member Bolle.

Soon Arthur is arrested. He whiled away the time in his cell with fervent prayers. During interrogations, he does not betray his comrades. Arthur is released, but from Jim he learns that the organization considers him guilty of Bolla's arrest. Realizing that the priest has violated the secret of confession, Arthur unconsciously confirms the betrayal. Jim rewards him with a slap in the face, and the young man does not have time to explain with her.

At home, his brother's wife makes a scandal and tells Arthur that his own father is Montanelli. The young man breaks the crucifix and writes a suicide note. He throws his hat into the river and swims illegally to Buenos Aires.

Part two. Thirteen years later

1846 In Florence, members of Mazzini's party discuss ways to fight the government. Dr. Riccardo suggests asking for help from the Gadfly - Felice Rivares, a political satirist. Rivares' sharp word in the pamphlets is what you need.

Gemma Bolla, the widow of Giovanni Bolla, sees the Gadfly for the first time at the party at the party at Grassini's party. “He was dark as a mulatto, and despite his lameness, he was as agile as a cat. In all his appearance, he resembled a black jaguar. His forehead and left cheek were disfigured by a long, crooked scar - apparently from a blow from a saber ... when he began to stutter, the left side of his face twitched with a nervous spasm. The gadfly is insolent and does not consider decency: he appeared at Grassini with his mistress, the dancer Zita Reni.

Cardinal Montanelli arrives in Florence. Gemma saw him for the last time right after Arthur's death. Then, as if petrified, the dignitary said to the girl: “Calm down, my child, it was not you who killed Arthur, but me. I deceived him and he found out about it. " That day the padre fell in the street in a fit. Signora Bolla wants to see Montanelli again and goes with Martini to the bridge where the cardinal will go.

On this walk, they meet the Gadfly. Gemma recoils from Rivares in horror: she saw Arthur in him.

Rivares becomes very ill. He is tormented by severe pains, members of the party take turns on duty at his bedside. During his illness, he does not allow Zita to come near him. Leaving him after his watch, Martini runs into a dancer. Suddenly she bursts into reproaches: "I hate you all! .. He allows you to sit next to him all night and give him medicine, and I dare not even look at him through the door slit!" Martini is dumbfounded: "This woman really loves him!"

The gadfly is on the mend. During Gemma's watch, he tells her how in South America he was beaten with a poker by a drunken sailor, about working in a circus as a freak, how he ran away from home in his youth. Señora Bolla reveals her grief to him: it was her fault that the man “whom she loved more than anyone else in the world” died.

Gemma is tormented by doubts: what if the Gadfly is Arthur? So many coincidences ... "And those blue eyes and those nervous fingers?" She tries to find out the truth by showing a portrait of ten-year-old Arthur Ovod, but he does not betray himself in any way.

Rivares asks Signora Ball to use her connections to transport weapons to the Papal States. She agrees.

Zita showered Rivares with reproaches: he never loved her. The man Felice loves most of all in the world is Cardinal Montanelli: "Do you think I didn’t notice how you looked at his carriage?" And the Gadfly confirms this.

In Brisigella, disguised as a beggar, he receives the necessary note from his accomplices. There, Rivares manages to talk to Montanelli. Seeing that the padre wound has not healed, he is ready to open up to him, but, remembering his pain, he stops. “Oh, if only he could forgive! If only he could erase the past from his memory - a drunken sailor, a sugar plantation, a traveling circus! What suffering can you compare to that. "

Returning, the Gadfly learns that Zita left the camp and is going to marry a gypsy.

Part three

The man involved in the transportation of weapons has been arrested. The gadfly decides to go to rectify the situation. Before he leaves, Gemma tries once again to get him to confess, but at that moment Martini enters.

In Brisigella, Rivares is arrested: in a shootout, the Gadfly lost his composure when he saw Montanelli. The colonel asks the cardinal for consent to a military court, but he wants to see the prisoner. At the meeting, the Gadfly insults the cardinal in every possible way.

Friends organize an escape for the Gadfly. But a new attack of illness happens to him, and already being in the courtyard of the fortress, he loses consciousness. He is shackled and fastened with belts. Despite the doctor's persuasion, the colonel refuses Rivares opium.

The gadfly asks to meet with Montanelli. He visits the prison. Knowing about the serious illness of the prisoner, the cardinal is horrified by the cruel treatment of him. The gadfly breaks down and opens the padre. The dignitary realizes that his carino has not drowned. Arthur confronts Montanelli with a choice: either he or God. The Cardinal leaves the cell. The gadfly shouts after him: “I can't stand this! Radre, come back! Come back! "

The cardinal gives his consent to the court-martial. The soldiers who had time to fall in love with the Gadfly shoot by. Finally Rivares falls. At this moment, Montanelli appears in the courtyard. Arthur's last words are addressed to the cardinal: "Radre ... is your god ... satisfied?"

Friends of the Gadfly learn about his execution.

During the festive service, Montanelli sees blood in everything: the rays of the sun, roses, red carpets. In his speech, he accuses the parishioners of the death of the son, sacrificed by the cardinal for their sake, as the Lord sacrificed Christ.

Gemma receives a letter from the Gadfly, written before his execution. It confirms that Felice Rivares is Arthur. “She lost him. Lost again! " Martini brings the news of Montanelli's death from a heart attack.

Ethel Lillian Voynich is one of the undeservedly forgotten figures in the literature of England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The overwhelming majority of fundamental works and reference books on the history of English literature do not even contain a mention of the writer.

The revolutionary pathos that pervades the novel The Gadfly, Voynich's best book, is also felt in some of her other works; The author's courage in choosing "unpleasant" and sensitive topics was the reason for the conspiracy of silence among literary critics of Europe around the name of the writer.

Ethel Lilian Voynich (Ethel Lilian Voynich) was born on May 11, 1864 in Ireland, the city of Cork, County Cork, in the family of the famous English mathematician George Boole (Boole). Ethel Lillian did not know her father. He died when she was only six months old. His name, as a very prominent scientist, is included in the British Encyclopedia. Her mother is Mary Everest, the daughter of a professor of the Greek language, who helped Bule a lot in his work and left interesting memories of her husband after his death. By the way, the surname Everest is also quite famous. The highest peak of our planet, located in the Himalayas, between Nepal and Tibet - Everest or Mount Everest, is named after Ethel Lillian's uncle, George Everest, who in the middle of the 19th century headed the English Survey Department, and never visited Nepal, nor in Tibet, I have never seen my famous "namesake".

Ethel's orphanage turned out to be not easy, for five little girls all the meager funds left to the mother after George's death were spent. Mary Boole gave math lessons to feed them, wrote articles in newspapers and magazines. When Ethel was eight years old, she became seriously ill, but her mother could not provide the girl with good care and chose to send her to her father's brother, who worked as a mine manager. This gloomy, fanatically religious man sacredly adhered to the Puritan British traditions in raising children.

In 1882, having received a small inheritance, Ethel graduated from the conservatory in Berlin, but an illness of her hand prevented her from becoming a musician. While studying music, she attended lectures on Slavic studies at the University of Berlin.

In her youth, she became close to political émigrés who took refuge in London. Among them were Russian and Polish revolutionaries. The romance of the revolutionary struggle in those days was the most fashionable hobby of the intelligentsia. As a sign of mourning for the regrettably unfair order of the world, Ethel Lillian dresses only in black. At the end of 1886, she met with an emigrant living in London - writer and revolutionary S.M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, author of the book "Underground Russia". Acquaintance with the book prompted her to go to this mysterious country to see with her own eyes the struggle of the People's Will against the autocracy.

In the spring of 1887, the young Englishwoman went to Russia. In Petersburg, she immediately found herself surrounded by revolutionary-minded youth. The future writer witnessed the terrorist actions of "Narodnaya Volya" and its defeat. Wishing to better understand Russian reality, she agreed to take the place of governess in the family of E.I. Venevitinova in the estate of Novozhivotinnoye. Where, from May to August 1887, she taught the children of the owner of the estate music and English lessons. In her own words, Ethel Lillian and her pupils could not stand each other.

In the summer of 1889, Ethel Lilian returned to her homeland, where she took part in the "Society of Friends of Russian Freedom" created by S.M. Kravchinsky, worked in the editorial office of the émigré magazine "Svobodnaya Rossiya" and in the fund of the free Russian press.

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After a trip to Russia, E.L. Voynich began work on the novel The Gadfly. It was published in England in 1897, and at the beginning of the next year it was already translated into Russian. It was in Russia that the novel gained the greatest popularity.

In 1890, Ethel Lilian married Wilfred Michail Voynich, a Polish revolutionary who had escaped from Siberian penal servitude. This marriage lasted only a few years, but she kept her husband's surname forever.

The reason for this is a mysterious manuscript, the so-called Voynich Manuscript, of which Ethel Lilian became the owner after her husband's death in 1931.

Wilfred Voynich acquired this manuscript in 1912 in Italy in the shop of an old second-hand bookseller. Voynich was particularly interested in the fact that an old letter from the 17th century, attached to the manuscript, claimed that its author was the famous Roger Bacon, an English scientist-inventor, philosopher and alchemist. What is the mystery of the manuscript? The fact is that it is written in a language unknown to anyone on Earth, and many of its wonderful illustrations depict unknown plants. All the attempts of the most experienced decoders to decipher the text have led nowhere. Someone thinks that this manuscript is a hoax, while others expect from its deciphering to reveal the most incredible secrets and secrets of the Earth. Or maybe this manuscript is the creation of an alien who, by the will of fate, was forced to stay on Earth? True, the Yale professor Robert Brambo, with the help of notes in the margins of a wonderful book, managed to get a little closer to solving the mysterious manuscript and even decipher some of the captions to the illustrations, but the main text remains a secret behind seven seals.

According to indirect information that I was able to find, Wilfred Voynich did everything he could to decipher the manuscript. Ethel Lillian was the only witness who could confirm the authenticity of this find.

She and her secretary and close friend Ann Neill appear to have been the most energetic in the attempts to decipher the text and publish the material. They did a lot of work in libraries, correspondence with collectors.

Ann Neill, in turn, inherited the MS after the death of E.L. Voynich. She finally found a serious buyer willing to purchase this document. But, Ann Neill outlived Ethel Lillian by only a year. The Voynich Manuscript is now kept at Yale University.

Somewhere in the late 90s of the XIX century, Ethel Lillian met a charming adventurer, future secret agent of British intelligence, "king of spies" Sidney Reilly - one of the most mysterious personalities of the XX century, an ardent opponent of communist ideas. There is an assumption that it was his fate (escape from home due to a conflict with relatives, misadventures in South America) that served as a plot outline for creating the image and character of Arthur Burton.

In 1901 he wrote the novel "Jack Raymond" (Jack Raymond). Restless, mischievous boy Jack under the influence of the upbringing of his uncle, the vicar, who wants to beat him out of "bad heredity" (Jack is the son of the actress, according to the vicar, is a dissolute woman), becomes secretive, withdrawn, vindictive. The only person who for the first time took pity on the "inveterate" boy, believed in his sincerity and saw in him responsive to all kind and beautiful nature, was Elena, the widow of a political exile, a Pole whose tsarist government rotted away in Siberia. Only this woman, who had a chance to see with her own eyes "the naked wounds of mankind" in Siberian exile, managed to understand the boy, to replace his mother.

The heroic image of a woman is also central to the novel Olive Latham (1904), which has a somewhat autobiographical character.

E.L. Voynich was also involved in translation activities. She translated the works of N.V. Gogol, M. Yu. Lermontov, F.M. Dostoevsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, G.I. Uspensky, V.M. Garshina and others.

In 1910, "An Interrupted Friendship" appears - a completely spontaneous piece, to some extent written under the influence of the inexplicable power of literary images over the author. This book was first translated into Russian in 1926 under the title "The Gadfly in Exile" (translated under the editorship of S.Ya. Arefin, Puchina Publishing House, Moscow)

After Friendship Broken, Voynich again turns to translations and continues to acquaint the English reader with the literature of the Slavic peoples. In addition to the above-mentioned collections of translations from Russian, she also owns a translation of the song about Stepan Razin, included in the novel "Olivia Letham". In 1911, she publishes the collection "Six Lyrics from Ruthenian of Taras Shevchenko" a detailed sketch of the life and work of the great Ukrainian poet. Shevchenko was almost unknown in England at that time; Voynich, who sought, in her words, to make "his immortal lyrics" available to Western European readers, was one of the first promoters of his work in England. After the publication of Shevchenko's translations, Voynich left literary activity for a long time and devoted himself to music.

In 1931, in the USA, where Voynich moved, a collection of Chopin's letters was published in her translations from Polish and French. Only in the mid-40s, Voynich again appeared as a novelist.

The novel Put off Thy Shoes (1945) is a link in that cycle of novels, which, in the words of the writer herself, was the companion of her whole life.

The writer N. Tarnovsky, who lived in America, visited E.L. Voinich in the fall of 1956. He tells the curious story of the writing of the last novel. Once upon a time Ann Neill. who lived with Ethel Lillian, went to Washington for three weeks to work in the libraries there. When she returned, she was struck by the weary look of the writer. To her alarmed inquiries, the writer replied that it was "Beatrice who haunted her," that she was "talking to Beatrice," and explained that she was thinking all the time about Arthur's ancestors and that "they are asking for the light."

"If so, then there will be a new book!" Said Mrs. Neill.

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