Maps of the Trinity Fortress. Trinity Fortress (XVIII - XIX centuries) in

OPEN LETTER

To the President of the Russian Federation

V.V. Putin

Electronic reception of the President of the Russian Federation

Department for handling appeals from citizens and organizations.

To the Governor of the Rostov region

V. Yu. Golubeva

Chairman of the City Duma

Taganrog

Yu.V. Stefanov

To the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation

V. R. Medinsky

To the Minister of Culture of the Rostov Region

Rezvanov A. A.

Appeal from citizens of the “Historical Settlement of Taganrog”.

The city of Taganrog was included in the list of historical settlements of federal significance on July 29, 2010.
No. 418/339 - order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia and the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia.

In the city of Taganrog before the holiday - City Day 09.09.2015. in the Administration building there was a public hearing of the submitted documentation on the planning of the territory “the project of territory planning and the project of land surveying” - a project for the construction of multi-storey residential buildings, located in a protected area in the historical central part of the city on the site of the previously existing Trinity Fortress - in the very heart of the b. Trinity Fortress (within the boundaries of Chekhov St., Shevchenko St., Polurotnogo lane and lane 1 serf) .

Previously, the project was exhibited at the City Public Library. A.P. Chekhov for review and viewing by city residents.

TRINITY FORTRESS was founded by Emperor Peter Iby decree of the Pushkar order on September 12, 1698. It became one of the first fortresses of Peter the Great’s time, securing Russia’s access to the South Seas. The design of the Taganrog Fortress was based on a drawing by the Austrian engineer E. F. Bogsdorf, to which changes were made during construction. At the same time, a harbor was being built at the cape.

The city and the harbor had a single line of defensive structures. The city was protected from the floor by 5 bastions, from the sea - 2 bastions and 2 half-bastions, the flanks of which rested on the edges of the cliff.

The internal layout of the fortress was built according to a system of radial streets extending from the central square to the bastions.

All of the fortress's original structures were destroyed in 1712 under the terms of the Prussian Peace Treaty.

The revival of the Taganrog fortress began in 1769. Construction was carried out on old foundations within the previous boundaries (during the reign of Empress Catherine II).

The sides of the Petrovsky Shafts rested on the cliffs of the cape. Three bastions, two half-bastions, and four ravelins, equipped with cannons and howitzers, were built into the rampart. In 1804 Capital stone soldiers' barracks were built on the powerful foundations of a two-battalion garrison regiment; the cells housed the battalion headquarters and chief officers (officers' houses). The plots were surrounded by fences. In 1808 ten fortress cells were built according to the design of I. Rossinsky. In 1808 The local construction committee developed a new general plan for the trading city, which received "the highest statement."

ONE OF THE MODEL MILITARY CELLS - an object of cultural heritage of federal significance (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 176) has survived to this day, is located next to the block in question along the lane. 1st Serf/lane Polutorny (No. 6 on the explication of security zones), "Ensemble of the Trinity Fortress, 16th-19th centuries." This is the beginning of the city on Cape Tagan-rog.

At the very beginning of the street. Chekhov there is a LIGHTHOUSE (No. 20 on the explication of security zones) - which was destroyed in the 1970s and which needs to be recreated on old foundations, as well as The lighthouse service building is located in an area with a 1A security zone regime.

The entire park is in 1A security zone mode . All old neighborhoods that can still be preserved and saved are in mode 2A, 3A(strict development regulation regimes in compliance with the scale of the valuable historical and urban environment construction 1-2 x storey buildings height from 5.0m to 7.5m).

All quarters located on the site of bastions and ravelins are in 1B. Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker 1778 (No. 33 on the explication of security zones) is located in a zone with a regime 1G.

The block in question at the public hearing is the beginning of the central street of Taganrog, which bears the name of the great countryman A.P. Chekhov. Chekhov street connects with st. Petrovskaya and st. Shevchenko through Petrovsky Square with the regime of security zones 1A- a place for showing tourists and city guests unique objects that are under the protection of the state - the Russian Federation.

All objects of this complex are a single ensemble of historical and cultural heritage “Ensemble of development of the street. Chekhov" in city-forming security zones.

The beginning of the central axis of the city should start beautifully: with 1-2 x storey buildings of estate development along the perimeter and inside the blocks up to 7.5 m.

STREET NAMED AFTER A.P. CHEKHOV IS THE MAIN AXIS IN THE URBAN PLANNING OF THE CITY OF TAGANROG. From the lighthouse to lane Smirnovsky are 60 unique buildings of federal and regional significance (UCN) that have the characteristics of a cultural heritage site (OPF) in terms of preserving facades from No. 9 to No. 169. The style of development of these buildings includes neoclassicism, classicism, modernism, eclecticism, and brick style.

In modern house numbering, it is necessary to identify all buildings, including:

st. Chekhova, 69- the house in which A.P. Chekhov was born, ( No. 142 according to the general plan of protective zones, 1860-1863., federal significance).

st. Chekhova, 76- b. Shedevi house ( No. 145 on the general plan of security zones, 1880, regional significance).

st. Chekhov, 88 - the house in which I. D. Vasilenko lived ( No. 151 on the general plan of security zones, 1906., regional significance).

st. Chekhova, 94- fire station, city fire tower ( № 153 according to the general plan of security zones, 1833-1846., regional significance).

st. Chekhova, 96- b. house of E. Lakier and A. Popudovoy (3 buildings) ( No. 155 according to the general plan of protective zones, 1840., regional significance).

st. Chekhova, 104/7- b. Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium ( No. 161 on the general plan of security zones, 1875., regional significance).

st. Chekhova, 98, 107, 109, 117, 119 - b. Shopping arcades (No. 163 according to the general plan of protective zones, II- IIIh.XIXV., regional significance).

st. Chekhova, 129- b. house of Kh. P.5irsanov ( No. 170 according to the general plan of security zones, 1825., regional significance).

st. Chekhov, per. Red (square) - monument to A.P. Chekhov ( No. 214 according to the general plan of protective zones, 1960., federal significance).

st. Chekhova, 75- monument to Petlyakov V.M. ( No. 311 on the general plan of protective zones, regional significance), etc.

These and many others cultural heritage sites entered the register and yet the authorities destroyed the unique first house at the beginning of the street. Chekhov.

The public hearing was attended by all members of the town planning council, members of the union of architects, an academician of architectural heritage - the author of protected zones, architects and heads of architectural workshops with extensive experience in the field of reconstruction, restoration and comprehensive restoration of historical and cultural monuments, as well as the design of neighborhoods in the historical center Taganrog, city residents.

During the discussion of the project, the opinion of the council was completely ignored and, we believe, there is a fear that the customer’s position will take precedence.

This project involves the construction of standard faceless multi-storey buildings with a height of 7 floors (which is 21 m in height), which completely does not correspond to the given territorial zone on this site - protection zones 1G and zones of strict development regulation 2A.

The customer LLC Don Stroy and S and the designer were given technical specifications for the development of documentation for the planning of the territory within the boundaries of the street. Chekhova, st. Shevchenko, per. Half-company and per. 1st Serf, which was not taken into account, because. The customer does not own the entire block, but a little more than 1/3 of the territory of the entire site; security zones 1G and zones of strict development regulation, regime 2A (construction of 1-2-story estate buildings up to 7.5 m high) were not taken into account.

In the block, which is located on the territory of a historical and architectural protected area (block No. 184), there was a one-story building at No. 9 on the street. Chekhov, built in 1894. (located on the list of buildings and structures subject to preservation and restoration by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation). The unique building is the only one in the block that stood out for its architectural decoration, of which only one wall remains - the facade on the street. Chekhov. Judging by the photographs from 2010. could be restored and adapted to modern needs. The building was deliberately destroyed.

Needs to be taken into account the fact that this quarter is located in a protected area on the territory of b. Trinity Fortress, and in close proximity to the ensemble of monuments of federal significance.

St. Chekhov is an “Ensemble” of development in the city of Taganrog of federal significance.

Celebration of the 317th anniversary of the founding of Taganrog and a rally took place at the monument to Peter I in a historical park, next to which there is a block that is going to be built up with multi-storey buildings (7 floors) (standard) dense buildings.

With this approach, visual connections with the surface of the Taganrog Bay with the unique main objects of cultural heritage will be lost - the high-rise city-forming dominants of the territory, which stand in squares and in the historical park, currently visible from a long distance, at the intersection of streets and in the historical park:

• St. Nicholas Church,


• lighthousewith the preserved lighthouse service building,


• monument to PeterI,


• exemplary military cell,


• remains of earthworks.

Preservation of the remains of defensive structures - monuments of federal significance, Nikolsky and Arkhangelsky gates on both sides of the fortress (beautiful objects will complete the ensemble).

In the newspaper “Taganrogskaya Pravda” - special issue dated September 10, 2015. (pp. 2-3) The mayor of Taganrog Vladimir Prasolov, addressing us, the city residents, assured us that -

« … all the diverse work to preserve our cultural and historical heritage will inevitably continue.
The future of Taganrog - the city of Military Glory, cultural capital and tourist center is being laid today...our descendants will have to judge what we are doing now when they begin to celebrate, for example, the 350th birthday of their city.
Our goal is to live and work in a way that they can look back on with gratitude and pride. The tourism prospects of Taganrog can become quite real precisely in conditions of increasing interest in domestic tourism.” (speech by the Mayor of Taganrog Vladimir Aleksandrovich Prasolov from an article in the newspaper “The Future of Taganrog Begins Today”).

A gross invasion of the historical environment by multi-storey buildings, dissonant with cultural heritage sites and existing buildings included in the register, will cause even greater damage and destroy the most valuable part of the historical city.

We think that these are not just words, and you will not let your native city perish, preserving the most valuable thing - the heritage that shapes the morality of generations, caring attitude towards the Russian land, culture, customs, love for the city.

The city of Taganrog began with a fortress, and by destroying it, construction without necessarily taking into account urban planning requirements and opportunities for tourist use will be possible to say goodbye to the status of the city “Historical Settlement of Taganrog of Federal Significance.”

The visual perception of historically valuable buildings in this quarter should remain open from all points, including from the opposite sides of Chekhov and Shevchenko streets and Polurotnogo and 1st Serfnogo lanes from the sea.

The location of the historically valuable architectural fund in the eastern part of the Taganrog Peninsula was not taken into account in the project. On the territory of the old city, formed in the north-eastern part of the historical center by monuments of history and culture - administrative culture, the city centers should remain more comfortable and attractive. It is necessary to stop destroying the valuable silhouette of urban development - the historically valuable color of the development of the central part. Stop installing shopping pavilions on sidewalks and preserve trees and plants.

The development of block No. 184 must preserve the unity of scale, the stylistic commonality of architectural techniques and decorative system, the planning structure, i.e. comprehensive restoration and regeneration of historical quarters is necessary b. Trinity Fortress, preservation of cultural heritage sites and objects that have the characteristics of cultural heritage sites in terms of preserving facades, and not just one facade on objects (OPF).

The integrity of the architectural appearance in all areas (with the regime of security zones 1A, 1B, 1G and zones of strict regulation of development 2A, 3A) can only be when there are no ugly standard disharmonious multi-storey buildings - dominants that do not combine with historical buildings should not the proportions will be violated.

The materials for finishing the facades must be chosen correctly, the appropriate colors and glazing of windows and roofs must be selected, gates, cabinets, fences must be designed, lighting must be determined and trees must be preserved.

The seizure of new areas to expand residential areas still leads to selective construction of standard multi-storey buildings in the historical center.

On the territory b. When designing the Trinity fortress, the work to preserve the object, which has the characteristics of a cultural heritage site in terms of preserving the facades, was not taken into account; the soils were not fully explored; archaeological excavations were not carried out sufficiently and not throughout the entire territory.

Protection zones and adjustments to the design of protection zones for historical and cultural monuments of regional significance, as well as identified cultural heritage objects of the historical part of Taganrog, carried out by the SKF Institute "Spetsproektrestavratsiya" code 928-02-05 passed the state examination, the boundaries of the protection zones of cultural heritage objects were approved based on Federal laws

Resolution of the Administration of the Rostov Region dated February 19, 2008. No. 66 “On approval of the boundaries of protection zones for cultural heritage objects of the historical part of Taganrog (hereinafter referred to as Resolution No. 66) is not a legal act, does not require mandatory publication, but is SUBJECT TO MANDATORY APPLICATION” (from the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated July 30, 2013 No. 58).

We ask you to protect yourself from interference in order to adjust the security zones (protection zones and development regulation zones) of the city of Taganrog and change the permitted construction parameters.

Taganrog Peninsula sung by K. Paustovsky (1916).

Taganrogone of the multinational cities of Russia.

Taganrog- the city of the first memorial museum in Russia. In 1825 Alexander Memorial Museum was opened here I Blessed One. Today the city ranks first among cities in the country in terms of the number of museums per 100 thousand inhabitants. The State Literary, Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve is located here.

Taganrog- the city of Europe’s first hospice home for shipwrecked sailors (built in 1825 at the expense of the Greek Depaldo) and the first kindergarten for children of working parents (founded in 1851 by Mrs. Lakier).

Taganrog- the first city in the south of Russia where a railway was built (1869), called Azov and connecting the center of Russia with Taganrog through Kursk, Kharkov and western Donbass.

We, city residents, patriots, love our city and want its historical uniqueness to be preserved and not destroyed.

We reserve the right to seek assistance from higher authorities.

With respect to you, citizens of the city of Taganrog.

________________________________________ ________________________________________ _________________

P.s.
There is another appeal to the Mayor of Taganrog, where the above text is supplemented with the following words:

"Address to the Mayor of Taganrog:

You, Vladimir Alexandrovich, made a promise to help the city and preserve its integrity. We ask you to show a civic position and not allow the construction of multi-storey discordant (dominant) objects in protected zones (and zones of special regulation of development). "

Both documents were signed by leading architects of the city, members of the TO VOOPiK Society and citizens who are not indifferent to the fate of the city.

You can demonstrate your civic position by signing the appropriate petition

P.s.s.

According to the resolution of the Taganrog City Administration No. 2182,No later than fifteen days from the date of the public hearing (09/24/2015), submit for approval to the Mayor of Taganrog the draft territory layout, the protocol of public hearings on the draft territory planning and the conclusion on the results of the public hearing.

There is very little time to be heard, but we hope that common sense will prevail!

Trinity Fortress is a fortified settlement of the Uyskaya distance.
The fortress was founded in 1743 on the left bank of the Uy River, 72 versts east of Stepnaya. In 1773, 739 soldiers and officers served in its garrison, headed by brigadier A.A. Feyervar; 164 retired soldiers lived here (5). 23 cannons were installed on the fortress walls and bastions.
On October 18, 1773, Feyervar addressed the President of the Military Collegium Z.G. Chernyshev with a letter in which, pointing out the dangerous development of events, he asked to send an authoritative and reliable general to Troitskaya, who, having taken over the local army and garrison units, could prevent spread of the rebellion in the eastern part of the Orenburg region and Western Siberia (6). Since the autumn of that year, the fortress served as a base for military teams sent from Siberia to carry out punitive operations in the territory of the Iset and Ufa provinces, as well as near the border distances along the Yaik.
In May 1774, the fortresses and redoubts in the upper reaches of the Yaik and Uy found themselves in the zone of active operations of the rebel army, which, having captured the fortresses of Karagai, Petropavlovsk and Stepnaya, headed towards Troitskaya. It was attacked by Pugachev's 10,000-strong army on the morning of May 20. The garrison tried to repel the attack with artillery fire, but Pugachev led his troops to attack. A participant in the assault, the peasant of the Emurtalinskaya settlement S. Konev, said at the investigation that the Pugachevites “in their shirts, with only guns and spears, walked under the fortress with their chests,” and when the enemy artillery resumed firing, the attackers “at their own time, falling to the ground, crawled" towards the fortress, and as soon as the guns fell silent, they immediately jumped up and ran to the fortress (7). Having overcome desperate resistance, the rebels broke into Trinity. During the battle, Commandant Feyervar was killed, several officers and dozens of soldiers were killed. Pugachev took the survivors into his army, as well as all the artillery with shells and gunpowder treasury, huge reserves of provisions and fodder (8).
Early in the morning of the next day (May 21), the corps of General I.A. Dekolong, which suddenly appeared at the Trinity Fortress, immediately attacked the Pugachevites, who were carelessly spending the night in their camp. Although the rebels were taken by surprise, they put up stubborn resistance for four hours. Pugachev himself, “like the wind,” rushed like a whirlwind on horseback across the battlefield, trying to “hold and strengthen” his troops, but Delong defeated him. Up to 4,000 Pugachevites fell at the battle site, and about the same number were wounded and captured. Fleeing from pursuit, Pugachev, with one and a half thousand horsemen and one cannon, fled from the Trinity Fortress to the north-west, along the road to Chelyabinsk (9).
The Trinity Fortress is mentioned by Pushkin in archival preparations for “The History of Pugachev” (1), in the text of the “History” itself and in draft fragments of its manuscript (2). Information about it is contained in the “Chronicle” of P.I. Rychkov, published in appendices (3), as well as in the notes of M.N. Pekarsky (4).

Notes:

1. Pushkin. T.IX. P.536, 617, 618, 630, 640, 641, 649-653, 656, 666, 717, 719, 779, 785;

2. Ibid. P.20, 55-57, 118, 153, 453;

3. Ibid. P.215, 347, 348;

4. Ibid. P.614;

5. Spiritual painting of parishioners of the church in the Trinity Fortress for 1773 - GAOO. F.173. Op.11. D.727. L.199-232;

6. Pugachevism. M.-L., 1931. T.3. P.229, 230;

7. Protocol of S. Konev’s testimony during interrogation in the Siberian provincial chancellery in July 1774 - RGADA. F.6. D.467. Part 3. L.60 rev.;

8. Report of Colonel I.M. Fock to Governor I.A. Reinsdorp dated August 13, 1774 - RGADA. F.1100. D.10. L.26-43;

9. Dmitriev-Mamonov A.I. Pugachev revolt in the Urals and Siberia. St. Petersburg, 1907. P.108-110.

The reference article is reprinted from the site
http://www.orenburg.ru/culture/encyclop/tom2/tom2_fr.html
(Authors and compilers of the encyclopedia: Doctor of Historical Sciences Ovchinnikov Reginald Vasilievich , Academician of the International Academy for the Humanization of Education

The organizer and main character in the construction of the Taganrog fortress, harbor and fleet was Peter I . “Having a well-known theoretical background and war experience,” wrote V.V. Yakovlev, “Peter, in the full sense of the word, was a major engineer, with broad views on the matter... he studied German and Dutch fortresses on site, talked with learned engineers these countries, assimilated the essence of their views, treating it at the same time critically...” Understanding perfectly the importance of fortress construction on the borders of the young Russian state, Peter paid great attention to the study of the theory and practice of fortification. During the years of his reign, a number of works by famous engineers of that time were translated into Russian with a detailed description of the experience of constructing fortresses, methods of their siege and defense. These books gave an idea of ​​the general state of fortification in Europe at the turn XVII - XVIII centuries.

In the Taganrog fortress construction on the coast of the Azov Sea, the connection between architectural theory and engineering and technical problems and the exact sciences of the first quarter of the 18th century was clearly evident. The work that took place in the Azov region was carried out on the basis of the personal instructions of Peter I, who exercised constant, sometimes very strict, control over the activities of engineers and builders. Numerous written sources of that time testify to the close attention he showed to the construction of the new city, and allow us to assert that Peter took an active part in the creation of the design plan for Taganrog.

The subject of special concern of the sovereign in the initial period of construction were the harbor and fortifications, a huge role in the creation of which belonged to foreign engineers with deep knowledge in the field of fortification. One of them was the Austrian specialist Ernst-Friedrich von Borgsdorf - the first mentor of young Peter in fortification science and the author of the first design plan for Taganrog.

Peter I commissioned Borgsdorf to design the Trinity Fortress shortly after the capture of Azov (1696). This choice, apparently, was not accidental, since Baron von Borgsdorff was not only a practical engineer, but also the author of two theoretical works, prepared by him in 1696-1697 and later published by order of Peter in Moscow: “The Victorious Fortress” and “Trusted Military Rules” are the first works on fortification written in Russia, based on Russian combat experience.

The book “The Victorious Fortress,” presented by Borgsdorf to Peter and dedicated to the “happy congratulations of the glorious victory over Azov,” sets out the basic principles of the defense of fortresses. It contains twelve so-called “main rules” for the construction of defensive structures, if fulfilled, the fortress could repel any attack and withstand a long siege, “ultimately weakening the cruelty of the enemy.” It was these rules that the Tsar's engineer Borgsdorf relied on when designing the Taganrog fortress.

The manuscript presented to the sovereign was accompanied by original drawings, one of which is of particular interest, since it establishes features of undoubted similarity with the project “fortress and harbor at Taganrog” sent by Borgsdorf to Peter I in 1698 and published in the travel “Diary of the Austrian diplomat I.G. Korba (ill. 1, 2). In both cases, we see a semi-circular outline of the internal space of the future city, limited by defensive structures, a breakdown of the urban territory into blocks of geometrically regular shape, the presence of a central square and six small squares, a radial system of streets connected by semi-circular highways, the same pattern of a fortress fence consisting of five bastions and two semi-bastions, an identical external defense system (with the exception of additional fortifications in the form of six ravelins, which are absent on the plan of the Taganrog fortress). Also, both drawing sheets show gunpowder towers located along the central axis of each bastion, which in wartime were to be used instead of cavaliers to install cannons, and in peacetime - for storing military supplies. Thus, Borgsdorf’s book can be considered, in a sense, a kind of “explanatory note” to the design plan for the Trinity Fortress, based on the classical canons of fortification art of the best engineering schools in Western Europe.

It should also be noted that in the design drawing from the “Diary” of I.G. Korba already shows coastal semi-bastions and gun batteries on the piers of the harbor, but there is still no fortified line, the idea of ​​which received visible embodiment in 1702. It was first outlined by Borgsdorff in 1697 in one of the drawing sheets illustrating his book “Authorized Military Rules” (illus. . 4). Here, in addition to the fortress itself, whose outline resembles that of Taganrog, a layered defense system of the city from the field side is shown, consisting of two fortified lines. One of them is presented in the form of an earthen rampart, fortified with redoubts, and the other, more powerful, is in the form of the same rampart, but reinforced at the edges with four-sided trenches. This design proposal was later partially used in the construction of a fortified line, located four miles from Taganrog and intended to protect the city under construction from Tatar raids. The defensive line in the form of an earthen rampart with bastions ran across the entire peninsula; small fortresses were built at its ends: the four-bastion Pavlovskaya on the bank of the Mius River (in its shape it resembled the fortresses of the Dutch school) and the three-bastion Cherepakhinskaya on the shore of the Sea of ​​Azov (ill. 3, 5 -7). As F. Apraksin reported in October 1702 in one of his letters to Peter I: “On Mius, Sovereign, the city is quadrangular, and also by the sea there is a triangle, between them the line, with the help of God, is pretty well made.” The fortified line and the naval defensive structures that already existed by that time fully provided reliable protection for Taganrog and made it possible to continue the construction of the central fortress and city, which began in 1698, without interference.

Ill. 1 E.-F. Borgsdorf. Drawing from the book “The Victorious Fortress”. 1696

Unfortunately, information about the preparatory work that should have preceded the start of this construction has not been found. However, we can say with a reasonable degree of confidence that they were produced carefully and in full. Their essence, of course, in the most general terms, was to measure the territory of the future city and its main structures, to determine the location of the church, the administrative chamber, the royal and voivode's courts, warehouses, barracks, residential buildings, as well as to draw up detailed drawings of the future of the city and detailed “paintings” that were the basis of the design documentation. Only after this could the project be presented and then approved by the king or the Pushkar order.

Obviously, all the requirements of the then legislation were fulfilled by the fall of 1698, and six months later, in June 1699, Peter I was able to see construction work on an unprecedented scale, headed, as before, by Baron Borgsdorff. At the same time, Admiral Kruys made an entry in his marching journal that “the fortress walls have not yet been removed, but the coast is lined with formidable batteries, under the cover of which the fleet could stand protected from the wind by artificial piers.”

Ill. 2 E.-F. Borgsdorf. Plan of the fortress and harbor near Taganrog. Design drawing. 1698

At this time E.-F. Borgsdorf was probably already preparing to leave for his homeland. Instead, the engineer Christian Ruel was left to build the fortress, and since 1698 the Italian captain, the Venetian Matvey Simont, who was sent to Taganrog at the request of Borgsdorf, was engaged in the construction of the harbor. Returning to Vienna, Baron Borgsdorff did not stop design work and in November 1699 sent drawings and letters addressed to K. Ruel and M. Simont to the Pushkarsky order. Apparently, his correspondence with Peter I did not stop. So, for example, in April 1700, the baron reminded A. A. Vinius of the need to quickly transfer his letter to the sovereign, and Peter himself asked Vinius to send him Borgsdorf’s letters “as soon as possible "

Ill. 3 Pavlovsk Fortress. Rostov region, village. Gaevka. Aerial photography.

In August of the same year, in connection with Ruel’s departure to Moscow, the Dutch engineer Reinholt Truzin (Yagan Reguzin) was appointed chief superintendent of work in Taganrog, who in September 1701 compiled “A working drawing and size of the structure of the new city in Tagan-Roga on the Azov they are building the sea...", an explication of which has been preserved in the archives of the navy. Apparently, Truzin’s drawing, attached to the annual report on the work done, recorded the current urban planning situation, which was based on the design developments and drawings of Baron Borgsdorf, the first builder of Taganrog, whose role is still undeservedly underestimated.

Ill. 4 E.-F. Borgsdorf. A fortress defense system using fortified lines. 1697

By the time Reinholt Truzin arrived in Taganrog, the fortress fence had already been implemented, and the main administrative and residential buildings appeared in the city. Truzin, by the highest order, was instructed to build the city according to the drawing “as given to the engineer Peasant Ruel, and now complete the construction according to the letters of Ernst Friedrich” (i.e. Borgsdorf). Thus, it is quite obvious that Truzin’s “serviceable” drawing was not a design drawing, as previously repeatedly indicated in the literature, and did not introduce anything fundamentally new into the process of creating Taganrog. Truzin had a very indirect relation to the fact that “the city was conceived as a complex organism, with a system of squares and the distribution of territory for military facilities, public buildings and housing.” The idea of ​​the city matured much earlier, and at its origins stood Baron von Borgsdorff and Peter I himself. And, apparently, it was no coincidence that in the sovereign’s letters Borgsdorf was always respectfully referred to as “Ernst Friedrich”.

Ill. 5 Plan of the town of Pavlovsk. Ill. 6 Plan of the town of Cherepakhina.

Fragment of a map of 1736, RGVIA. Fragment of a map of 1736, RGVIA.

Ill. 7 Plan of a fortified line between the cities of Pavlovsk and Cherepakhin. Fragment of a map of 1736, RGVIA.

Archival sources indicate that by 1701 (i.e. by the time Truzin compiled the “Serviceable Drawing” - and only three years after the start of construction of Troitsk!) the city and the fortress had already acquired their characteristic features. Despite the fact that no original drawings from the beginning of the 18th century have survived, numerous plans of the Taganrog fortress that have survived in the archives, restored at the end of the century along the same lines, allow us to judge its appearance, the composition of the fortifications and city buildings. Based on these later graphic documents, it can be concluded that the general outline and composition of the earthworks of the Trinity Fortress were quite significantly changed compared to the original design of Borgsdorf: they now consisted of four bastion fronts, two half-bastions and four ravelins located behind the counter. -escarpment and strengthening the external defense system of the fortress (ill. 8, 9, 12).

Ill. 8 Plan of the Taganrog fortress. Fragment of a map of 1736, RGVIA.

Ill. 9 Scheme of the Taganrog fortress plan. Second half of the 18th century. Based on materials from RGVIA.

Ill. 10 Plan of Taganrog harbor in 1704.

Ill. 11 Medal for the founding of Taganrog. Silver. TGLIAMZ. The gold medal intended for M. Simont was made in a single copy. Silver medals were awarded to engineers, architects, officers and sailors who worked on the construction of the harbor.

In front of the main rampart, which was more than seven meters high, there was an additional lowered rampart (fossebreya), behind which there was a covered path. Under the fortifications there were stone powder magazines with stone vaulted ceilings, barracks and defensive casemates. The fortress fence, surrounded by a four-meter-deep ditch, surrounded the city on three sides. A fortress planned in this way could fully protect itself from attack from the field. By the beginning of the 18th century, its garrison consisted of 5,660 military men, and 327 cannons were installed on the bastions and in the harbor, which successfully solved the problem of coastal defense.

The Taganrog harbor, for the construction of which Matvey Simont was awarded in 1709 with a gold commemorative medal depicting the outlines of the fortress and the inscription that it was “given to him for the labors of the harbor,” was intended not only for the parking of the fleet, but was also a powerful defensive structure (ill. 10, 11). The German general H. G. Manstein, who visited Taganrog, testified in his notes about Russia that “everyone who has seen this harbor admits that this is one of the best harbors in Europe...”. In addition to the gun batteries installed on the harbor piers, the “newly built” city was also protected from the sea by the “Turtle” citadel - the first sea fort in Russia on an artificial foundation, which served as a prototype for the future naval defensive structures of Kronstadt (ill. 10).

The development of the city of Troitsk on Tagan Rog itself was orderly from the moment of its foundation. The construction of buildings was allowed only according to approved designs and in specially designated areas. At the same time, special attention was paid to the development of blocks located near the central square, where the “great sovereign’s newly built mansions”, the governor’s house, the executive chamber, officers’ yards, etc. were located. On another square - Cathedral Square, facing the sea - stood the stone Trinity Square church (1704-1706), which replaced the first wooden church, consecrated in 1699 in the presence of Peter the Great. This temple was the main one in the city (cathedral) and served mainly the garrison of the fortress. Also in the sources there is a mention of the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, for the construction of which the soldiers submitted a petition to the Prikaz Chamber. In the blocks located along the fortress fence, courtyards of artillery servants, soldiers' barracks, powder magazines and warehouses were built; shops for storing various supplies were located partly near the harbor, partly near the fortress walls.

The most significant and interesting innovation (in relation to the traditions that developed in Russian urban architecture of the pre-Petrine period) was the use of a radial system of street layout, of which the middle one was oriented towards the central bastion of the fortress fence, and the two side ones were directed towards the fortress gates: Arkhangelsk (northern) and Nikolsky (southern). The radial streets passed behind the fortress fence into access roads, along which regimental and craft settlements with a regular rectangular layout were located. The blocks enclosed between the street-lines were divided into plots allocated for development. The streets and areas had geometrically regular outlines, and in the center of the settlement, as a rule, there was a “cathedral” square with a wooden church. Archival sources mention at least two wooden churches in soldiers' settlements: the Kazan Mother of God (consecrated on July 6, 1704) and St. Andrew the First-Called (consecrated on July 9, 1704). Their general descriptions have also been preserved: the church in the name of the Kazan Mother of God was built from pine forest, covered with planks, had an altar and a refectory; pentagonal block-block lockers were cut down in front of the outer doors. The length of the main space of the temple was 3 fathoms, the refectory reached 4 fathoms minus one arshin. Church in the name of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called was similar in structure, material and coating.

The posad, or suburb, was formed next to the settlements, directly next to the fortress fence, already in the first years of the existence of Taganrog. It was inhabited mainly by townspeople engaged in various crafts and trade. In the outstadt there were merchant shops, a trade or market, a circle courtyard, a customs house and a drinking hut “made of sawn four-plant timber.” Sloboda and suburbs complemented the composition of the city and formed a single whole with its core - the fortress.

In addition to the construction of the fortress, harbor and city, during these same years a lot of work was carried out on the improvement and landscaping of urban and suburban areas: “Sow acorns for the forest around Taganrog, and also plant willows in the city along the coast and in pleasant seaside places. ...Sow acorns in Azov and Taganrog, plant willow there along the river and sea banks, sow various herbs and flowers,” Peter ordered in letters addressed to the city under construction. Elements of urban improvement can also include the construction of numerous wells on the territory of the fortress and settlements, the development of a water supply project, and the installation of storm sewers.

Reports from different years on work in Taganrog and various inventories from the archives of the naval fleet indicate that until the end of the first decade of the 18th century, wooden buildings predominated in the city. The development of stone housing construction was hampered by a shortage of stone, interruptions in its supply, and the need for priority construction of such military facilities as towers, casemates, soldier barracks, and warehouses. A lot of stone was used to line the bastions and harbor piers.

Ill. 12 Map of Taganrog with nearby towns and fortified line. 1736. RGVIA.

The stone construction work was carried out under the leadership of the famous master Osip Startsev, who arrived in Troitsk on Tagan-Rog in 1702 “in order to head the store building and other stone works.” According to some researchers, Startsev was not only the author of significant stone structures in the fortress (including the Trinity Church), but also took part in wooden residential construction. Archive documents contain descriptions of wooden houses equipped with porches with railings, external staircases, porches, and figured balusters.

By the end of the first decade of the 18th century, the Taganrog development project was almost completely implemented. The fortress and harbor works were also nearing completion. The words of Peter, repeatedly mentioned in various local history publications, addressed in one of his letters to A. Menshikov, vividly characterize the picture seen by the tsar when he visited Taganrog in 1709: “We came here and this place, which before ten years we saw an empty field, now With the help of God, we found a sizeable city together with a harbor...” And although the fortress never repelled an enemy attack, and the fleet did not fire a single combat shot, their presence served as a guarantee of the security of the southern borders of Russia and for a long time kept the Turkish Sultan’s court from declaring war.

The political situation in the Azov region deteriorated sharply after the Battle of Poltava and the flight of Charles XII to Turkey. Already in November 1710, the Turkish Sultan Ahmet II declared war on Russia. In December, this news reached St. Petersburg, and then at F.M. Apraksin was entrusted with the task of defending Azov and Taganrog. When a Turkish squadron with landing troops entered the Sea of ​​Azov in June 1711, Russian ships did not allow it to reach the harbor, and ground units defeated the enemy landing force in the Petrushina Spit area. However, in the main theater of military operations, Russian troops were defeated, as a result of which, under the terms of the Prut Peace Treaty, Russia undertook to return Azov and the lands taken “in the last war” to Turkey, and to destroy the “newly built” fortresses.

According to the Prut Treaty (1711) and two subsequent treaties (1712, 1713), Russia lost the border fortresses of Samara, Kamenny Zaton, Taganrog and the Tsar’s favorite “undertaking”, which cost so much work and expense - the Azov fleet along with Azov and the mouth of the Don.

“It’s not with my own hand that I write: the Turks must be satisfied... Taganrog should be destroyed as widely as possible, but without spoiling the foundation, for perhaps God will do otherwise,” Peter I bitterly addressed the head of the Admiralty Prikaz, F.M. Apraksin. In the hope of a successful outcome, Peter did his best to delay the destruction of Taganrog. However, at the beginning of February 1712, the fortress was blown up and the city was destroyed.

It is known that right up to his death, Peter was haunted by the thought of returning Taganrog, but these plans were not destined to come true.

Ill. 13 Modern Taganrog with reconstruction of fortifications. Photomontage

TRINITY FORTRESS

On July 26, 1696, just a few days after the capture of Azov, Tsar Peter I, taking with him the governor Alexei Semenovich Shein (1662-1700) and General Patrick Gordon (1635-1699), set off to select a place for the future fortress and harbor in order to gain a foothold on Azov lands reclaimed from the Ottoman Porte. The Tsar liked the Miussky Peninsula with its Tagany Cape, and on November 12, 1696, he appointed a Duma nobleman, member of the Boyar Duma Ivan Eliseevich Tsykler to lead the construction of the new fortress. But he was soon executed as a participant in a conspiracy against the king. In March 1697, Duma clerk Ivan Ivanovich Shchepin went to Taganrog. The general management of the restoration of Azov and the construction of new fortifications according to all the rules of fortification art is entrusted to the engineer Anthony de Laval, an Austrian in Russian service. But de Laval laid the first trench (a small earthen fortification) in the name of St. Paul, the future Pavlovsk fortress, at the Petrushina Spit (seven kilometers west of present-day Taganrog), and not on the cape that Tsar Peter liked. I.I. became the governor of the new fortress. Shchepin.

Only a year later, having examined data on several more places at the mouth of the Miuss and the estuary, the Pushkarsky order, due to the obvious shallowness of the said places, returned to the construction of a fortress and harbor on Cape Tagany, according to the tsar’s original plan. The choice was confirmed by the sent sea captain Matvey Simont, who personally measured the sea. And cruel and arrogant, having exhausted the troops with work and nagging, de Laval was arrested the following year and taken to Moscow for investigation.

Plan of the Trinity Fortress with a harbor

The Taganrog port was the first in the world to be built not in a natural bay, but on the open sea. For many decades he admired foreign builders with his audacity and elegant rationality.
The harbor water area occupied 774 thousand square meters, had a rectangular shape and was surrounded by a pier filled with stone. It could accommodate up to 250 ships at a time. On the sea side, the main entrance gate was built, defended by a pier with a tower. The side gates were also covered by a bastion, and towers were erected at the corners of the harbor.
The entrance to the harbor was defended by the “Turtle” fort, with an area of ​​1,200 square meters and 127 cannons, built in the sea two kilometers from the shore on a man-made island. To construct it, wooden boxes with stones were placed between rows of oak piles driven into the seabed. And in this, Taganrog was a world leader - a similar method of constructing jetties and artificial islands was used for the first time in history. Nowadays, the remains of the Turtle Fort are visible only when there are eastern winds.
And so Matvey Simont reported to Moscow: “In the summer of last 1705, September 1, a harbor was built in Troitsky.”
By 1709, the construction of the main harbor structures was completed. The total length of all piers reached 1,700 linear meters; for their construction, over 30 thousand oak piles were driven, about two hundred wooden boxes were manufactured and laid in the underwater part, into which over 50 thousand cubic meters of stone were loaded
German general Christopher Hermann Manstein (1711-1757) in his “Notes on Russia. 1727-1744" wrote: "... He (Peter I) built on the Sea of ​​Azov in an area called Taganrog, a beautiful harbor, which he named Trinity, in which ships, having passed the mouth of the Don without cargo, near Azov were finally armed and could stand completely safely. Everyone who has seen this harbor admits that it is one of the best harbors in Europe.”
Taganrog became the first city in the history of Russia, built according to a pre-developed general plan and drawings, using a radial-beam layout, as well as the first Russian military port.
The Tsar tirelessly monitored the development of Taganrog and wrote to the Azov governor Ivan Andreevich Tolstoy (the great-grandfather of the poet F. Tyutchev): “Please, God forbid, at the present time, caution should be exercised, both in Azov and especially in Tagan-Roga , to the defense of that place. I myself, Your Grace, know what it’s like for the Turks of Taganrog.”
Beginning in August 1696, for the development of new lands, a series of personalized royal decrees turned the Azov region into one of the largest places of exile “for eternal life” in Russia. Captured Turks and Tatars also headed to Taganrog, and with the beginning of the Northern War, Swedes and residents of the Baltic states came in large numbers. A significant group was made up of Cossacks of Sloboda Ukraine, who were settled on the Mius River to guard the approaches to Taganrog from the Crimea.
In the winter and spring of 1709, Peter I was in Voronezh, Azov and Taganrog, which were fortifying themselves in case of attack by the Turks and Crimeans. Before his departure from Taganrog to Poltava, where a decisive battle with the Swedes was planned, Peter wrote to A.D. Menshikov on May 4: “This place, which before ten years was seen as an empty field (of which I myself am aware), is now, with the help of God, a sizeable city, together with the harbor, we found it, and although the owner has not been where for a long time, and not everything is in order, there is still something to see.” At this time, a strong fleet was based in the harbor of Taganrog, the basis of which was the 70-gun “Sleeping Lion”, the 60-gun “Goto-Predestination” and “Speech”, the 50-gun “Hercules”, “Scorpion”, “Weasel” and “ Union", and others.

In honor of the completion of the construction of the harbor, shipyard and city, emphasizing the special merits of Matvey Simont, on May 23, 1709, Peter ordered Admiral F. M. Apraksin to make a commemorative medal: “Please order that Matvey Simontov be made a gold coin with stones worth one hundred and three, and on one on one side there should be our person, and on the other – the local Havan and the signature here that was given to him for the work of Havan.” In a response report sent on June 2, 1709, F. M. Apraksin reports: “I order the coin to Matvey Simontov with the person of Your Majesty, and on the other side with the outline of the harbor and signed by decree, to be made immediately, and when done, immediately to your I’ll send the Majesty.” This medal, known in a significant number of copies, was oval in shape, with an eyelet. On its front side there was indeed a depiction of Peter I, and on the reverse side there was a plan of the fortress and harbor of Taganrog, the date “1709” and the inscription “FOR THE CAUSE OF THE HARBOR TO CAPTAIN MATVEY SIMONTOV”...

In just eleven years, a stone city grew up on the wind-swept Tagany cape, the first naval base, in which more than 200 government buildings were built, and about 10 thousand people lived in 1,357 residential buildings. The fortress housed a garrison of several thousand people, armed with 238 cannons. There were over a hundred more cannons in the harbor and fortress on Turtle Island. In addition, there were 10 warships in the harbor, armed with 360 cannons, with a crew of 1,500 people.