Germs against diseases article. Biological products for diseases

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Plants have a whole system of protection against phytopathogenic microorganisms. In addition to the mechanical properties of tissues, a number of chemical compounds that make up plants are of great importance in phytoimmunity. Phytoncidal substances and phytoalexins produced in response to infection (Greek phyto - plant, alexo - repelling an attack) have significant protective properties. However, plant diseases are widespread and cause significant damage. To combat them, chemical agents are used, as well as biological methods that are safer for the environment. In addition, it is important to carry out preventive measures, since some pathogenic microorganisms are able to live on plant residues in the soil for quite a long time.

The liberation of soil from phytopathogenic organisms is facilitated by the increased proliferation of microbes in it - antagonists of pathogens of certain diseases. For example, after sowing alfalfa, the soil is cleared of the pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Obviously, this is explained not only by the fact that the root system of alfalfa releases alkaloids into the soil, which inhibit many microorganisms, but also by the fact that it stimulates the reproduction of antagonists of the verticillium pathogen in the soil. Rapeseed plants also have similar properties, the intercropping of which can be used in the south between sowing other crops.

It has been established that the cultivation of some plants (clover, vetch, etc.) helps to free the soil from the anthrax bacillus, while other plants (wheat grass, potatoes) favor the reproduction of the embryos of this microorganism.

Thus, in principle, it is possible to combat pathogenic microbes in the soil by introducing certain plants into crop rotation, but for widespread practical application of this technique, its experimental refinement is necessary.

A good effect is achieved by using antagonistic microbial cultures to treat seeds infected with phytopathogens, or to apply them to the surface of vegetative plants, as well as to contaminated soil. The antagonist microbe, while destroying the pest, does not harm the host plant.

Research in this direction was started in the CIS by Ya. P. Khudyakov (1935), who isolated bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas that lyse the mycelium of the phytopathogenic fungi Sclerotinia and Botrytis. These antagonistic microbes were successfully used in field experiments to combat fusarium in wheat, flax, etc. Plant seeds were bacterized with a Pseudomonas culture.

The use of mycolytic bacteria by N.A. Krasilnikov in the fight against fusarium contributed to the improvement of pine seedlings and saplings.

As already noted, the culture of Azotobacter chroococcum prevents diseases of agricultural plants caused by a number of fungi, for example Alternaria.

You can successfully combat gooseberry powdery mildew caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca mors-uvae by spraying plants with an infusion of manure. This stimulates the proliferation of microorganisms on the surface of the plant. The epiphytic microflora contains antagonistic bacteria, which begin to multiply after spraying.

The possibility of selecting microbial cultures that act as herbicides on certain groups of weeds cannot be ruled out.

The specified fungus into the soil when sowing plants. Based on the culture of Trichoderma lignorum, the drug trichodermin is prepared.

Let us briefly discuss the technique of using antagonistic microbes. To disinfect seeds, they are sprayed with a microorganism culture diluted in water. Not only the surface of the seed is sterilized, but also the root zone, where microorganisms move and begin to multiply there.

When planting seedlings and seedlings, their roots are moistened with a suspension of the corresponding antagonistic microbes in water. An aqueous suspension of microbes can also be used to spray the above-ground parts of damaged plants, as well as for preventive purposes.

Preparations intended to combat soil infections (such as trichodermin) are added to the soil during sowing. So far, antagonistic microbes have not been systematically used in agriculture.

Nowadays, the microbiological method of controlling rodents (house mice, voles, rats) is widely used. Several cultures of microorganisms are known to cause intestinal diseases resembling typhoid fever in rodents. These microorganisms are safe for humans and pets. For the first time, the murine typhus bacterium Bact. Typhi murium was isolated in 1892 in Germany by Leffler. Later, S. S. Merezhkovsky, B. Ya. Isachenko and other scientists discovered a number of microorganisms close to this form. These organisms belong to the group of so-called enteric typhoid bacteria, more precisely, to the subgroup of paratyphoid bacteria (genus Salmonella).

When fighting rodents, a multiplied bacterial culture is applied to bread or dough is kneaded on it. Other products are also used to make baits. Baits are placed in burrows or places most frequented by rodents.

The bacterial method of rodent control is cheap and has an advantage over the chemical method, since it is harmless to humans, domestic animals, birds of prey and small predators (weasels, ferrets, etc.). Its effectiveness is quite high. Currently, the drug bacterodencid, created on the basis of the microbe described by B. L. Isachenko (Salmonella enteritidis var. Issatschenko), is widely used.

Pest control: application of microorganisms.

Insects, like all other living organisms, can be affected by diseases that are dangerous to them. The causative agents of such diseases are various microorganisms - bacteria, fungi and viruses. World science has created various biological products based on spore-forming crystal-forming bacteria (entobacterin-3, dendrobacillin and insectecin, etc.).

Entobacterin-3 is a wettable light gray powder. Consists of 10% bacterial spores and highly toxic protein crystals and 90% kaolin. 1 g of entobacterin-3 contains about 30 billion bacterial spores and approximately the same number of endotoxin crystals.

Entobacterin almost completely destroys the entire complex of leaf-eating pests in the garden (spot moths, leaf rollers, lacewings, silkworms, moths, etc.). The drug is used at a temperature not lower than +15° C in a concentration of 50-100 g per 10 liters of water.

The addition of 2 g of chlorophos to 10 liters of entobacterin suspension significantly increases its effectiveness. Entobacterin can be used in combination with most pesticides used in gardens. Entobacterin, entering the intestines of a harmful insect, causes its death.

The drug is effective for about a month, but if it rains during this period, the spraying is repeated. Summer and autumn varieties of apple trees are sprayed 2-3 times, winter ones - 3-4 times at intervals of 12-15 days. Entobacterin can be moistened and powdered on fishing belts. The use of entobacterin is harmless to warm-blooded animals, beneficial insects and plants.

Entobacterin-3 is available in the form of a light gray wettable powder or a stabilized suspension. Both forms have the same biological activity. In addition, the industry has developed entobacterin in the form of a paste, which is as effective as a wettable powder.
Boverin is a mushroom preparation obtained from the muscardan mushroom. Available in the form of a gray powder containing 1 g of 2 billion fungal spores. Boverin is mainly used against the Colorado potato beetle, but it can also be used against leaf-eating garden pests, including the codling moth of apple and pear trees. Boverin gives the best results when combined with Sevin three times at a concentration of: Boverin - 30 g, Sevin - 5 g per 10 liters of water at intervals of 9-12 days. In its pure form, Boverin is non-toxic to humans.

Boverine should be stored at temperatures from +5 to + 18° C.

The use of microorganisms against plant diseases. The biological method of combating plant diseases is based on the antagonism between microorganisms living on plants and in the soil. Currently, much attention is paid to the study and development of methods for using antagonists and their metabolic products - antibiotics.

There are also a number of promising antibiotics. The drugs act in different ways: some directly destroy or weaken pathogens, others increase the resistance of plants. Biological products are completely safe for plants, humans and entomophages.

To combat American powdery mildew, many gardeners quite successfully use an infusion of cattle manure or rotted hay. In infusions, bacteria develop that destroy the mycelium (mycelium) of powdery mildew. One part of mullein is poured with three parts of water and infused for three days. The prepared infusion is diluted three times with water, filtered and used for spraying.

For quotation: Gorelova L.E. Antibiotics. Enemies or friends? (pages of history) // RMJ. 2009. No. 15. P. 1006

...In external nature and the human body

microbes are common and provide us with great
assistance in the fight against infectious diseases.
I.I. Mechnikov

The idea of using microbes against microbes and observations of microbial antagonism date back to the times of Louis Pasteur and I.I. Mechnikov. In particular, Mechnikov wrote that “in the process of fighting each other, microbes produce specific substances as weapons of defense and attack.” And what else, if not a weapon for the attack of one microbe on another, turned out to be antibiotics? Modern antibiotics - penicillin, streptomycin, etc. - are obtained as a product of the vital activity of various bacteria, molds and actinomycetes. It is these substances that act destructively or inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic microbes.
Let's turn the pages of the history of antibiotics. Back at the end of the 19th century. Professor V.A. Manassein described the antimicrobial effect of green mold penicillium, and A.G. Polotebnov successfully used green mold to treat purulent wounds and syphilitic ulcers. By the way, it is known that the Mayan Indians used green mold to treat wounds. For purulent diseases, mold was also recommended by the outstanding Arab physician Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna).
The era of antibiotics in the modern sense of the word began with the remarkable discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming. In 1929, the English scientist Alexander Fleming published an article that brought him worldwide fame: he reported on a new substance isolated from mold colonies, which he called penicillin. From this moment begins the “biography” of antibiotics, which are rightfully considered the “drug of the century.” The article indicated the high sensitivity of staphylococci, streptococci, and pneumococci to penicillin. The causative agent of anthrax and the diphtheria bacillus were less sensitive to penicillin, and the typhoid bacillus, Vibrio cholerae and others were not at all susceptible.
However, A. Fleming did not report the type of mold from which he isolated penicillin. The clarification was made by the famous mycologist Charles Westling.
But this penicillin, discovered by Fleming, had a number of disadvantages. In a liquid state, it quickly lost its activity. Due to its weak concentration, it had to be administered in large quantities, which was very painful.
Fleming's penicillin also contained many by-products and far from indifferent protein substances that came from the broth in which the penicillium mold was grown. As a result of all this, the use of penicillin to treat patients was delayed for several years. It was not until 1939 that doctors at Oxford University Medical School began to study the possibility of treating infectious diseases with penicillin. G. Flory, B. Hayn, B. Chain and other experts drew up a plan for a detailed clinical trial of penicillin. Remembering this period of work, prof. Flory wrote: “We all worked on penicillin from morning to evening. We fell asleep with the thought of penicillin, and our only desire was to unravel its mystery.”
This hard work has paid off. In the summer of 1940, the first white mice, experimentally infected with streptococci in the laboratories of Oxford University, were saved from death thanks to penicillin. The findings helped clinicians test penicillin in humans. On February 12, 1941, E. Abrazam introduced a new drug to hopeless patients dying from blood poisoning. Unfortunately, after several days of improvement, the patients still died. However, the tragic outcome did not come as a result of the use of penicillin, but due to its absence in the required quantity.
Since the late 30s. XX century works by N.A. Krasilnikov, who studied the distribution of actinomycetes in nature, and the subsequent works of Z.V. Er-mol-eva, G.F. Gause and other scientists who studied the antibacterial properties of soil microorganisms laid the foundation for the development of antibiotic production. The domestic drug penicillin was obtained in 1942 in the laboratory of Z.V. Ermol-eva. During the Great Patriotic War, thousands of wounded and sick were saved.
The victorious march of penicillin and its recognition throughout the world opened a new era in medicine - the era of antibiotics. The discovery of penicillin stimulated the search and isolation of new active antibiotics. Thus, gramicidin was discovered in 1942 (G.F. Gause et al.). At the end of 1944, S. Vaksman and his team conducted an experimental test of streptomycin, which soon began to compete with penicillin. Streptomycin has proven to be a highly effective drug for the treatment of tuberculosis. This explains the powerful development of the industry producing this antibiotic. S. Vaksman first introduced the term “antibiotic,” meaning a chemical substance formed by microorganisms that has the ability to suppress the growth or even destroy bacteria and other microorganisms. Later this definition was expanded.
In 1947, another penicillin antibiotic, chloromycetin, was discovered and passed the test for effectiveness. It was successfully used in the fight against typhoid fever, pneumonia, and Q fever. In 1948-1950 Auromycin and Teramycin were introduced and clinical use began in 1952. They turned out to be active against many infections, including brucellosis and tularemia. In 1949, neomycin was discovered, an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of action. Erythomycin was discovered in 1952.
Thus, the arsenal of antibiotics increased every year. Streptomycin, biomycin, albomycin, chloramphenicol, synthomycin, tetracycline, terramycin, erythromycin, colimycin, mycerin, imanin, ecmolin and a number of others appeared. Some of them have a targeted effect on certain microbes or their groups, while others have a wider spectrum of antimicrobial action on various microorganisms.
Hundreds of thousands of microorganism cultures are isolated and tens of thousands of preparations are obtained. However, they all require careful study.
In the history of the creation of antibiotics there are many unexpected and even tragic cases. Even the discovery of penicillin was accompanied, in addition to successes, by some disappointments. So, penicillinase was soon discovered - a substance capable of neutralizing penicillin. This explained why many bacteria are immune to penicillin (colibacillus and the typhoid microbe, for example, contain penicillinase in their structure).
This was followed by other observations that shook faith in the all-conquering power of penicillin. It has been found that certain microbes become resistant to penicillin over time. Accumulated facts have confirmed the opinion that there are two types of resistance to antibiotics: natural (structural) and acquired.
It also became known that a number of microbes have the ability to produce protective substances of the same nature against streptomycin - the enzyme streptomycinase. This, it would seem, should have been followed by the conclusion that penicillin and streptomycin are becoming ineffective therapeutic agents and that they should not be used. No matter how important the revealed facts turned out to be, no matter how threatening they were for antibiotics, scientists did not draw such hasty conclusions. On the contrary, two important conclusions were made: the first is to look for ways and methods of suppressing these protective properties of microbes, and the second is to study this self-defense property even more deeply.
In addition to enzymes, some microbes are protected by vitamins and amino acids.
The big disadvantage of long-term treatment with penicillin and other antibiotics was the disruption of the physiological balance between micro- and macroorganisms. An antibiotic does not select, does not make a difference, but suppresses or kills any organism that comes within the scope of its activity. As a result, for example, microbes that promote digestion and protect mucous membranes are destroyed; as a result, a person begins to suffer from microscopic fungi.
Great care is needed when using antibiotics. Precise dosages must be observed. After testing each antibiotic, it is sent to the Antibiotic Committee, which decides whether it can be used in practice.
Antibiotics that have a prolonged effect in the body continue to be created and improved. Another direction in improving antibiotics is the creation of such forms of antibiotics that they can be administered parenterally rather than with a syringe.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin tablets were created, which are intended for oral administration. The new drug has successfully passed experimental and clinical trials. It has a number of very valuable qualities, the most important of which is that it is not afraid of hydrochloric acid from gastric juice. This is what ensures the success of its manufacture and application. Dissolving and being absorbed into the blood, it exerts its therapeutic effect
The success with phenoxymethylpenicillin tablets justified scientists' hopes. The arsenal of antibiotic tablets has been replenished with a number of others that have a wide spectrum of action on various microbes. Tetracycline, terramycin, and biomycin are currently very popular. Levomycetin, synthomycin and other antibiotics are administered orally.
This is how the semi-synthetic drug ampicillin was obtained, which inhibits the growth of not only staphylococci, but also microbes that cause typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and dysentery.
All this turned out to be a new and great event in the study of antibiotics. Ordinary penicillins have no effect on the typhoid-paratyphoid-dysenteric group. New prospects are now opening up for the wider use of penicillin in practice.
A major and important event in science was also the production of new streptomycin drugs - pasomycin and streptosaluzide for the treatment of tuberculosis. It turns out that this antibiotic may lose its potency against tuberculosis bacilli that have become resistant to it.
An undoubted achievement was the creation of dibiomycin at the All-Union Research Institute of Antibiotics. It has proven effective in treating trachoma. A major role in this discovery was played by the research of Z.V. Ermolyeva.
Science is moving forward, and the search for antibiotics against viral diseases remains one of the most pressing tasks of science. In 1957, the English scientist Isaac reported that he had obtained a substance that he called interferon. This substance is formed in the cells of the body as a result of the penetration of viruses into them. The medicinal properties of interferon were studied. Experiments have shown that the most sensitive to its action are influenza viruses, encephalitis, polio, and smallpox vaccines. Moreover, it is absolutely harmless to the body.
Liquid antibiotics were created in the form of suspensions. This liquid form of antibiotics, due to its highly active medicinal properties, as well as its pleasant smell and sweet taste, has found wide use in pediatrics in the treatment of various diseases. They are so convenient to use that they are even given to newborn children in the form of drops.
In the era of antibiotics, oncologists could not help but think about the possibility of using them in the treatment of cancer. Will there be producers of anticancer antibiotics among microbes? This task is much more complex and difficult than finding antimicrobial antibiotics, but it fascinates and excites scientists.
Oncologists have been of great interest in antibiotics produced by radiant fungi - actinomycetes.
There are a number of antibiotics that are being carefully studied in experiments on animals, and some for the treatment of cancer in humans. Actinomycin, actinoxanthin, pluramycin, sarcomycin, auratin - an important area in the search for active but harmless drugs is associated with these antibiotics. Unfortunately, many of the anticancer antibiotics obtained do not meet this requirement.
There are hopes for success ahead. Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolyeva spoke vividly and figuratively about these hopes: “We dream of defeating cancer. Once upon a time the dream of conquering outer space seemed impossible, but it came true. These dreams will come true too!”
So, the most effective antibiotics turned out to be those that are waste products of actinomycetes, molds, bacteria and other microorganisms. The search for new microbes - antibiotic producers - continues on a wide front all over the world.
Back in 1909, Professor Pavel Nikolaevich Lashchenkov discovered the remarkable property of fresh chicken egg whites to kill many microbes. In the process of death, their dissolution (lysis) occurred.
In 1922, this interesting biological phenomenon was deeply studied by the English scientist Alexander Fleming and named the substance that dissolves microbes lysozyme. In our country, lysozyme was widely studied by Z.V. Ermolyeva and her staff. The discovery of lysozyme aroused great interest among biologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists and general practitioners of various specialties.
The experimenters were interested in the nature, chemical composition, and features of the action of lysozyme on microbes. Particularly important was the question of which pathogenic microbes lysozyme acts on and for which infectious diseases it can be used for therapeutic purposes.
Lysozyme is found in varying concentrations in tears, saliva, sputum, spleen, kidneys, liver, skin, intestinal mucous membranes and other organs of humans and animals. In addition, lysozyme is found in various vegetables and fruits (horseradish, turnip, radish, cabbage) and even in flowers (primrose). Lysozyme is also found in various microbes.
Lysozyme is used to treat certain infectious diseases of the eyes, nose, mouth, etc.
The widespread popularity of antibiotics has led to the fact that they have often become something of a “home treatment” and are used without a doctor’s prescription. Of course, such use is often dangerous and leads to unwanted reactions and complications. Careless use of large doses of antibiotics can cause more severe reactions and complications. We must not forget that antibiotics can damage microbial cells, as a result of which toxic decay products of microbes enter the body, causing poisoning. The cardiovascular and nervous systems are often affected, and the normal activity of the kidneys and liver is disrupted.
Antibiotics have a powerful effect on many microbes, but, of course, not on all. There are no universally effective antibiotics yet. Scientists are striving to obtain so-called broad-spectrum antibiotics. This means that such antibiotics must act on a large number of different microbes, and such antibiotics have been created. These include streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, etc. But precisely because they cause the death of a mass of various microbes (but not all), the remaining ones become aggressive and can cause harm. At the same time, they have a great future.
Currently, antibiotics have begun to be used to treat animals and birds. So many infectious diseases of birds, thanks to antibiotics, have ceased to be a scourge in poultry farming. In livestock and poultry farming, antibiotics began to be used as growth stimulants. In combination with certain vitamins added to the feed of chickens, turkey poults, piglets and other animals, antibiotics promote increased growth and weight gain.
Scientists can rightfully claim that, in addition to stimulating growth, antibiotics will also have a preventive effect against bird diseases. Well-known works by Z.V. Ermolyeva and her colleagues, reflecting the fact that among birds, calves and piglets, morbidity and mortality, for example from intestinal infections (diarrhea), were sharply reduced with the use of antibiotics.
Let's hope that antibiotics will lead to victory over other diseases.

Garden strawberries, or strawberries, as we used to call them, are one of the early aromatic berries that summer generously gifts us with. How happy we are about this harvest! In order for the “berry boom” to repeat every year, we need to take care of the berry bushes in the summer (after the end of fruiting). The laying of flower buds, from which ovaries will form in the spring and berries in the summer, begins approximately 30 days after the end of fruiting.

Among the variety of species and hybrids of philodendrons, there are many plants, both gigantic and compact. But not a single species competes in unpretentiousness with the main modest one - the blushing philodendron. True, his modesty does not concern the appearance of the plant. Blushing stems and cuttings, huge leaves, long shoots, forming, although very large, but also a strikingly elegant silhouette, look very elegant. Philodendron blushing requires only one thing - at least minimal care.

Thick chickpea soup with vegetables and egg is a simple recipe for a hearty first course, inspired by oriental cuisine. Similar thick soups are prepared in India, Morocco, and Southeast Asian countries. The tone is set by spices and seasonings - garlic, chili, ginger and a bouquet of spicy spices, which can be assembled to your taste. It is better to fry vegetables and spices in clarified butter (ghee) or mix olive and butter in a pan; this, of course, is not the same, but it tastes similar.

Plum - well, who isn’t familiar with it?! She is loved by many gardeners. And all because it has an impressive list of varieties, surprises with excellent yields, pleases with its diversity in terms of ripening and a huge selection of color, shape and taste of fruits. Yes, in some places it feels better, in others it feels worse, but almost no summer resident gives up the pleasure of growing it on his plot. Today it can be found not only in the south, in the middle zone, but also in the Urals and Siberia.

Many ornamental and fruit crops, except drought-resistant ones, suffer from the scorching sun, and conifers in the winter-spring period suffer from sunlight, enhanced by reflection from the snow. In this article we will tell you about a unique product for protecting plants from sunburn and drought - Sunshet Agrosuccess. The problem is relevant for most regions of Russia. In February and early March, the sun's rays become more active, and the plants are not yet ready for new conditions.

“Every vegetable has its own time,” and every plant has its own optimal time for planting. Anyone who has dealt with planting is well aware that the hot season for planting is spring and autumn. This is due to several factors: in the spring the plants have not yet begun to grow rapidly, there is no sweltering heat and precipitation often falls. However, no matter how hard we try, circumstances often develop such that planting has to be carried out in the midst of summer.

Chili con carne translated from Spanish means chili with meat. This is a dish of Texan and Mexican cuisine, the main ingredients of which are chili peppers and shredded beef. In addition to the main products there are onions, carrots, tomatoes, and beans. This red lentil chili recipe is delicious! The dish is fiery, scalding, very filling and amazingly tasty! You can make a big pot, put it in containers and freeze - you'll have a delicious dinner for a whole week.

Cucumber is one of the most favorite garden crops of our summer residents. However, not all and not always gardeners manage to get a really good harvest. And although growing cucumbers requires regular attention and care, there is a little secret that will significantly increase their yield. We are talking about pinching cucumbers. Why, how and when to pinch cucumbers, we will tell you in the article. An important point in the agricultural technology of cucumbers is their formation, or type of growth.

Now every gardener has the opportunity to grow absolutely environmentally friendly, healthy fruits and vegetables in their own garden. Atlant microbiological fertilizer will help with this. It contains helper bacteria that settle in the root system area and begin to work for the benefit of the plant, allowing it to actively grow, remain healthy and produce high yields. Typically, many microorganisms coexist around the root system of plants.

Summer is associated with beautiful flowers. Both in the garden and in the rooms you want to admire the luxurious inflorescences and touching flowers. And for this it is not at all necessary to use cut bouquets. The assortment of the best indoor plants includes many beautifully flowering species. In the summer, when they receive the brightest lighting and optimal daylight hours, they can outshine any bouquet. Short-lived or just annual crops also look like living bouquets.

Pie with sardines and potatoes - quick, tasty, simple! This pie can be baked both on weekends and on weekdays, and it will also decorate a modest holiday table. In principle, any canned fish - natural with the addition of oil - is suitable for the filling. With pink salmon or salmon the taste will be a little different, with saury, sardines or mackerel it’s so delicious! The potatoes are placed in the pie raw, so they need to be cut very thin so that they have time to bake. You can use a vegetable cutter.

Summer is in full swing. Planting in gardens and vegetable gardens is mostly completed, but worries have not diminished, because the hottest months of the year are on the calendar. The temperature scale of the thermometer often exceeds +30 °C, preventing our plants from growing and developing. How can we help them cope with the heat? The tips we will share in this article will be useful for both country and city residents. After all, indoor plants also have a hard time during this period. In hot weather, plants need watering.

For many gardeners, slugs are a nightmare. Although you might think, what’s wrong with these, at first glance, peaceful, sedentary creatures? But in fact, they can cause significant harm to your plants and crops. Not only do slugs persistently eat leaves, flowers and fruits in spring and summer, but with the onset of cold weather, these land mollusks move into the cellar and there they continue to destroy what you have so carefully grown and collected.

Spelled horns with beef - a quick dish for dinner or lunch. Recently, spelt (spelt wheat) has become popular among supporters of proper nutrition and not only. Porridges, soups, spelt and pasta are made from this tasty cereal. In this recipe for spelled cones, we will prepare healthy navy-style pasta with a sauce made from vegetables and lean ground beef. The recipe is suitable for those who watch their figure and like to cook healthy food at home.

Summer is a wonderful time of year! There is so much you can do at your dacha in a few warm months - work, relax, and invite friends to barbecue. But as soon as the heat of the day subsides, our small but real enemies immediately appear - mosquitoes. In rainy summers or after heavy river floods, there are especially many of them and the attacks of small bloodsuckers become simply unbearable. Mosquitoes produce unpleasant squeaks and bites that cause severe itching.

The incredible blooms on your favorite cacti and succulents always seem even more delectable because of the amazing hardiness of the plants themselves. Luxurious bells and dazzling stars remind you that nature has many miracles in store. And although many indoor succulents require special wintering conditions to bloom, they still remain crops that require minimal care and are suitable for everyone. Let's take a closer look at the most spectacular of them.

Microbiological preparations are widely popular among gardeners. After all, we are ready to go to any expense to grow clean fruits and vegetables for ourselves. But microbes often fail. And not always through the fault of sellers or manufacturers.

Special purpose microbe

Microbiological preparations, just like chemical ones, are divided according to their purpose:

insecticidal and acaricidal action - against harmful insects and ticks;
fungicidal and bactericidal – against plant diseases;
nematicidal – against phytopathogenic nematodes.

Recently, microbes that stimulate plant growth have been classified as a separate group. Depending on the origin, such drugs can be fungal, viral, or bacterial.