Types of educational institutions. “Types and types of educational institutions” abstract Which institutions are classified as child care institutions
A preschool educational institution (nursery) for children aged from two months to three years, where their care, development and education are provided in accordance with the requirements of the basic component of preschool education;
- a preschool educational institution (nursery-kindergarten) for children aged from two months to six (seven) years, where they are provided with care, development, education and training in accordance with the requirements of the basic component of preschool education;
- a preschool educational institution (kindergarten) for children aged three to six (seven) years, where their development, upbringing and training are ensured in accordance with the requirements of the basic component of preschool education;
- a preschool educational institution (nursery-kindergarten) of a compensatory type for children aged two to seven (eight) years who need correction of physical and (or) mental development, long-term treatment and rehabilitation. Preschool educational institutions (nurseries) of the compensating type are divided into special and sanatorium;
- children's home - a preschool educational institution of the health care system for the medical and social protection of orphans and children deprived of parental care, as well as for children with disabilities in physical and (or) mental development from birth to three (for healthy children) and up to four ( for sick children) years;
- a preschool educational institution (orphanage) of a boarding type, where the development, education, training and social adaptation of orphans and children deprived of parental care of preschool and school age, maintained at the expense of the state, are ensured;
- a family-type preschool educational institution (nursery-kindergarten) for children aged from two months to six (seven) years, who are in family relationships, where their care, development, education and training are provided in accordance with the requirements of the basic component of preschool education ;
- a preschool educational institution (nursery-kindergarten) of a combined type for children aged from two months to six (seven) years, which may include groups of general development, compensatory type, family, walking, where preschool education is provided taking into account the health status of children , their mental and physical development;
- a preschool educational institution (child development center), which provides physical and mental development, correction of mental and physical development, and health improvement for children attending other educational institutions or being raised at home;
- family-type orphanage - a preschool educational institution in which orphans and children deprived of parental care, aged from two to eighteen years, are raised.
2. The list of preschool educational institutions (nurseries-kindergartens) of a compensatory type is determined by the specially authorized central executive body in the field of education in agreement with the specially authorized central executive body in the field of health care.
3. To meet the educational needs of citizens, a preschool educational institution may be part of the educational complex “preschool educational institution - general education institution”, “general educational institution - preschool educational institution” or part of an association with other educational institutions.
To meet educational and social needs, to organize early correctional and therapeutic work, preschool groups can be created at special general education schools (boarding schools), general education sanatorium schools (boarding schools).
To ensure the realization of the child’s rights to family ties, preschool departments may be created at general education boarding schools for orphans and children deprived of parental care.
To meet the educational and social needs of citizens, preschool educational institutions with seasonal stay of children can be created.
Educational institutions of each type can be divided into types (within their own type).
Types of preschool educational organization:
-kindergarten(implements the basic general education program of preschool education in groups with a general developmental focus);
-kindergarten for young children(implements the basic general educational program of preschool education in groups with a general developmental focus for children aged 2 months to 3 years, creates conditions for social adaptation and early socialization of children);
-kindergarten for children of preschool (senior preschool) age(implements the basic general educational program of preschool education in groups of general developmental orientation, as well as, if necessary, in groups of compensatory and combined orientation for children aged 5 to 7 years with priority implementation of activities to ensure equal starting opportunities for teaching children in general education institutions);
- compensatory kindergarten(implements the basic general educational program of preschool education in compensatory groups with priority implementation of activities for the qualified correction of deficiencies in the physical and (or) mental development of one or more categories of children with disabilities);
-child development center - kindergarten(implements the basic general educational program of preschool education in groups with a general developmental focus with priority implementation of activities for the development of children in several areas, such as cognitive-speech, social-personal, artistic-aesthetic and physical). And etc.
Types of educational organizations:
A) primary school- implements the general education program of primary general education;
b) basic secondary school- implements general education programs of primary general and basic general education;
V) middle School of General education- implements general educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education;
G ) secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects-implements general education programs of primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education, providing additional (in-depth) training for students in one or more subjects;
d) gymnasium- implements general education programs of basic general and secondary (complete) general education, providing additional (in-depth) training for students in humanities subjects, and may implement a general education program of primary general education;
e) lyceum- implements general education programs of basic general and secondary (complete) general education, providing additional (in-depth) training for students in technical or natural science subjects, and may implement a general education program of primary general education.
e) special (correctional) educational organizations (institutions) are created for deaf, hard of hearing and late-deafened, blind, visually impaired and late-blind children, children with severe speech impairments, with musculoskeletal disorders, with mental retardation, for mentally retarded and other children with developmental disabilities;
and) educational institutions (organizations) for children with deviant behavior, there are open type and closed type:
An open-type institution (organization) performs the functions of a preventive institution that ensures the development of the pupil’s personality and is created for children and adolescents: with persistent illegal behavior; subjected to any form of psychological violence; those who refuse to attend general education institutions and who have difficulty communicating with parents:
A closed institution (organization) is created for minors who have committed socially dangerous acts provided for Criminal Code Russian Federation, those in need of special conditions of education and training and requiring a special pedagogical approach;
h) sanatorium-forest school - a boarding-type educational institution intended for educating school-age children (from 7 to 14 years old) who need long-term treatment, have chronic diseases (with diseases of the cardiovascular system, closed forms of tuberculosis, patients with rheumatism, etc. );
i) boarding schools - an educational organization with round-the-clock stay of students, created for the purpose of educating children to develop independent living skills and the full development of their creative abilities. According to the contingent there are: for orphans and children left without parental care; for children with disabilities (visually impaired, hearing impaired, etc.); for children with abilities (including those selected at Olympiads, see for example above); for “difficult” teenagers, that is, those who have not reached the age of majority, who have not committed criminal acts, but who give every reason to assume that this is a matter of time (with frequent reports to the police for hooliganism, those who are registered in the children’s room of the police, or those detained for vagrancy, for other reasons). According to the educational program, they are distinguished: general education, special, with in-depth study of certain disciplines, correctional, with training focused on limited abilities.
Types of professional educational organization:
A) technical College- secondary specialized educational institution implementing basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training;
b) college- a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training. And etc.
Types of educational organization of higher education
A) university
Implements educational programs of higher and postgraduate professional education in many areas of training (specialties);
Provides training, retraining and (or) advanced training for highly qualified workers, scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers;
Performs fundamental and applied scientific research on a wide range of sciences;
b) academy- a higher education institution that:
Implements educational programs of higher and postgraduate professional education;
Provides training, retraining and (or) advanced training of highly qualified workers for a specific area of scientific and scientific-pedagogical activity;
Performs fundamental and applied scientific research primarily in one field of science or culture;
It is a leading scientific and methodological center in its field of activity;
V) institute- a higher education institution that:
Implements educational programs of higher professional education, as well as, as a rule, educational programs of postgraduate professional education;
Provides training, retraining and (or) advanced training of employees for a specific area of professional activity;
Conducts fundamental and (or) applied scientific research.
Types of additional education organization:
Centers for additional education of children, development of creativity of children and youth, creative development and humanitarian education, children's creativity, extracurricular activities, children's (youth) technical creativity (scientific and technical, young technicians), children's and youth tourism and excursions (young tourists), aesthetic education of children (culture, arts or types of arts), children's and youth center, children's (teenage) center, children's environmental (health-ecological, ecological-biological) center, children's marine center, children's (youth) center, children's health-education center (profile) center;
Palaces of children's (youth) creativity, creativity of children and youth, students, pioneers and schoolchildren, young naturalists, sports for children and youth, artistic creativity (education) of children, children's culture (arts);
Houses of children's creativity, childhood and youth, students, pioneers and schoolchildren, young naturalists, children's (youth) technical creativity (young technicians), children's and youth tourism and excursions (young tourists), artistic creativity (education) of children, children's culture ( arts);
Stations for young naturalists, children's (youth) technical creativity (scientific and technical, young technicians), children's and youth tourism and excursions (young tourists), children's ecological (ecological and biological) station;
Children's art school, including types of art; in various fields of science and technology;
Children's and youth sports schools;
Stations (for young naturalists, technical creativity, children's ecological, children's and youth tourism and excursions;
Children's park;
Club of young sailors, rivermen, aviators, astronauts, paratroopers, paratroopers, border guards, radio operators, firefighters, motorists, children's environmental, young naturalists, technical creativity, tourism and excursions, children's and youth physical training;
Children's health and educational camp;
Palaces of culture and sports.
Types of organization of additional professional education
Academy of Advanced Training- leading scientific and educational-methodological centers of additional professional education mainly in one field of knowledge, training highly qualified personnel, conducting fundamental and applied scientific research and providing the necessary consulting, scientific-methodological and information-analytical assistance to other educational institutions of advanced training.
Advanced training institutes- educational institutions for advanced training and professional retraining of specialists in an industry (a number of industries) or a region, whose activities are aimed at meeting the needs of enterprises (associations), organizations and institutions in advanced training and professional retraining of specialists, conducting scientific research, providing consulting and methodological assistance.
The institutes for further training also include the following educational institutions for further training:
professional retraining centers, advanced training and ensuring employment for military personnel discharged from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, citizens discharged from military service, whose activities are aimed at organizing professional retraining for civilian specialties of this category of citizens, as well as members of their families;
intersectoral regional centers for advanced training and professional retraining of specialists, whose activities are of a coordinating nature and are aimed at meeting the needs of the region for advanced training of personnel, scientific, methodological and information support for educational institutions of advanced training located in the region, regardless of their departmental subordination.
advanced training courses (schools, centers), employment service training centers- educational institutions for advanced training, in which specialists, unemployed citizens, the unemployed population and released employees of enterprises (associations), organizations and institutions undergo training in order to obtain new knowledge and practical skills necessary for professional activities.
3. Federal state bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising public administration in the field of education, and local government bodies, exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them
Public administration in the field of education is carried out at the following levels:
The first, federal, level includes educational authorities of national importance. These include federal education authorities (the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and other federal bodies related to the education system, for example, the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science - Rosobrnadzor).
The federal educational authorities are responsible for issues of a strategic nature.
The second level of education management bodies is the government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of education (Ministry of Education and Youth Policy of the Chuvash Republic, Department of Education of Moscow, Ministry of Education of the Rostov Region, etc.).
Educational authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation determine the specifics of the implementation of federal laws and regulations in their regions and resolve issues of regional significance.
The third, local, level includes local governments of municipal districts and city districts in the field of education (education departments under local administrations, district education departments, territorial departments).
At this level, issues of local importance in the field of education are resolved.
Education is an integral process of human development, without which the existence of modern society would be impossible. After all, in order to be a useful government unit, you definitely need to learn something. Pre-school and general education institutions, as well as vocational education institutions, were created precisely for this purpose. The article will discuss general educational institutions - their types, types and features.
Terminology
When considering this topic, you first need to understand what an educational institution is. This is a special institution where the pedagogical process is carried out, where programs for the education, upbringing and development of children are implemented. In turn, there is a whole list of educational institutions, which are divided by type.
- Preschool. Here, depending on the type, the age of children ranges from 1 to 7 years.
- General educational institutions
- Vocational education institutions that provide specific, narrowly focused knowledge and receive appropriate qualifications.
- Correctional institutions where children classified as students with special educational needs are admitted.
- Institutions for orphans or children equivalent to them. These are orphanages where children not only study, but also live.
- Institutions of additional education for children and separately for adults (postgraduate education).
Kindergartens
The first educational institutions that children attend are preschools. General education institutions will be the next step. Most kindergartens accept children from two years old. In addition to education, which is free, the kindergarten provides supervision and care for children, since they spend almost the whole day within the walls of the institution. This service is paid for by parents, but not in full. 80% of the costs are borne by the municipality, and parents pay for the remaining 20%.
The gradation of groups in kindergartens is carried out according to two criteria - age and orientation. The classification takes into account the child’s age at the beginning of the school year (September 1) and includes groups for children 2-3 years old, 3-4 years old, 4-5 years old, 5-6 years old and 6-7 years old.
The focus of the group is determined by the student population, according to which educational programs are selected. Thus, they distinguish:
- general development groups;
- groups of combined orientation;
- groups of compensating orientation.
About educational institutions
Children attend general education institutions for the longest time - from 7 to 18 years. If a teenager chooses an institution of primary or secondary vocational education for further education, then he graduates from school at the age of 16.
Types of educational institutions
Elementary School. These are the first four grades of a child's education. Children enter 1st grade based on the results of certain tests that determine their level of readiness for school. The main task of teachers here is not only to give children knowledge, but also to teach them to learn, to instill an interest in science.
High school. We can say that this is an intermediate link between elementary and high schools. Occupies the period from 5th to 9th grade, the age of students ranges from 9-10 to 14-15 years. After the end of this period, those interested can enter either high school or vocational education institutions (primary or secondary).
High school. Children study in grades 10-11, aged from 15 to 17 years. Here there is a more in-depth study of sciences and preparation for entering universities. Upon completion, students receive a certificate of secondary general education. For some types of activities this is already enough.
Special education
There are also correctional or special educational institutions. Who are they for? Children who have certain developmental problems or limited health capabilities are identified there. However, it should be noted that the modern education system offers an alternative option - inclusive education for the successful socialization of such children. Although in practice everything does not always work out as perfectly as in theory. Another alternative option for such children is distance learning. However, here too problems arise with the further introduction of children into society.
Money issues
Having understood what an educational institution is (secondary school, junior and children's schools), it should be noted that such institutions may also differ in the type of financing. There are these types:
- State or municipal schools that are completely free.
- Private schools where parents pay a certain fee for their children's education.
The only question here is the payment for the learning process itself. Parental money for improving the material and technical base of a class or school does not belong to this section at all.
Gymnasiums, lyceums
State educational institutions may also be called lyceums or gymnasiums. In essence, these are ordinary schools. And after graduation, the child receives the same certificate of secondary education. However, what makes them special is that they offer a more detailed study of certain subjects. Sometimes such educational institutions cooperate with universities, preparing future students to study there.
Evening schools
When considering general education institutions, you also need to understand what evening schools are. The practice of their work today is not as active as it was during the Soviet Union, but they still exist and function perfectly. Who are they intended for? In our country, secondary general education is compulsory. Unlike the highest. Thus, without a certificate of completed secondary education, an employer cannot provide an employee with a good job. If, for some reason, it was not possible to finish school on time, during adolescence, a person may later be sent to complete his evening studies. The name speaks for itself. People come here after finishing their working day. After studying at an evening school, a person receives a certificate of secondary general education.
7.1. Types of preschool educational institutions:
1-kindergarten (implements the basic general education program of preschool education in groups with a general developmental focus);
2- kindergarten for young children (implements the basic general educational program of preschool education in groups of general developmental orientation for pupils from 2 months to 3 years, creates conditions for social adaptation and early socialization of pupils);
3-kindergarten for children of preschool (senior preschool) age (implements the basic general educational program of preschool education in groups of general developmental orientation, as well as, if necessary, in groups of compensatory and combined orientation for pupils aged 5 to 7 years with priority implementation of activities to ensure 24 equal starting opportunities for teaching children in general education institutions);
4- kindergarten for supervision and health improvement (implements the basic general educational program of preschool education in health-improving groups with priority implementation of activities for carrying out sanitary-hygienic, therapeutic, health-improving and preventive measures and procedures);
5- compensatory kindergarten (implements the basic general educational program of preschool education in compensatory groups with priority implementation of activities for the qualified correction of deficiencies in the physical and (or) mental development of one or more categories of children with disabilities);
6- combined kindergarten (implements the basic general education program of preschool education in groups of general developmental, compensatory, health-improving and combined orientations in various combinations);
7-kindergarten of a general developmental type with priority implementation of activities in one of the areas of development of pupils (implements the basic general educational program of preschool education in groups of general developmental orientation with
priority implementation of the development of students in one of the areas:
cognitive-speech, social-personal, artistic-aesthetic, physical);
8- child development center - kindergarten (implements the main general educational program of preschool education in groups with a general developmental focus and, if necessary, in groups with a health, compensatory and combined focus with priority implementation of the activities of pupils in several areas: cognitive-speech, social-personal, artistic-aesthetic , physical; in health-improving, compensatory and combined groups, the development of pupils is carried out in those areas that most contribute to strengthening their health and correcting deficiencies in physical and (or) mental development).
Preschool educational institutions solve the main tasks:
Protecting life and promoting physical and mental health
pupils;
Providing cognitive-speech, social-personal,
artistic, aesthetic and physical development of pupils;
Education, taking into account the age of children, citizenship, respect for rights
and human freedoms, love for the surrounding nature, Motherland, family;
Implementation of the necessary correction of deficiencies in the physical and (or) mental development of pupils;
Interaction with the families of pupils to ensure a full 25
child development;
Providing advisory and methodological assistance to parents (legal
representatives) on issues of education, training and development of children.
Tasks of the preschool educational institution:
1. Protection of life and health, physical development of children.
2. Ensuring individual, social and personal, artistic and aesthetic development, introducing children to social values.
3. Implementation of correction in the development of children.
4. Interaction, cooperation with the family.
1.caring for the health, emotional well-being and timely comprehensive development of each child;
2.creating in groups an atmosphere of a humane, friendly attitude towards all students;
3.maximum use of a variety of children's activities;
4.variability in the use of educational material, allowing the development of creativity in accordance with the interests and inclinations of each child;
5.coordination of approaches to raising children in the conditions of the Institution and family;
6.maintaining continuity in the work of the kindergarten and primary education institution.
If a preschool educational institution is called that way, it means that we are talking about a standard kindergarten. Here the priority is the development of the child, whose intelligence is formed in classes with the teacher, physical abilities - during exercises, outdoor games and walks, the child develops aesthetically by doing drawing, appliqué, modeling and music, and socially - by communicating with other children. As a result of such organization of activities, after a few years, children become harmonious individuals, ready for school.
True, it must be taken into account that such a preschool educational institution has the legal right to prefer any one type of child development - cognitive-speech, social-personal, artistic-aesthetic or physical (but the basic general education program must be implemented in full in the kindergarten in any case). Therefore, it is better to find out in advance which specific aspects of a child’s activity such a kindergarten succeeds in developing: the formation of the child’s personality evenly is, rather, authorized by the school, which has the wording “development center” in its name (however, no matter what type this or that kindergarten belongs to, its staff is obliged to provide students with freedom of development in accordance with their individual characteristics).
Compensatory kindergarten
This children's institution is aimed largely at correcting pathologies in the child, be it frequent illnesses, problems with the musculoskeletal system, hearing impairment or delayed mental development. Here, doctors are brought in to work with children, developmental classes are built taking into account the child’s characteristics, and the building of such a kindergarten itself can be built with ramps and widened doorways. In such a kindergarten there is a higher chance of finding, for example, food on a special diet or a children's massage room and conditions for the rehabilitation of disabled children; it is designed to correct one or more pathologies.
Children are admitted to such kindergartens with the consent of the child’s parents or their legal representatives on the basis of the conclusion of a psychological, medical and pedagogical commission. At the same time, in such preschool educational institutions, the main general educational program of preschool education is implemented in combination with the accompanying correction of deficiencies in the physical or mental development of children - or their own program developed on the basis of the main one.
Combined kindergarten
This is a kindergarten with a mixed structure. It can combine groups of different types - those that are typical for a general developmental kindergarten, and those that are found in compensatory kindergartens, as well as health-related groups and even combined ones. The proportion here can be anything, and the teachers of such a children's institution are trained to raise healthy children and children with disabilities together. True, the admission of young disabled people and children with disabilities to this kindergarten is different in that it is organized in the same way as the admission of children to a compensatory kindergarten.
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If the kindergarten is non-state, the characteristics of any of the above-mentioned varieties can be determined approximately, and the preschool education program is developed by the kindergarten itself based on the standard program and federal requirements.
In addition, it is worth remembering that the child development options you need should not only be included in the type of kindergarten as such, but may also be contained in additional educational services provided by one or another preschool institution on a contractual basis - of course, not in replacement of the main educational activities of this preschool institution.
