Equipment for planing logs. Thicknessing and planing machines prices

Among carpentry tools, it is worth highlighting the planer, which replaces the planer. It is intended for complex processing of wood, and the function of the thickness gauge (marking tool) is auxiliary. How does a thicknessing machine work, what elements does it consist of, and what types of it are there?

Design features

Thicknessing machines belong to the category of woodworking equipment, they cut dried boards and bars, making them the same in thickness. They include six main elements:

• knife shaft;
• Desktop;
• bed (base);
• clamps;
• guide rails;
• rollers.

The main working body is the knife shaft. Several knives are fixed on it, the number of which depends on the purpose and type of unit. For example, for single-sided machines it is only one, for double-sided machines it has two shafts.

The working table is a horizontal surface on which the depth of cut is formed. It is made of wood and carefully polished.

The main elements (shafts and table) are mounted on a hollow cast-iron base, the task of which is to give stability to the thicknessing machine. The supporting table is made of wide metal corners (at least 100x100 mm) 1 m long. The table is connected to a cast-iron base, the structure is fixed with clamps. To adjust the machine in height, it is necessary to loosen the clamps and raise / lower the base along the guide rails.

Rollers are elements of the feed mechanism of a thicknessing machine. There are two pairs of them: some are located above the trajectory of the workpiece and are called drive (because they are started from the engine), others are located under them in parallel and are called feeders.

Operating principle

The main method of processing workpieces on the machine is flat planing, which is also characteristic of an electric planer. The boards are fed onto the desktop manually or with the help of rollers (rollers) pressing them to the supporting surface. In the first case, the operator needs to control the feed rate himself, in the second case, the workpiece moves at a speed that is automatically set by the program.

One of the sides is processed with knives, as a result of which it becomes even and smooth. An important requirement is that before processing on a thicknessing machine, the workpiece is planed in a jointer. It can also be obtained by cutting with a circular saw.

The planer tool is not only for workpieces with parallel edges. If you use backing templates (colages), it is allowed to process bars with asymmetrical opposite sides.

The larger the lumber table, the better the surface finish will be. To do this, manufacturers increase its length. For the purpose of better planing, grooves are made in the processed wood, reducing the friction force. But even if these conditions are met, the workpiece can be damaged if the feed rate is high (especially when making deep cuts). Maximum smoothness is achieved by reducing the speed of rotation of the knife shaft and making the last passes to a shallow depth.

Specifications

The main indicator of the equipment is the dimensions of the workpieces that can be planed. Industrial thicknesser works with parts up to 1.25 m wide and up to 16 cm thick. These are the maximum figures, and they differ for different devices.

Other important characteristics of the machine are:

• planing depth (for thickness gauge and jointer (if any) usually does not exceed 5 mm);
• frequency of rotation of the knife shaft;
• wood feed speed (m/min);
• machine dimensions;
• weight (for stationary it is 25-35 kg);
• diameter of the knife shaft (shafts);
• power consumption (at least 900 W).

All characteristics of sawing machines are indicated in the technical documentation for the product. In addition to the data sheet, the kit includes a manual (user manual) and a warranty card for the machine.

The process of working on an electric machine

To plan lumber, the operator must place the piece on the table at a 90 degree angle to the cutter shaft(s). When manually feeding, the workpiece must be pressed on both sides with your hands, smoothly fed towards the knives (it is advisable to learn how to do this with one hand, otherwise the part may move).

The processed part of the workpiece must be taken from the opposite side of the machine; if this is not possible (due to the dimensions of the room), remove it and direct it to the other end. Similar actions should be performed with other faces of the workpiece to be processed.

It seems that the work on the saw machine is simple, but this is a delusion. Only an experienced craftsman will correctly feed the part onto the knife shaft; the beginner, on the other hand, will spoil a lot of material before he achieves the required result.

Types and differences of equipment

There are several classification criteria, and some of them are briefly mentioned above. The following is a list of the main indicators of thicknessing machines for wood processing.

The maximum width of the workpiece is determined by the dimensions of the machine. If the part does not fit on the work table, it cannot be machined.

The thickness of the wood. The desktop thicknesser used at home processes boards up to 3-5 mm thick. The stationary equipment used in production will cope with templates up to 160 mm high.

Motor power. The parameter defines the purpose of using the device. Compact machines for everyday life have a power of 0.9-1.5 kW, industrial models - up to 50 kW. The higher the power consumption of the unit, the greater the cost of electricity.

degree of automation. We are talking about the ability of the working table to feed the workpiece at a given speed and with minimal operator energy consumption. Modern machines have additional pedals, control panels, rotating rollers, devices for fixing workpieces.

Additional options. An example is the chip removal function. The more carefully unnecessary material is removed from the surface, the better it is. The process can be automated or done manually.

The five most important classification criteria are worth remembering - it will come in handy when choosing a machine for personal or industrial purposes.

It should also be noted that sometimes thicknessing machines are combined with jointers in order to obtain materials that are smooth, even and of the same thickness. Combined planer-thickness household woodworking machines are in demand because of their practicality, although their price cannot be called cheap.

How to choose

The first rule is to decide what range and volume of work will be performed on the machine. The more bells and whistles the equipment has, the more you will have to pay, and the more you will have to pay for the electricity used. What rules should be followed when choosing a thicknessing machine?

Budget. It is not always worth chasing a low cost with a small amount of work. For example, if more than 5 cubic meters of lumber is processed during the summer season, cheap machines will not work. They are designed for small volume and irregular work, and under high loads or frequent use they will quickly fail. It is worth allocating at least 20 thousand rubles for a machine for personal needs and paying attention to models with a power of 1-2 kW. The ranking of the best includes the brands Makita, Metabo, DeWalt, Interskol, Caliber, STURM.

Place for the machine. Where will the equipment be located? Is there a plot of 4-6 sq. m for bulky work or only a table for a manual mini-machine? It is important to meet two requirements here:

• the machine is located so that it has access from all sides;
• there should be a place for convenient supply of material.

Therefore, the buyer needs to take into account the dimensions of the equipment and the length of the boards to be planed. It is also necessary to prepare a perfectly flat surface, otherwise the material can be distorted during operation, or it will succumb to vibrations. To store a jointer-thickness, thicknesser or planer machine, 1 cubic meter of space is enough - the dimensions of the devices rarely exceed this value.

Specifications show the capabilities of the equipment. The buyer needs to remember that power affects productivity, the speed of the knife shafts affects the quality of processing, weight affects the possibility of transportation, and the depth of cut affects the repetition of operations.

Appearance of the planer machine. It is advisable to inspect the purchased equipment and make sure that its surface is flat, there are no deformations, the shafts and knives are securely fixed. This is especially true for household machines; industrial models are almost devoid of flaws.

Buying a thicknessing machine is sometimes impossible - not every craftsman has 30-50 thousand rubles for equipment. Then ingenuity comes into play.

How to DIY

First, evaluate the dimensions of the room where the machine will be located, and the frequency of movement of the equipment. The base with the desktop is welded using a 50x50 mm corner or a 40x40 mm square pipe. Larger sizes are acceptable, but they can make the structure heavier and complicate its movement.

Of the tools and equipment you will need:

• lathe;
• drilling;
• angle grinder;
• welding machine;
• drill.

A ready-made knife shaft with axle boxes is needed so as not to complicate balancing. As an engine, you can use an asynchronous motor with a power of 4-5 kW with a rotation speed of about 6000 rpm. It is advisable to grind the pressure rollers or take them from old washing machines. The table is fixed on the base with adjusting bolts, the knife shaft is protected from the face and hands of the operator.

First, they check the readiness of a home-made thicknessing machine for work, carry out its adjustment. The stage preceding the thicknessing of wood includes checking:

• sharpening knives, their location;
• contact density of the workpiece and rollers;
• the same protrusion of the shaft knives;
• evenness of the position of the bed;
• horizontal desktop;
• the correctness of the installation of the cap, which removes the chips from the surface of the wood.

If all the requirements are met, you can start processing blanks on a home-made device. It does not need to be applied with force, otherwise grooves will appear on the surface, which will spoil the presentability of the material.

The thickness gauge is a useful thing that will come in handy both in production and in everyday life. Before purchasing equipment, it is worth evaluating the scope of work, frequency of use, and budget. Then choose a model according to the desired characteristics. Like other equipment, the thicknesser machine requires care and attention. If you do not subject it to excessive loads and carry out service activities on time, it will serve faithfully for more than a decade.

close

Thicknessing machines allow you to cut to a certain size and grind boards and other wooden blanks used for the subsequent construction of a fence, cladding a house, creating furniture, and more. If work with wood takes place once a season in the country and is limited to the construction of a door or a bench, then for these purposes it is quite possible to get by with a hand tool. If you are building or making furniture, then in this case it already makes sense to purchase a machine for faster and better work. A feature of thicknessing machines is the speed and accuracy of work, it is suitable for the manufacture of lining, fence boards and other similar tasks.

When choosing a thicknessing machine, you need to pay attention to the following parameters. The depth of cut will show how much wood the device can remove in one pass: 2-3 mm is considered an average normal indicator. The maximum width of the board with which the machine can work depends on the width of the cut. The power of the device affects productivity and how hard wood the machine can process. For home workshops, models with a power of about 1500 W are suitable, and the 1800 W model can already cope with oak, walnut, hornbeam, beech, ash, elm and spruce. Shaft rotation speed. When planing boards, the speed of rotation of the knives determines how even and smooth the surface will be in the end. Averages are 8000-10000 rpm.

When choosing a device, it is important to pay attention to the place where you plan to work. The ideal case would be, of course, a separate workshop. But you can also work just in the courtyard of the house. The most important is the space around the machine: the device must be freely accessible from all sides so that long boards can be fed into it and the process can be conveniently controlled. It is also important that the floor is level to prevent too much vibration.

Special attention should be paid to special combined planer planers - such models are the most functional, easy to use, save space and speed up work. The jointing part cuts off all the initial unevenness of the wood, and the thicknessing part performs clean planing. Such machines are of two types: household and professional. Household machines are designed for irregular work, have less power, smaller depth and width of cut. Professional models are used in small furniture factories. These are suitable for daily work and large production volumes. They are more powerful, faster and capable of handling larger parts.

Since wood is one of the oldest building materials and has been in use for a very long time, there are many methods that can be used to process this material. One of these methods was the planing of wood. The operation is quite old, but it is with the help of it that it is possible to give the desired shape and size to the workpiece.

Modern woodworking

To date, there are two ways to carry out this operation. It can be done manually, or it can be done mechanically. If we talk about the mechanical style of processing, then the most widespread operation is carried out on a planer.

Since today the technologies are developed quite strongly, the machines began to be equipped with program control, robotic complexes, automatic lines. All these improvements have led to the fact that the processing on the machines has become better, and it has also been possible to significantly improve the accuracy.

Planing technology. general description

Wood planing technology or the general technological process is that part of the process during which the shape, size or properties of the processed material are changed. In addition, since wood is a rather demanding material for processing, the whole process is divided into several stages. The first stage is drying, because if the workpiece is not dried, then it will definitely warp in the future. This is followed by the stage of cutting the material into blanks of the desired size. The next stage is just the planing of wood, or any mechanical processing of wood, the purpose of which is to give the desired shape and fit to the desired dimensions.

It should also be noted that the sequence of technological operations may vary. It depends on the type of raw material, on the method of finishing, on the organization of production, etc.

The essence of planing wood is that all roughness, warping and other defects are eliminated from the surface of the workpiece. It is worth noting here that most often these defects occur after the wood blank passes the sawing stage. Sawing is the process of cutting wood, in which the direction of the straight line coincides with the direction of the working movement. That is, sawing and planing of wood are two main processing methods, the technology of which is quite simple, but it is with its help that all wood raw materials take their shape.

Manual planing. Tools for the job

As the main tool for work in manual processing is a planer. With its help, all planes are processed. You can also use jointers or sherhebels. The body of almost all plows consists of such parts as a block, horns, stop, knife, wedge. The wedge is necessary in order to be able to fix the knife in the block. For manual planing of wood, a knife is used here, which is used as a steel plate. The thickness of the element is 3 mm, and it is made of carbon tool steel grades U8 or U9. The lower part must be hardened.

The block is presented in the form of a rectangular block of wood. The front part of this detail at the sherhebel or planer is equipped with a horn mounted on top. The jointers behind the knife have a handle. In addition, the block has a sole. It is this part that wears out the fastest in the area that is located in front of the span. For this reason, in some cases, a pentagonal insert made of the most durable wood is glued into a regular sole. When planing wood with a planer, it is necessary that the knife lies flat against the back of the notch. To do this, it must be made perfectly flat. There is also a stop behind the end of the knife, which is necessary so that the handle does not rub your hand during operation.

Sherhebel is a tool that is used only for primary processing. In other words, rough wood planing is carried out. The knife of this tool is presented in the form of an oval cutter. With its help, the surface layer is removed, however, after its work, rather deep hollows remain.

The next tool is a planer. Planing wood with this tool is also primary, and it consists of approximately the same elements as the sherhebel. The essential difference is that the knife here is made in the form of a rectangle, and its edges are somewhat sharpened so as not to pick up the wood during processing. It is used to level surfaces previously treated with a sherhebel.

Operation methods

Types of wood planing are divided into manual and mechanical, but they, in turn, can also be carried out in different ways. Before proceeding with the procedure itself, it is necessary to carefully examine the workpiece and determine in which direction the fibers go. It is also important to understand the degree of roughness of wood. There is an important rule. Planing of wood is always carried out in layers. In other words, you need to lead the tool in the direction of the exit of the cut annual and oblique fibers. This is important, as choosing the right direction will help make the whole process easier. In addition, there will be less roughness. While working with tools such as a sherhebel or planer, they must be held as follows: the horn is held with the left hand, and the tool rests with the right hand. If a jointer or semi-joiner is used for work, then the handle is taken in the right hand, the left palm is placed on the block.

Naturally, this operation must be carried out in accordance with strict safety rules. It is possible to carry out sawing and planing of wood only with those tools that are sharp and correctly sharpened, as well as correctly fitted with wedges. The sole of the tool must be perfectly flat. In addition, you can only clamp the workpiece whose ends are parallel and perpendicular to the edges. The material that is clamped on the workbench should fit snugly against it so that there are no bends.

After the planing of wood with a hand tool has been completed, you can not put it on the sole, put it on its side, with the sole away from you.

Mechanical restoration. Tools for the job

For the implementation of wood by this method, an electric planer is used. Models for work IE-5707A-1 and IE-5701A.

As for the first manual electric apparatus, it is most often used in carpentry workshops, if the place of work is equipped with a workbench. For planing wood with a planer of this type, it must consist of an electric motor, a V-belt drive, a cutter with replaceable knives, movable and fixed skis, a head, and a handle. The essence of the processing technology is as follows. The rotor of the electric motor rotates in two ball bearings. A fan is mounted on the shaft. In addition, a drive pulley is also fixed at the end of the shaft. The torque that the rotor creates is transmitted to the cutter using a V-belt drive. On this unit there is a possibility of regulation of depth of planing. To do this, the front ski can be lowered or raised. The equipment can also carry out roughing and final processing. The difference is that a grooved cutter is used for the rough cut, and a flat cutter is used for the final cut.

The second type of electric planer consists of approximately the same parts. The difference lies in the fact that the knife shaft is driven with the help, and not the cutter. The knife shaft itself consists of two knives.

Sawing and planing of wood OKVED 2: code 16.10

OKVED is the all-Russian classifier of types of economic activity. This document includes the following stages of wood processing:

• Cutting cleaning or splitting lumber.
• Manufacture of wooden railway sleepers.
• Sawing and planing of wood, impregnation of wood with various chemicals to protect it from environmental influences.
• Mandatory drying of lumber.
• Production of unassembled flooring.

The All-Russian Classification of Economic Activities - OKVED for sawing and planing wood - is a document that also has several clarifying, child codes. The main entry is under the code 16.10.

Tool setting and operation methods

Before starting work, it is necessary to check the equipment. It is important that the blades on electric planers are properly set, sharp enough and properly sharpened. It is very important that the blades come out the same length and are flush with the back panel. Another important rule is that the mass of working knives must be the same. The electric planer itself must be grounded, and any adjustment, adjustment or repair can only be carried out if it is disconnected from the mains.

The operation of the electrical apparatus is carried out as follows. is connected to the network, after which, by pressing the power button, the electric motor will start. After the electric planer reaches the required speed, it can be lowered onto the wood blank. It is important that the workpiece is completely free of any debris, dust, dirt or ice if work is carried out in winter. It is very important that the planer lowers slowly enough, otherwise, when the workpiece and the knife come into contact, a push will occur, which is likely to destroy the lumber. The unit must move along the material in a strictly straight line. It is also worth mentioning that after the processing is completed for the first time, the machine is turned off, the wood returns to its original position and the operation is repeated.

It is also very important to observe safety precautions.

It is important to ensure that all live parts of electrical equipment are properly protected. In addition, only a person who has undergone special training is allowed to work with an electrical unit. It is also important to ensure that the knives do not touch metal parts during operation.

Planer

It is worth considering the device of this machine from the fact that it can be one-sided or two-sided. If a double-sided machine is used, then two adjacent surfaces of one workpiece can be machined at once. There are also machines with manual feed or with mechanized feed. If everything is simple and clear with manual feed, then for mechanical feed it is necessary that an automatic feeder be installed nearby. In some cases, a built-in conveyor feeder may be used instead. Also, these machines are equipped with devices such as chip collectors, which are used to collect chips and dust. It joins the factory exhaust network.

Preparation for operation

Preparation for work includes the stage of technical adjustment of the unit, as well as checking its performance. As for technical adjustment, it consists in the following. Knives that are installed on jointers must have a straight line shape. With the help of a ruler and a feeler gauge, the deviation from straightness is controlled. The gap that is allowed between the ruler and the blade is only 0.1 mm if the blade length is up to 400 mm. If the blade is up to 800 mm long, then the gap can be 0.2 mm. As in the case of an electric planer, the knives must be balanced in weight. The knives are installed sequentially. The device has a chip breaker. Blades of knives should protrude above this element by no more than 1-2 mm. To test the machine, it is necessary to have a control block, which is usually made from hard, dry, seasoned wood. It also has precisely machined edges. The cross section of the faces can be 20-30 x 50-70 mm and a length of 400 to 500 mm.

Technology of the machining process on the machine

When operating a planer, which has a manual feed, one worker is needed. The worker takes the workpiece from the stack and evaluates its condition. Excessively warped lumber should be discarded. If it is not strongly concave or warped, then it can be used, the product is placed on the table with the concave side. Next, the workpiece is pressed against the ruler with the left hand, and fed to the machine with the right hand. In this case, the end of the wood will move the fan fence. This will open access to the shaft with rotating knives. When the front part is processed, it is necessary, still holding the workpiece with your left hand, with your right hand, little by little push it forward, at a uniform speed. In this case, of course, you need to keep your hands at a safe distance from the knives.

If a planer with a mechanical feed is used in the work, then the feed rate of the lumber is calculated based on the maximum power of the electric motor. After processing, it is necessary to check the product. Deviation from the plane is allowed no more than 0.15 mm for every 1000 mm. The deviation of adjacent surfaces is allowed no more than 0.1 mm at a height of 100 mm.

When using this tool for planing wood, it is very important to ensure that there are no defects or inhomogeneities on the surface. If during operation the knife stumbles upon such a defect, the workpiece may twitch, and the worker's hand lying on the product may fall into the knife gap.

The most dangerous is the planing of wood that is quite thin, narrow or short. For this reason, if the machine has a manual feed, then there are restrictions on the dimensions of the workpieces. Length up to 400 mm, width up to 50 mm, thickness up to 30 mm.

1. Purpose
2. Longitudinal planer
3. Models on sale
4. Thickness Gauge
5. Planer Corvette 101
6. Corner saw Corvette
7. Bosch 1600
8. DIY manufacturing

A planer is a device designed for sawing logs into boards and timber. It can be an industrial automatic installation or a home-made household appliance.

Purpose

The classification of devices of this type divides them into two types: longitudinal planer and cross planer. The first handles large wooden blanks (logs), the second - small parts.

Longitudinal planer

The main technical parameters of this equipment are the table stroke length (ranging from 2 to 25 m), processing width (sometimes from 0.6 to 5 m) and the maximum lifting height of the workpiece (from 0.55 to 4.5 m).

The sawing process is carried out by a mobile knife unit along the log fixed on the table. The unit is driven by an electric motor. The knife is a disc with teeth. For example, Korvet equipment is equipped with two saws, one of which cuts horizontally, and the second - in a vertical plane.

Cross planer

Machines have small dimensions - the size of a desk. There are planing devices in a portable version. The Bosch handheld milling machine fits freely on a small workbench.

Models on sale

Description of popular models:

7E35

The desktop of the 7E35 machine has a size of 500 × 360 mm. The movement of the slider is rectilinear reciprocating. Its maximum stroke is 520 mm. The number of horizontal feeds is about 20, their movement is rectilinear and intermittent. The frequency of strokes of the slider is from 13 to 150 movements per minute.

The main drive of the 7E35 machine is a 5.5 kW electric motor. The movement of the slider is carried out through a V-belt transmission. Pulley diameters: 140 and 335 mm.

The rocking movement of the slider receives from the wings. Adjustment of the stroke length of the slider is done manually. This length is marked on the dial of the control knob.

Machine tools 7110, 7212, 7303, 7305, 7307 GT, 7B35, 7D36

Longitudinally planing and cross planing machines are designed for planing, milling hull and flat wooden elements. Structurally, one model is not much different from the other. The differences are in the stroke length and table width, dimensions and weight.

Table: Comparative characteristics of models 7110 and 7212

Thickness Gauge

The planer gauge-caliber (kalibr) is designed for finishing cutting boards of calibrated thickness. The unit is produced in a portable version and as a large stationary equipment. The thickness gauge planes the upper side of the board, bringing it to perfect evenness.

The engine of the caliber is installed with a power of 1.5 to 1.8 kW. The optimal working width of the machine and the thickness of the board are the caliber of the workpiece processing. The maximum width of the bar is in the range of 310–330 mm. Permissible wood thickness - 152 mm.

JET JWP-12x thicknesser unit is a desktop version of the calibration device. Its weight is only 33 kg. The machine works from a household electric network. There are 2 knives on the shaft. JET JWP-12 has a working table with a size of 300×320 mm.

Planer Corvette 101

This is a desktop version of the jointer. Its dimensions have the following dimensions - 20 × 370 × 380 mm (length, width and height). Jointing is performed with higher quality than planing with an electric planer.

Electric motor power - 1.1 kW. Depth in one pass - 3 mm. It is connected to a 220 V household power supply. The mass of the device is 35 kg. The price of the machine ranges from 18–20 thousand rubles.

Corner saw Corvette

Planing machine "Korvet" (Korvet) planes wooden blanks and logs simultaneously with two saw blades in horizontal and vertical planes. This complex technical device with numerical control performs planing of long wooden blanks.

The installed log is examined by sensors. Information about the dimensions of the workpiece is processed by a computer. The display shows the cross section of the log and the diagram of the position of the cutters on it. CNC allows you to adjust the machine to obtain a certain thickness of boards with high accuracy. The work of the Corvette is almost completely automated. A person can only remove the finished product from the guide bar.

Bosch 1600

The BOSCH 1600 machine is a perfect design of a manual milling unit. It weighs only 5.8 kg. It can be used to cut cavities of any configuration, which makes the use of the device attractive in the furniture production of small enterprises. Such an apparatus in a private household for processing wooden products is simply necessary.

The unit is held by two comfortable handles. A set of interchangeable cutters expand the possibilities of the machine in creating any relief of grooves on the surface of the board.

Two racks allow you to adjust the depth of the cutting cutter into the tree. The special support system enables milling using a template. The very successful design of the BOSCH 1600 has gained great popularity among craftsmen of any level.

The estimated cost of the unit is 45,000 rubles.

DIY manufacturing

It is quite possible to make a planing machine for boards yourself. First of all, you need to choose a drawing that would correspond to the capabilities of the wizard.

The principle of choosing the type of machine is the simplicity of the design of the unit. This will help save money. In a personal household, the device is not used constantly, but from time to time.

The main purpose of a household appliance is the processing of wooden products. For ease of use, it is planned to be small in size. The driving force of the unit is an electric motor powered by a household power supply.

The desktop consists of a movable and a static part. The surface of the table is covered with a metal sheet 3 mm thick or plywood - 15 mm.

A cutter is built in between the parts of the table. It is a metal cylinder. Two cutting blades are inserted along its entire length.

The cutting cylinder is equipped with a lifting device that allows you to adjust the thickness of the cut wood layer.

When changing the height of the cutter, the gap on the desktop is corrected by the movable part.

In some designs, the shaft remains stationary in a vertical plane. The height of the desktop changes. It moves vertically with the help of special screws.

By adjusting the height of the working platform, you can accurately set the thickness of the cut of the wood.

To assemble a homemade unit, you must have a detailed drawing with detailed details.

To make a planer, you need to prepare the following tools and materials:

• 1 kW electric motor;

• Control block;
• cylindrical cutter;
• drive pulleys;
• a metal sheet;
• construction plywood;
• hardware;
• metal sections.

Step by step assembly instructions

1. An electric motor is installed on a wooden platform.
2. It is connected to a step-down transformer and a control unit.
3. A movable frame is attached to the platform.
4. Bearings are installed in its upper part on the sides.
5. A milling shaft with a drive is built into them.
6. The drive is connected to the motor shaft by a pulley.
7. Attach the body of the bed.
8. On top of the bed, the fixed and static parts of the desktop are placed on a special frame structure. The desktop is made of a metal sheet or construction plywood.

In another option for creating a planing equipment design, proceed as follows:

• Instead of an electric motor, drive, pulley and cylindrical cutter, an electric planer is used.
• The bed is done in the same way as in the previous version.
• An electric planer is installed on the lifting frame with the cutting body up.

The use of an electric planer greatly simplifies the entire process of assembling a homemade device.

What equipment to use

• The electric motor must have a power of 0.85–1.5 kW.
• Several pulleys, the installation of which can change the speed of rotation of the input shaft.
• Electric planer with working surface width up to 250 mm.
• An additional mechanism that ensures the movement of the cutting body in the horizontal and vertical planes.

The presence of such equipment on the farm will simplify the manufacture of wooden products necessary for everyday life.

In this article:

All machines for the production of rounding can be classified according to the following criteria:

• production technology;
• kinematic scheme of the cut;
• type of cutting tool;
• the degree of automation of the processing process.

It is according to these criteria that we will consider the equipment presented on the domestic market of woodworking machines.

Classification according to technological schemes

To date, 3 technologies for the production of rounded logs are used:

1) Classic

The log is clamped in the center of the ends, rotates. The movable cutter removes chips by moving along the workpiece. Positional lathes work according to this scheme.

2) Positional

The log is also fixed in the center, but processed by a fixed rounding spindle equipped with a special rotary head. This technology has been developed for positional machines of the rotary type.

3) Checkpoint

Clamps for the log are not used - the workpiece moves through the rotary head with a roller mechanism. Machines operating on this principle are rotary-type through-hole equipment.

Pros and cons of different technologies

Benefits of pass-through technology:

• continuous feeding of the log is possible, which ensures the speed of processing;
• a high share of the yield of finished products (up to 90%) is achieved by a uniform distribution of the allowance in the cross section. The allowance is necessary to form a log cylinder and a circle at its ends. With this technology, this indicator is no more than 1-2 1-2 mm per diameter;
• the length of the log is practically unlimited, but the minimum size should be such that during processing the workpiece does not end up in the inter-roller gap;
• good productivity - for an 8-hour shift, about 35-40m3 of products (100-130 logs) are made on such a machine;
• aspiration is used to remove chips;
• versatility - on these machines it is possible to produce not only rounded logs, but also edged lumber, block house, decorative boards from slabs.

Main disadvantage: the curvature of the finished part is almost identical to the curvature of the original log; it is quite difficult to compensate for this drawback - either to ensure the loading of relatively even raw materials, or to saw the semi-finished product into blanks 1-2 m long.

The main advantage of positional machines is minimum curvature of the log at the exit, which allows you to work with any workpieces.

Flaws:

• the volume fraction of the exit depends on the initial curvature and run-off of the log. For example, when processing logs of the 1st grade (according to GOST 9463-88), the waste rate may exceed 50%;
• the length of the workpiece is limited by the dimensions of the machine;
• lower productivity than the throughput equipment. But the problem of time spent on changeover in equipment with the rotation of the workpiece is partially solved - it is enough to move the support of the milling unit in the transverse direction. But when working on machines with log fixation, the laboriousness of setting up the tool is significant, since it is necessary to set the cutters of the cutting module as accurately as possible when changing the standard size of the raw material;
• the need for qualified personnel - incorrect reconfiguration of the cutters can reduce the accuracy of processing to zero.

Main disadvantage- average performance - can be eliminated by installing a second milling unit on the machine, which will allow finishing and roughing in one pass.

Profile forming equipment

The manufacture of edges and grooves of rounded logs is carried out using saws or specialized cutters.

Depending on the type of machine and its configuration, these operations are performed either simultaneously, together with the formation of a cylindrical shape of the log, or in an additional pass. Of course, the first option is preferable in terms of processing speed and performance in general.

Depending on the type of cutting tool, the cylindering process is performed:

1) Turning

The basic movement is the rotation of the workpiece or tool, in which chips are continuously formed.

As a cutting module can be:

• rotor(female head with a set of round cutters for rough and fine gouging) - the optimal equipment for machines that does not cause difficulties in reconfiguring;
• through cutters(angular, oblique knives) is an effective but outdated technology, the application of which requires the participation of a qualified specialist.

2) Milling

The main movement is the rotation of the tool:

• two longitudinal cutters;
• end mills with longitudinal feed;
• face conical cutters with longitudinal feed.

The most common option today is end cutters. But for through-hole machines, profile machines are considered the most promising.

On a positioning machine with a movable milling unit, the profile is made after the cylinder has been formed. The rotation mechanism is blocked, cutters / saws are attached to the support. In this case, the speed of reinstallation and the correct adjustment of the equipment are of decisive importance, otherwise a noticeable downtime will result.

On most through-type machines, milling and saw units are available as standard. They are located in the direction of the log, behind the cutting module. The straightness of the edges of the grooves, as well as the formation of the cylinder itself, directly depends on the degree of curvature of the feedstock.

Despite the fact that turning is recognized as a more accurate technology for obtaining an ideal cylinder, the quality of the cut does not particularly depend on the type of machine - only on sharpening the tool, its correct setting and operation. It is important that the workpiece mounting bases are maintained between operations - any reconfiguration leads to a loss in the accuracy of manufacturing various structural elements. In this regard, positional type equipment with a fixed position of the log is recognized as the best. On such machines, dimensional deviations can only occur if the cutting tools are heavily worn or the frame structure is insufficiently rigid.

Formation of "cups" - connecting mounting grooves

The "cup" element is made using a milling unit and straight guides that feed the tool. After the groove is formed, the cutter returns to its original position.

Such a constructive unit can be part of the process flow - the edges of the laying groove become the support base, on which the “cup” axis is oriented. In the most common arrangement, the cutter plunges into the workpiece below the central axis.

But, as practice shows, the best accuracy indicators are demonstrated by positional type machines, on which the cup cutter is installed on a support with a vertical cutter. In this case, the axis of the cup can be formed at different angles to the plane of the mounting groove. For such work of the cup-cutting unit, it is necessary that the log rotates along the axis and is fixed in a new position.

If the rounding machine is not equipped with a cup-cutting module, the equipment for cutting grooves can also be purchased separately. Issue price - from 100,000 rubles.

About mechanization and automation

According to this criterion, rounding machines can be divided into 3 classes:

• automated- the whole complex of operations (including loading and feeding of blanks) is performed by the machine;
• semi-automated– the process is automated within one working cycle. Further, only loading / unloading of the machine is performed manually, and all other operations are performed by the machine;
• mechanized– loading / unloading, setting, regulation of the machine are performed by a person.

Today, in our country, mainly mechanized machines are used, which are equipped with modules for loading / unloading, cutting and feeding. But the basing, setting, control and regulation of the production process is done by a person. Additional equipment is also used - forklifts and transporters.

So what to choose?

Given that equipment with different technological schemes has almost the same level of maintenance and service costs, the main parameters by which the cylindering machine is evaluated are the productivity and quality of processing of all structural elements.

According to the first indicator, the pass-through machine leaves behind all types of position-type equipment. That is, it allows you to ensure the shortest payback period for capital expenditures and greater profits. True, this statement is effective only if there is a stable sales and supply of raw materials. But the quality of products leaves much to be desired: a rough surface due to shortcomings in the basing system and non-observance of straightness when using insufficiently even raw materials.

As for the accuracy of processing, the positional equipment has the best performance, although its throughput is an order of magnitude lower than that of through-line machines.

However, for an objective assessment, the manufacturer of any technological equipment usually provides a sample made on this machine. The results of his examination can tell a lot.

An industrial machine for the production of high quality products must be equipped with:

• massive bed;
• accurate guides;
• convenient control system;
• powerful drive (7-90 kW);
• safety fences in the cutting area.

To summarize: through-type machines are indispensable in large-scale production, where it is possible to sort raw materials. The main line of business is the mass production of ready-made building kits for the construction of wooden houses.

But for medium, small enterprises focused on working on exclusive projects, with output volumes up to 15 m 3 / shift, as well as when using raw materials with a high percentage of curvature, knots and other defects, the best option is a positional lathe.

To make the right choice, it is necessary to have a clear idea of ​​the raw material base, the parameters of the production facility and the technological scheme of the future production. Since the machine must support the size range of raw burdens, be compatible with other equipment, match the planned flow rate and be placed on the workshop.

About 30 companies are represented in today's woodworking equipment market. Therefore, knowing the parameters of "your" machine, it remains to decide on the manufacturer.