Serfdom in Russia. "serfdom" Fragments from the presentation

Slide 1

Serfdom. Serfdom is the law according to which the majority of peasants could not leave their masters and landowners. According to their laws, the land belonged to the landowners, and the peasants had to work on it. The wealth of the landowner was determined by the number of “souls” - male peasants (women were not considered “souls”)

Slide 2

The landowners did whatever they wanted to their peasants: they imposed backbreaking work on them, forced them into soldiers for the slightest offense, flogged them - sometimes to death. Peasants were sold, separating children and parents, and exchanged for dogs.

Slide 3

There were landowners who started theaters with serf actors. Among the peasants there were serf artists, sculptors, and musicians. All of them were just as dependent on the landowners as those who worked in the fields.

Slide 4

Praskovya Zhemchugova (serf actress), who became Countess Sheremetyeva

Slide 5

Alexander II - Tsar-Liberator Entered Russian history as a conductor of large-scale reforms. He was awarded a special epithet in Russian pre-revolutionary historiography - Liberator (in connection with the abolition of serfdom according to the manifesto of February 19, 1861). Died as a result of a terrorist attack organized by the People's Will party.

Slide 6

After the Patriotic War of 1812, many were waiting for the liberation of serfs. But this happened only in 1861. In 1855, Alexander II ascended the throne. Tsar Alexander II signed a manifesto on peasant freedom, for which he was nicknamed the liberator. Many changes in the country are associated with the name of Alexander.

Slide 7

Many changes in the country are associated with the name of Alexander. In Russia, railways were built, cities developed, factories and factories appeared. Soldiers began to serve not 25 years in the army, but 6 years. New educational institutions were created. Alexander's reign was progressive for Russia. He carried out important reforms: Zemstvos were created - local elected bodies. 20 thousand public schools appeared, women's educational institutions - up to 300. More than 700 titles of newspapers and magazines appeared. The territory of Russia has increased by 355,000 square meters. versts

Slide 8

Alexander's personality was tragic. Since 1866, several attempts have been made on his life. He died from one of them on March 1, 1881.

Slide 9

Work according to the textbook. Read the article “St. Petersburg and Moscow” on pp. 123-124 for yourself. - What changed in these cities in the 19th century?

Slide 10

Urban life has changed. The streets were illuminated first with kerosene and then with gas lamps. At the end of the 19th century, electric lighting appeared.

Slide 11

Horse-drawn railway

Slide 12

Serfdom is the law according to which the majority of peasants could not leave their masters and landowners. According to their laws, the land belonged to the landowners, and the peasants had to work on it. The wealth of the landowner was determined by the number of “souls” - male peasants (women were not considered “souls”)

He entered Russian history as a conductor of large-scale reforms. He was awarded a special epithet in Russian pre-revolutionary historiography, Liberator (in connection with the abolition of serfdom according to the manifesto of February 19, 1861). Died as a result of a terrorist attack organized by the People's Will party.

After the Patriotic War of 1812, many were waiting for the liberation of serfs. But this happened only in 1861. In 1855, Alexander II ascended the throne. Tsar Alexander II signed a manifesto on peasant freedom, for which he was nicknamed the liberator. Many changes in the country are associated with the name of Alexander.

Many changes in the country are associated with the name of Alexander. In Russia, railways were built, cities developed, factories and factories appeared. Soldiers began to serve not 25 years in the army, but 6 years. New educational institutions were created. Alexander's reign was progressive for Russia. He carried out important reforms: Zemstvos were created - local elected bodies. 20 thousand public schools appeared, women's educational institutions - up to 300. More than 700 titles of newspapers and magazines appeared. The territory of Russia has increased by sq. versts

Read the article “St. Petersburg and Moscow” on page 1. What changed in these cities in the 19th century?

"Abolition of serfdom"

Kharisov Alexander 101 group

1.Personality of Alexander II.

2. Reasons for the abolition of serfdom.

3. Peasant reform projects.

4. Basic provisions of the peasant reform.

5. Disadvantages of the reform.

6. The significance of the abolition of serfdom.

How did these people influence

for the formation

personality of Alexander II?

“...I think that you are of the same opinion as me, therefore, it is much better for this to happen from above rather than from below.”

Reasons for the abolition of serfdom.

• The crisis of the feudal-serf economic system.

a) reduction in bread exports;

b) growth of peasant duties;

c) 50% of the nobles had less than 20 serfs.

II. The growth of peasant uprisings, the possibility of a new “Pugachevism.”

III. The military and economic backwardness of Russia, as shown by the Crimean War.

IV. Serfdom, too similar to slavery, was immoral.

Which variant

Alexander II?

Free the peasants and give them land for ransom.

Give land to peasants without ransom.

Don't change anything.

Peasant reform projects.

Let go without land.

The main provisions of the peasant reform.

a) Peasants received personal freedom.

b) The peasants had to buy the land from the landowner, pay 20% immediately, and pay 80% to the state over 49 years at 6% (redemption payments).

c) For 9 years until 1870, a peasant could not give up his land allotment and leave the community (temporarily obligated peasants).

d) Peasants who owned more land had to return the surplus to the landowner

(segments).

e) the land was purchased by the peasant community; leaving the community with the land was prohibited.

Basic provisions.

The peasants were freed with land, the size of which, depending on the region (chernozem, non-chernozem, steppe regions) ranged from 3 to 12 dessiatines.

The ransom amount was set depending on the amount of quitrent.

10 rubles per year.

x= 10 x 100: 6 = 166 rub. 66kop.

A hut cost 30–40 rubles, a horse 15–20 rubles.

Who benefited from the abolition of serfdom? Fill in:

Kr?es

landowners

Gained personal freedom (civil rights)

state

1. Retained ownership of the land.

2. Segments

The Peasant Bank issued loans at 6% per annum

3. Time-bound relationships.

4. Redemption payments.

Disadvantages of the reform.

a) landownership was preserved.

b) the community has been preserved.

c) high redemption payments.

d) the peasantry remained the most powerless class.

d) peasants' land shortage.

The value of peasant land was estimated

500 million rubles, paid by the peasants

1.5 billion rubles

• Peasants - since it was necessary to pay redemption payments, bear temporary obligations, and lose part of the land in the form of segments.
• Landowners – due to loss of control over the peasants
• Intelligentsia – she was not satisfied with the conditions for the liberation of the peasants (they understood the consequences)

6.

Problem:

On the one hand, the abolition of serfdom removed the main obstacle to the modernization of Russia, but on the other hand, the conditions of liberation caused sharp discontent among the peasants and a significant part of the educated society of Russia

Internet resources: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

www.nemiga.info ..

xn--www-5cd3cf5ba4g.uer.varvar.ru

GOAL: TO PROMOTE STUDENTS' UNDERSTANDING OF THE REASONS AND ESSENCE OF THE ABOLITION OF SREPLOAD

• tasks:
• 1. Based on the analysis of textbook materials, messages, documents, presentations, students must systematize their knowledge on the topic.
• 2. Continuation of the formation of skills in working with educational material: comparison, generalization, analysis, highlighting the main thing.
• 3. Continued development of the ability to give an objective assessment of an event, the formation of a respectful and conscious attitude towards participants and figures in national history.

• Brief background to the Great Reform.
• February 19, 1861. Will.
• Redemption payments. Temporarily obligated state.
• Peasants' reaction to the abolition of serfdom.
• The Meaning of the Reform
• Reflection and control.

• When assessing the peasant reform, it is important to understand that it was the result of a compromise between landowners, peasants and the government.

• In 1797, Emperor Paul I issued a decree on a three-day corvee, although the wording of the law remained unclear, either the law does not allow or simply does not recommend the use of peasant labor in corvee more than three days a week

• Alexander I once said: “If education had been at a higher level, I would have abolished slavery, even if it cost me my life.”
• In 1803, a decree “On free farmers” appeared. According to this law, landowners received the right to release their peasants if it was beneficial to both parties.

• In 1842, Nicholas I issued the Decree “On Obligated Peasants,” according to which peasants were allowed to be freed without land, providing it for the performance of certain duties.

• The landowners practically did not carry out the decree of Paul I.
• During the 59 years of the law of Alexander I, landowners released only 111,829 peasants (according to other sources - 47,000).
• As a result of the decree of Nicholas I, 27 thousand people became obligated peasants.
• That. The problem of serfdom was not solved.
• On the agenda was the issue of liberating more than 20 million landowners with land.

• Alexander II creates a Secret Committee “to discuss measures to organize the life of the landowner peasants” under his personal chairmanship.
• The committee held its first meeting on January 3, 1857.

• Committee members agreed that serfdom needed to be abolished, but warned against making radical decisions (i.e. they actually proposed not to change anything).
• Only Lanskoy, Bludov, Rostovtsev and Butkov spoke out for the real liberation of the peasants;

• The Emperor included his brother, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, in the committee, who was convinced of the need to abolish serfdom. The Grand Duke was an extraordinary person and thanks to his active influence, the committee began to develop measures. In particular, provincial committees were created.

• With the help of glasnost (by the way, this word came into use at that time), the matter moved forward. For the first time, the country began to openly talk about the problem of the abolition of serfdom. The Secret Committee ceased to be such, and at the beginning of 1858 it was renamed the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs. And by the end of the year, committees were already working in all provinces.

• At the end of 1858, reviews finally began to arrive from the provincial committees. To study their proposals and develop general and local provisions for the reform, two editorial commissions were formed, the chairman of which was appointed by the emperor as the chief head of military educational institutions, Ya.I. Rostovtseva.

• General Rostovtsev was sympathetic to the cause of liberation of the peasants. He established a completely trusting relationship with N.A. Milyutin, who, at the request of the chairman, involved liberal-minded officials and public figures, staunch supporters of the reform Yu.F. Samarin, Prince Cherkassky, Ya.A. Solovyov and others, in the activities of the commissions.

• They were opposed by members of the commissions who were opponents of the reform, among whom were Count P.P. Shuvalov, V.V. Apraksin and Adjutant General Prince I.F. Paskevich. They insisted on the landowners retaining ownership of the land, rejected the possibility of providing peasants with land for ransom, except in cases of mutual consent, and demanded that the landowners be given full power on their estates.

• I.F. Paskevich

• Already the first meetings took place in a rather tense atmosphere.

• Meeting of the Editorial Committee

• With the death of Rostovtsev, Count Panin was appointed in his place, which was perceived by many as a curtailment of activities to liberate the peasants.
• V.N. Panin really tried to gradually, very carefully make concessions to landowners, which could lead to significant distortions of the project.

• In the Main Committee, which was small in number of employees, several groups were formed, none of which could gain a clear majority.
• Minister of Finance A.M. Knyazhevich, M.N. Muravyov sought to reduce the norms of land plots.
• Prince P.P. Gagarin insisted on the liberation of peasants without land.
• Ultimately, an absolute majority of supporters of the project emerged - five members of the Main Committee against four. It remains to be approved by the State Council.

• M.N. Muravyov

• The approval of the project in the State Council was not easy. Only with the support of the emperor minority decision received the force of law.
• On February 19, 1861, on the sixth anniversary of his accession, Alexander II signed all the reform laws and the Manifesto on the abolition of serfdom.

• B. Kustodiev.
• Liberation of the peasants.

• From now on they could not be sold, bought, given, or relocated at the request of the landowner. Peasants now had the right to own property, freedom to marry, could independently enter into contracts and conduct legal cases, could acquire real estate in their own name, and had freedom of movement.

• Peasant reform: Manifesto and Regulations February 19, 1861

• 4. The reaction of peasants to the abolition of serfdom.

• 1. In April 1861, the peasants of the Chembar and Kerensky districts of the Penza province rebelled. The center, “the very root of the rebellion,” according to the governor, was in the village of Kandeevka.
• The revolt involved up to 14 thousand former serfs and went down in history under the name “Kandeyevsky uprising” as the loudest protest of peasants against the reform of 1861.

• 2. Simultaneously with Kandeevsky, another peasant uprising broke out - in the Spassky district of the Kazan province. It covered up to 90 villages with its center in the village of Bezdna.
• Here, too, an authoritative leader emerged, a kind of ideologist of the uprising - the young Bezdnaya peasant Anton Petrovich Sidorov, who went down in history as Anton Petrov.

• The Kazan nobility, frightened by the uprising, declared Anton Petrov “the second Pugachev” and demanded drastic measures from Apraksin. Apraksin used his weapon. More than 350 peasants were killed and wounded. Anton Petrov came out to the soldiers with the text “Regulations of February 19” above his head.
• Alexander II, on Apraksin’s report about the execution of the Bezdnensky peasants, noted: “I cannot but approve of the actions of Count Apraksin.”

• 3. 1861 gave rise to an unprecedented number of peasant protests in Russia. But also in 1862-1863. the struggle of the peasants unfolded with enormous force, although less than in 1861. Here are comparative data on the number of peasant unrest:
• 1861 - 1859 1862 - 844 1863 - 509

• It is significant that before the announcement of the reform, from January 1 to March 5, 1861, there were only 11 unrest, and from March 5 to the end of the year - 1848

• 4. By the summer of 1861, the government, with the help of large military forces, through executions and mass beatings with rods, managed to repel the wave of peasant protest.
• Suffice it to say that 64 infantry and 16 cavalry regiments and 7 separate battalions were sent to suppress peasant unrest.

• 5. Significance of the Reform

• Results of the peasant reform

• Opened the way
• to development
• bourgeois relations
• in Russia

• Became the basis for the development of the revolutionary movement due to incompleteness of transformations

• 6. Reflection and control.

• 1. When assessing the peasant reform, it is important to understand that it was the result of a compromise between landowners, peasants and the government.
• 2. The government has prepared an abomination
• 3. Everything that could be done to preserve the interests of the nobility has been done

Slide 1

Analysis of a historical document

Abolition of serfdom

Slide 2

In the black earth provinces - the liberation of peasants without land or with a small plot for a large ransom. In non-black earth provinces - liberation with land, but ransom not only for the land, but also for the personality of the peasant. Problematic question of the lesson: Was the state project for the liberation of peasants able to satisfy the demands of the landowners of the black earth and non-black earth provinces?

Peasant liberation projects

Slide 3

Slide 4

Manifesto for the liberation of the peasants

17 legislative acts that detail the entire liberation procedure. Without ransom, peasants received personal freedom and civil rights

Slide 5

Civil rights

Carry out transactions with movable and immovable property Open trade and industrial enterprises Act on your own behalf in court Not be subject to corporal punishment except by court verdict Move to other classes

Slide 6

Land plots

From 3 to 12 dessiatinas (depending on the region of Russia) - 1 dessiatina = 1.1 hectares They had to buy from the landowner Before the redemption transaction was completed, they were considered “temporarily obligated”, i.e. had to fulfill the previous duties: corvee and quitrent.

Slide 7

"Bitter" freedom

Peasants paid a ransom for estate and field land. The redemption amount was based not on the actual value of the land, but on the amount of quitrent that the landowner received before the reform. An annual 6% capitalized quitrent was established, which was equal to the pre-reform annual income ( quitrent ) of the landowner. Thus, the basis for the redemption operation was not the capitalist, but the former feudal criterion.

Slide 8

The peasants paid 20-25% of the redemption amount in cash when completing the redemption transaction, the remaining amount (80 - 75%) was received from the treasury by the landowners (in money and securities), which the peasants had to pay along with interest over 49 years. The police and fiscal apparatus of the government had to ensure the timeliness of these payments. To finance the reform, the Peasant and Noble Banks were formed.

Slide 9

Ransom amount

10 rub. . 100%: 6% = 166 rub. 67 kopecks _______________________________ 1 dec. _ 14.5 rub. The size of the redemption allotment is 8 dessiatines. 14.5. 8 = 116 rub. – you can buy 8 des. 166.67 – 116 = 50 rub. 67 kopecks - overpayment For 9 years (until 1870), peasants did not have the right to refuse their allotment and leave the rural community.

Slide 10

6% 49 = 294% ________________________________ Payment of redemption payments was stopped in 1906 under the conditions of the First Russian Revolution. By 1906, peasants paid 1 billion 571 million rubles in ransom for lands worth 544 million rubles. Thus, the peasants actually paid triple the amount.

Slide 11

A cartoon from the 1860s about agrarian relations in the post-reform period was accompanied by the text: “What are you, little man, standing on one leg? Yes, you see, there’s nowhere to put another one. Everywhere, your grace, there is little earth. I’m afraid you’ll be judged for poisoning.”

http://reforms-alexander2.narod.ru/about.html

Slide 12

Group work assignment:

Group 1: Read in § 70 of the textbook “Personal liberation of peasants. Education of rural societies. Establishment of global intermediaries”, form a cluster of rural society. Group 2: Read in § 70 of the textbook “Introduction of temporarily obligated relations”, give definitions of the concepts of “segments”, “cuts”, “donation allotment”. Group 3: Read in § 70 of the textbook “Redemption transactions and redemption payments”, give definitions of the concepts “redemption transaction”, “mutual responsibility”.

Slide 13

The figures for provincial cities show the average size of the peasant allotment (in tithes) per available male soul in a given area. QUESTION: why was the average size of a peasant plot in the black earth zone significantly smaller?

Slide 14

Peasant unrest

Slide 15

Serfdom fell. The peasants were “liberated” in such a way that over a fifth of the peasant land passed to the landowners. Peasants were obliged to pay ransom to the “liberators” for their lands. The serf owners received hundreds of millions of rubles from the peasants. The landowners demarcated the land in such a way that the peasants were left without grazing, then without meadows, then without watering holes... Yesterday's serfs were forced to be in bondage to the landowners.

Slide 16

Numerous bosses stood over the peasantry: the zemstvo chief and the police officer, the police officer and the headman, the foreman, the constable, and the volost clerk. They extorted taxes, flogged them with rods, and abused the peasants. Meanwhile, the economic, financial and political life of Russia rested on the peasant, on the working man.

Slide 17

Dark share

The darkness in Rus' is impenetrable. Our land is a bottomless sea of ​​suffering!.. Rock gave us difficult questions; The plowmen groan over the meager fields; Vagrants walk like homeless animals, With mournful faces, with dull eyes, Whether in the sultry summer or in the snowy winter - Hungry, barefoot, with a hopeless soul... A dark lot... Prison and bag... Taxes, rods... The fertile fields... Both people and natural forces are tormented, The damned darkness is tormenting!.. From a poem by the revolutionary populist S. S. Sinegub http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/revoluc/article/re6/re6-0410. htm

Slide 18

Homework.

§70, c. 5 §71, c. 4, independently create clusters on the topic “Governmental transformations of the 60s – 70s. XIX century"

Slide 19

Lesson modeling, presentation possibilities (slide for teacher)

Using a presentation in linear-parallel learning mode. Using individual slides in the technology of critical thinking (working with texts) Using links to the Internet - a resource for building a lesson in an interactive mode.