River cruises. Motor ship (history of invention) Why is a motor ship called a motor ship

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Device
• 2 Spreading
• 3 History
Sources

Introduction

Queen Mary 2 is the fourth largest passenger ship in the world after Freedom of the Seas, Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas. Combined engine - 4 diesel engines and 2 gas turbines with a total power of 157,000 hp.

Motor ship- a self-propelled vessel, the main engine of which is an internal combustion engine, most often a diesel engine.

1. Device

Comparison of Queen Mary 2's dimensions with other vehicles, including the Titanic

Motor ship "Hero of Dancers" (PT-150) on the Ternopil pond

The engine of a motor ship can be low-speed (in which case it works directly on the propeller shaft) or high-speed. The high-speed engine is connected to the propeller shaft using a transmission. The most common types of transmissions are mechanical (gearbox) and electric. In the case of electric transmission, the diesel engine rotates a DC generator or an AC generator, the electricity from which powers the motors that drive the propeller shaft. Electric transmission allows you to smoothly regulate the speed of rotation of the propeller. Motor ships with electric power transmission are often classified as a separate class of vessels, diesel-electric ships.

Marine diesel engines are started using compressed air. The heat from the exhaust gases is used to generate steam, which in turn is used for heating, water heating, electricity generation and other ship needs.

Hydraulic transmission is also found on motor ships.

Currently, the most powerful marine diesel engine is the RTA96-C engine, manufactured by the Finnish company Wärtsilä. This 14-cylinder engine produces 108,920 hp.

2. Distribution

Currently, motor ships are the most common type of ships. They almost completely replaced steamships. Only high-speed ships more often use a turbine power plant (however, such ships turbo ships, sometimes also classified as motor ships).

Also, the diesel-electric power plant is used on non-nuclear submarines for surface travel.

3. History

The first diesel ships in the world appeared in Russia, thanks to the Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership.

The Nobels became interested early in the invention of engineer Rudolf Diesel. Already in 1898, Nobel acquired drawings of a diesel engine with a power of 20 hp.

After several years of technical research, Nobel's engineers managed to create a workable marine diesel engine. Three such engines were installed in 1903 on the Vandal oil river barge (built at the Sormovsky plant and brought to St. Petersburg), which thus became the first motor ship in the world.

The Vandal was equipped with three diesel engines, each with a capacity of 120 hp. pp., which set the propellers in motion using an electric transmission consisting of three generators and electric motors.

In 1904, Nobel's company built the next motor ship, the Sarmat, which was also a river tanker. It had two 180 hp diesel engines. With. and two electric generators, but the electric transmission was used only for reversing and maneuvering, and the rest of the time the diesel engines drove the propeller shafts directly. "Vandal" and "Sarmat" each had a carrying capacity of 750 tons.

The first reversible (can operate in both directions) diesel engine was also created in Russia. It was installed on the Lamprey submarine built in 1908.

In the same year, again in Russia, the first sea motor ship was built - the tanker Delo, intended for operation on the Caspian Sea. It had two engines with a total power of 1000 hp. (according to other sources - 2000 hp). “Delo” was a large ship, its length was 106 meters, width - 15 meters, and its carrying capacity reached 4000 tons.

It is interesting that, along with screw motor ships, wheeled motor ships were also built: for example, the tugboat “Kolomensky” (later “Mys”). However, such ships turned out to be unsuccessful: to drive the paddle wheels with a diesel engine, a complex mechanical transmission was used, which often broke down. Wheeled motor ships were soon abandoned.

Motor ship "Ural"

The first motor ships of Russia:

• 1903 - “Vandal”
• 1904 - “Sarmat”
• 1907 - “Kolomensky”
• 1908 - “Ilya Muromets”
• 1908 - “Lezgin” (360 nominal forces)
• 1908 - “The Case”
• 1910 - “Experience” - a wheeled motor ship for transporting flour, with a carrying capacity of about 50 tons
• 1911 - “Ural” - wheeled motor ship, the first passenger motor ship in the world, 800 rated power (burnt down in 1916)
• 1912 - “Engineer Koreyvo” - a cargo ship with a capacity of 600 rated forces and a carrying capacity of 70 thousand pounds. Built at the Kolomensky plant
• 1913 - "Danilikha" - dry cargo ship, carrying capacity 2000 tons, power 300 rated forces. Built according to the design of engineer N.V. Kabachinsky at the Sormovo plant
• 1915 - “Moskvich”, the world’s first tugboat with a horizontal engine

In addition to large ones, some of which are noted in the list, they were built or converted into motor ships and small vessels. By 1914, there were already about two hundred of them on the Volga, and the number of large motor ships was 48 (passenger and cargo ships - 16, cargo ships - 12, tugboats - 20)

Thus, within a very short time, Russian industry mastered the production of motor ships. The experience gained allowed us to move from experimental single vessels to mass production. In 1907, the Kolomna Plant began construction of a series of passenger ships with a screw drive (the customer was the joint-stock company "Caucasus and Mercury"). The first ship of the series, called Borodino, was ready by 1911. The construction of a series of such ships continued until 1917; a total of 11 ships were built.

The most durable ships of this series, “Uritsky” (originally “Tsargrad”), “Paris Commune” (originally “Ioann the Terrible”) and the actual “Memory of Comrade. Markin" (originally "Bagration") - worked on the Volga until 1991.

Outside Russia, motor ships began to be built in 1911 in Germany and in 1912 in Great Britain and Denmark. The Danish Sealandia, launched in 1911, became the first ocean-going motor ship. This ship was very successful: during the first twelve years of service, the engines had to be repaired only once. "Zeelandia" operated until 1942.

Motor ships became quite widespread by the thirties (according to Lloyd's Register, in 1930 they made up 10% of the world's civil fleet), and by 1974, according to the same source, they already accounted for 88.5% of the world's civil fleet.

Compared to steamships, motor ships had the following advantages: higher efficiency, lower fuel consumption (and therefore greater carrying capacity and greater range), higher engine reliability.

Sources

• K.V. Ryzhkov.“One Hundred Great Inventions”, Moscow, “Veche”, 2002. ISBN 5-7838-0528-9
• Encyclopedia of ships. "Polygon", "Ast", Moscow - St. Petersburg, MCMXCVII. ISBN 5-89173-008-1
• Great Soviet Encyclopedia

A three-deck long-distance passenger (cargo-passenger) motor ship.

Designed for operation on river express passenger lines and tourist cruises. The most numerous and successful of the mass series of river passenger ships in the USSR. Most of the vessels are currently in operation.

Project No. 588 was developed in the early 1950s. TsTKB and a plant in the GDR. The project proposed a new architectural solution for a river passenger ship (the first three-deck ships), was distinguished by the rational layout of passenger premises and high comfort for that time. The external appearance of the vessel and the layout of the premises were developed under the guidance of the chief architect of the Ministry of River Fleet, Academician L.V. Dobin.

In the architecture of the ships of this project, for the first time, dynamic forms of the surface part of ships were used, the fashion for which came in the late 1950s - early 1960s. due to the rapid development of aircraft and automotive industries. When creating the vessel, shipbuilding engineer Lev Dobin used a smooth aerodynamic curve, fitting all the above-deck structures into its contour. Therefore, the external appearance of the ships of this project recalls the kinship with the “aviation design” that was also characteristic of cars of the 1950s. and accurately conveys the aesthetics of the era.

The ships were built in the German Democratic Republic, in the city of Wismar, at the VEB Mathias-Thesen-Werft Wismar shipyard, which bore the name of the German communist Mathias Thesen, who was executed in a concentration camp. In total, 49 motor ships were built during the period 1954-1961.

Shipyard designation: BiFa Typ A, Binnenfahrgastschiff - river passenger motor ship type A. The first motor ship of the "B" project. Chkalov" was launched in 1953 and handed over to the Soviet side on March 30, 1954.

The ships were built in 2 series:

• Series I type "B. Chkalov" (1954-1956), 11 ships
• Series II type "Cosmonaut Gagarin" (1957-1961), 38 vessels

Motor ships of different series differ in the shape of the stern, elements of the superstructure, the location of some ladders and the layout of the premises. The ships of the first series have luxurious wooden finishes. On Series II ships, the number of boats has been reduced (4 instead of 6); They also differ in displacement, some changes in the layout of rooms and gangways, and a slightly reduced passenger capacity due to the increased comfort of the cabins.

During operation, Project 588 vessels underwent various modernizations. Almost all ships had an additional cinema hall at the end of the 3rd deck. Since the late 1980s, a comprehensive reconstruction and modernization of ships in Austria was planned with the replacement of equipment and redevelopment of passenger premises, but due to the economic crisis and the collapse of the USSR, this project was not implemented. Some ships were modernized later and are currently being reconstructed in accordance with modern ideas of comfort (for example, Ilya Muromets, etc.), while several ships have been converted or are being converted into four- or two-deck ones.

Motor ships series

The oil tanker barge “Vandal” was first equipped with three diesel engines in 1903, intended for navigation on rivers, which is considered the world’s first motor ship. Its diesel engines had a power of 120 hp. and were driven by screws using an electric transmission, which included three electric motors and a generator.

In 1904, Nobel's company developed a new river ship, the Sarmat. It was equipped with two electric generators and 180 hp diesel engines. each, however, the electric transmission was intended only for maneuvering and reversing; the rest of the time, the movement of the propeller shafts was carried out using diesel engines. Both Vandal and Sarmat could carry up to 750 tons of cargo each.

Motor ship "Ural"

Russia was also the birthplace of the first reversible diesel engine capable of operating in both directions. It was equipped with the Lamprey, built in 1908. In the same year, the performance of the mechanical reverse device, which was installed on the Mysl motor ship, was tested. Also for the first time in the same year and again in the Russian Empire, local shipbuilders were able to build the world's first sea tanker, called "Delo", which was supposed to operate in the Caspian Sea. Its distinctive feature was that this ship had two diesel engines, the total power of which was 1000 hp. (according to other sources - 2000 hp).

The most successful example of wheeled motor ships is the Kolomensky tug, soon renamed Mys. However, this experiment was not entirely successful: the paddle wheels were driven by a diesel engine, and for this the ship had to be equipped with a complex mechanical transmission, which often failed. Therefore, such ships soon became a thing of the past.

The first Russian motor ships:

• 1903 - motor ship "Vandal";
• 1904 - motor ship "Sarmat";
• 1907 - tug "Kolomensky";
• 1908 - motor ship “Ilya Muromets”;
• 1908 - motor ship “Lezgin” (360 hp);
• 1908 - motor ship “Delo”;
• 1910 - motor ship “Experience” (a wheeled motor ship capable of carrying up to 50 tons of cargo, used for transporting flour);
• 1911 - wheeled motor ship "Ural", which became the first passenger motor ship in the whole world. Its engine power was 800 hp;
• 1912 - cargo-type motor ship “Engineer Koreyvo” with a power of 600 hp, which had a carrying capacity of 70 thousand pounds;
• 1913 - bulk carrier "Danilikha" with a diesel power of 300 hp. and with a carrying capacity of about 2000 tons;
• 1915 - the world's first tugboat "Moskvich", equipped with a horizontal engine.

The rise of the steamship era

The beginning of the construction of motor ships abroad dates back to 1911 (Germany) and 1912 (Denmark and Great Britain). The first ship to conquer the ocean was the Danish Zealandia, whose construction was completed in 1911.

By the 1930s projects of new motor ships and their construction began to be widespread: for example, in 1930, according to data provided in Lloyd's Register, these ships accounted for 10% of the total civilian fleet in the world. By 1974, this figure had risen to 88.5%.

Motor ships had a number of undoubted advantages compared to their steam predecessors: low fuel consumption, significant efficiency and high reliability, which distinguished diesel engines, and the ability to transport a larger variety of cargo.

By the end of the 19th century. Steamboats dominated the rivers and seas. But at this time, the disadvantages of steam piston engines began to become especially apparent: low efficiency, a large mass of fuel that the steamship had to take when setting sail.

In the 1880s, the first internal combustion engines appeared - carburetor engines running on gasoline or oil. In 1892, the German R. Diesel received a patent for the engine he invented, which was later named after him. It ran on cheap heavy fuels. The first diesel engine was built in 1897.

The idea of ​​​​creating motor ships was first put forward by the professor of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute K. P. Boklevsky in 1898.

In the same year, the drawings of the Diesel engine were bought for 500,000 rubles by one of the owners of the Russian Nobel Brothers Partnership, E. Nobel. What attracted Nobel most was that the new engine could run on heavy fuel.

The new engine was studied at the Nobel Partnership plant in St. Petersburg. Changes were made to it, in particular so that it could run on oil.

In 1899 this engine was launched. It ran on oil and developed a power of 25 hp. With. Now Nobel wanted to use it as a ship's engine. There were serious obstacles to this. The diesel engine could only rotate in one direction and did not have reverse (reverse). At the extreme positions of the piston, starting the diesel engine was impossible. It was extremely difficult to regulate the operation of a diesel engine by decreasing or increasing the shaft speed, and this did not make it possible to change the speed of the vessel.

Diesel also had its advantages over steam engines. It had high efficiency, diesel consumed 4 times less fuel compared to steam engines of the same power, which was especially important for long cruising ranges. The diesel vessel was refueled in bulk, while coal was loaded manually.

In order for the new ship to be able to maneuver, Nobel ordered the engineers to connect the engine to the propeller shaft through a gear that made it possible to change the direction of rotation of the propeller and the number of its revolutions.

The world's first motor ship "Vandal" was built in 1903 at the Sormovo plant in Russia. It was intended for the transportation of light petroleum products. Its displacement was about 800 tons. The Vandal was equipped with 3 120 hp engines. With. every. The transmission of rotation from the engine to the propellers was carried out using electric generators, so the Vandal was at the same time the world's first diesel-electric ship. He was moving at a speed of about 14 km/h.

The first-born of the shipbuilding industry, “Vandal,” was in service for more than 60 years. In 1964, with the engines removed and turned into a non-self-propelled barge, it transported fuel along the Kura to the interior regions of Azerbaijan.

After the construction of the first ship, Nobel acquired a license to install Del Proposto. The principle of its operation was that when the ship moved forward, the diesel engine directly rotated the propeller shaft, and when reversing or turning, an electric transmission was used.

In 1904, the Sarmat tanker was built in Russia according to this scheme. It had two diesel engines with a power of 180 hp each. With. each and two electric generators. Each diesel engine was connected to a generator, and then through a coupling to a propeller on which an electric motor was located. When moving forward, the diesel engine worked directly on the propeller, and the generator and electric motor did not receive current, acting as flywheels. When moving backward, the engine rotated an electric generator, which supplied current to the electric motor, rotating the propeller in the opposite direction.

"Sarmat" showed the advantages of marine diesel engines. It was significantly more economical than oil-powered steamships, while maintaining maneuverability and good control.

In 1907, the wheeled tugboat “Mysl” was built. In 1908, the large sea motor ship “Delo” was launched at the Kolomensky Plant, intended for transporting fuel across the Caspian Sea. Its total carrying capacity was 5,000 tons, and the power of its two main engines was 1,000 hp. With.

The last obstacle to the development of motor ships was the lack of a reversible engine. This engine had to have a mechanism that switches forward and reverse and a device that would allow the engine to start at any position of the crankshaft.

To switch the diesel engine from forward to reverse and vice versa, two cam systems were placed on the diesel camshaft - for forward and reverse. The transfer from one move to another was carried out by moving the entire system in different directions and took approximately 10 seconds.

Starting the engine with the crankshaft positioned at one of the dead points proceeded as follows. First, all cylinders were purged with air, then one of them was switched to oil. After it switched to power stroke, the second cylinder switched to oil. The non-simultaneous flashes in the cylinders when they were switched on sequentially made it possible to start rotating the crankshaft from any position. The speed was regulated by changing the oil supply. Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

As soon as summer comes to Russian cities, all residents have an irresistible desire to relax, get away from the dusty and noisy metropolis, and become closer to nature. Some people go to a country house, while others go on a hike to the river, completely breaking away from civilization. If you are a fan of comfort, then such options are unlikely to appeal to you.

It is better to consider a river cruise, where you can enjoy natural splendor and fresh river air in comfortable conditions. Everyone is free to choose the degree of comfort based on their financial capabilities and taste preferences. The main thing is that such a vacation will not make you bored, because the constant change of landscapes and cities will make your vacation interesting and eventful.

In addition, with the expression “river cruises” we are accustomed to associate only cruises on the rivers of Russia, but this is not all: there are various cruises on the rivers of Europe, North and South America, as well as cruises on the rivers of exotic Asian and African countries.

River cruises in Russia

A huge number of waterways, here and there crossing the vast expanses of Russia, provide a wide variety of possible river cruises. The length of a river trip can vary from a short trip of three days to a long trip of 24 days.

The excursion direction, of course, depends on your point of departure. The most popular routes departing from Moscow are Uglich, Tver, Konstantinovo. This walk takes on average two to three days and is usually organized on weekends and holidays. A week-long trip by boat from Moscow can be made to Kostroma, Yaroslavl or Gorodets. A popular short river cruise departing from Nizhny Novgorod is the Makaryevsky Monastery.

River cruises in Europe

River travel in Europe is extremely popular among tourists. This is due, first of all, to the fact that in this way you can see a large number of European cities with a minimum of effort. However, such pleasure will not come cheap. Unfortunately, not all possible routes and destinations of European cruises are known in Russia; you can only book some on the spot. However, when planning a river holiday in European countries, it is better to take care in advance and book a tour, since due to their popularity, trips sell like hot cakes.

European river navigation for tourists from Russia is traditionally opened by cruises for the May holidays. The most popular routes for such trips are the Seine and Rhone, Rhine and Danube, Elbe and Oder rivers, as well as the rivers of Spain and Portugal.

River cruises to exotic countries

If you don’t know where to choose between a river cruise and a vacation in an exotic country, you can simply combine these destinations. A variety of river routes are available to tourists in both Southeast Asia and South America.

As for Asia, the most popular river arteries here have long been the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Mekong. Unfortunately, the comfort and quality of services provided during a cruise often leaves much to be desired.

However, these minor shortcomings are fully compensated by the richness of the program, the vibrant color of Asian countries and the enormous cultural and historical value of local attractions. Often, cruise ships are stylized to resemble a particular era, which correlates with the main theme of excursions along a given route.