Morphology- This is a section of grammar that studies the patterns of existence, formation (structure) and understanding of word forms (word forms) of various parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, etc.).

The word has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning is the content of the word, generalizing in our minds the idea of ​​an object, phenomenon, property, process (rib, ontogenesis, straight line, serous, bending, etc.).

The grammatical meaning is determined both by the categorical belonging of a given word to the corresponding part of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in a noun, the meaning of a sign in an adjective), and the particular meaning due to a change in the forms of this word (rib, ribs; direct, direct, direct, etc. .).

The word exists as a system of forms. The system of changing the forms of words is called inflection.

The grammatical categories according to which the noun forms change in Latin, as in Russian, are cases and numbers (vertebra - vertebra, corpus vertebrae - vertebral body; foramen - hole, foramina - holes; os - bone, ossa - bones, sternum - sternum, manubrium sterni - handle of the sternum).

The inflection of nouns according to cases and numbers is called declension.

There are 6 cases in Latin.

Nominativus (Nom.) - nominative (who, what?).

Genetivus (Gen.) - genitive (of whom, what?).

Dativus (Dat.) - dative (to whom, what?).

Accusativus (Acc.) - accusative (whom, what?).

Ablativus (Abl.) - ablative, creative (by whom, with what?).

Vocativus (Voc.) - vocative.

For nomination, i.e. for naming (naming) objects, phenomena, and the like in medical terminology, only two cases are used - nominative (n. p.) and genitive (gen. p.).

The nominative case is called the direct case, which means the absence of relations between words. The meaning of this case is the actual naming. The genitive case has a characterizing meaning.

There are 5 types of declensions in Latin, each of which has its own paradigm (a set of word forms).

A practical means of distinguishing declension (determining the type of declension) in Latin is the genitive case of the singular. Genus forms. p. units hours in all declensions are different.

A sign of the type of declension of a noun is the ending gender. p. units h., therefore, in dictionaries, the form genus. p. units h. is indicated along with the form of them. p. units hours and they must be memorized only together.

Nouns are listed in the dictionary and learned in dictionary form, which contains three components:

1) the form of the word in them. p. units hours;

2) the end of the genus. p. units hours;

3) gender designation - male, female or neuter (abbreviated as one letter: m, f, n).

For example: lamina, ae (f), sutura, ae (f), sulcus, i (m); ligamentum, i(n); pars, is(f), margo, is(m); os, is(n); articulatio, is (f), canalis, is (m); ductus, us(m); arcus, us (m), cornu, us, (n); facies, ei (f).

Some nouns have the III declension before the ending genus. p. units h. -is is also attributed to the final part of the stem. This is necessary if the stem of the word is in gender. p. units h. does not coincide with the basis of them. p. units hours:

The full form of the genus. p. units hours for such nouns are found as follows: corpus, =oris (=corpor - is); foramen, -inis (= foramin - is).

For such nouns, the practical basis is determined only from the form of the word to the gender. p. units hours by discarding its ending. If the basics in them. p. units hours and in the genus. p. units h. coincide, then only the ending genus is indicated in the dictionary form. etc., and the practical basis in such cases can be determined from them. p. units hours without ending.

Consider examples.

The practical basis is the basis, to which, during inflection (declension), the endings of oblique cases are added; it may not coincide with the so-called historical basis.

For monosyllabic nouns with a changing stem, the entire word form genus is indicated in the dictionary form. n., for example pars, partis; crus, cruris; os, oris; cor, cordis.

In Latin, as in Russian, nouns belong to three genders: masculine (masculinum - m), feminine (femininum - f) and neuter (neutrum - n).

The grammatical gender of Latin nouns cannot be determined from the gender of Russian words equivalent in meaning, since often the gender of nouns with the same meaning in Russian and Latin does not coincide.

It is possible to determine the belonging of a Latin noun to a particular gender only by the endings characteristic of this gender in it. p. units h. For example, words in -a are feminine (costa, vertebra, lamina, incisura, etc.), words in -um are neuter (ligamentum, manubrium, sternum, etc.).

A sign of the declension of a noun is the ending of the gender. p. units hours; a sign of the genus is a characteristic ending in it. p. units h.

You can get acquainted with all the characteristic features of the gender of Latin nouns in a number of lessons on the III declension. In this section, we will focus only on the signs of the grammatical gender of some groups of words that have in them. p. units h. characteristic endings: -a, -um, -on, -en, -u, -us.

There can be no doubt that nouns in -a are feminine, and nouns in -um, -on, -en, -u are neuter.

As for nouns ending in -us, the answer cannot be unambiguous without involving additional data and, above all, information about the declension of the word.

All nouns in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are necessarily masculine, for example:

lobus, i; nodus, i; sulcus, i;

ductus, us; arcus, us; meatus, us, m - masculine.

If a noun with -us belongs to the III declension, then its belonging to a certain gender should be specified with the help of such an additional indicator as the final consonant of the stem in gender. P.; if the final consonant of the stem is -r, then the noun is neuter, and if the final consonant is different (-t or -d), then it is feminine.

For example:

tempus, or-is; crus, crur-is;

corpus, or-is - neuter, juventus, ut-is - feminine.

Third declension nouns were extremely rare, for example: os, corpus, caput, foramen, dens. This methodological approach was absolutely justified. III declension is the most difficult to master and has a number of features that distinguish it from other declensions.

1. The third declension includes nouns of all three genders ending in gender. p. units h on -is (a sign of the III declension).

2. In them. p. units h. words not only of different genders, but even of the same gender have different endings characteristic of a particular gender; for example, in the masculine gender -os, -or, -o, -eg, -ex, -es.

3. For most nouns, the third declension stems in them. n. and in the genus. items do not match.

With such nouns, the practical basis is not determined by them. n., but by genus. n. by dropping the ending -is.

1. If in the dictionary form of any noun before the ending genus. p. units h. -is the end of the stem is attributed, which means that the stem of such a word is determined by the genus. P.:

Basis cortic-.

2. If in the dictionary form before the end of the genus. p. units h. -is has no postscript, which means that such a word can also have a basis determined by them. p. units h., discarding the ending to them. P.:

3. Nouns III declension depending on the coincidence or mismatch of the number of syllables in them. n. and genus. p. units hours are equally complex and non-equisyllabic, which is important for the exact definition of the genus in a number of cases.

Equosyllabic

Nom. pubes canalis rete

Gen. pubis canalis retis.

Non-equisyllabic

Nom. pes paries pars

Gen. pedis parietis parti.s

4. For monosyllabic nouns in the dictionary form in gender. n. the word is written in full:

The genus is determined by the endings of them. p. units h., characteristic of a certain genus within a given declension. Therefore, in order to determine the gender of any noun of the III declension, three points must be taken into account:

1) to know that the given word refers specifically to the III declension, and not to any other;

2) know what endings are in them. p. units hours are characteristic of one or another kind of III declension;

3) in some cases, also take into account the nature of the stem of the given word.

1) nouns ending in -a are feminine;

2) nouns ending in -urn, -en, -on, -u are neuter;

3) most nouns in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are masculine;

4) words in -us ending in gender. n. on -r-is, - neuter.

Knowing that a noun belongs to a certain gender, you can correctly agree with it (in gender!) An adjective or form a word form for them. n. pl. h.

In most cases, the belonging of a word to one or another declension cannot serve as an indicator of gender, since in the same declension there are nouns of two genders (II and IV declension) or three genders (III declension). Nevertheless, it is useful to remember the following relation between the gender of a noun and its declension:

1) in I and V declensions - only feminine;

2) in II and IV declensions - masculine and neuter;

3) in the III declension - all three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

Of the words in -us, most belong to the II declension, only a few - to the IV.

It is important to remember that in dictionary form, some of the most frequent nouns are in the IV declension: processus, us (m) - process; arcus, us (m) - arc; sinus, us (m) - sinus, sinus; meatus, us (m) - passage, move; plexus, us (m) - plexus; recessus, us (m) - depression, pocket.

GRAMMATIC CATEGORIES OF NOUNS In Latin, a noun has:
three kinds:
Masulīnum m, (masculine)
Femininum
f, (feminine)
n (neuter)
Neutrum
two numbers:;
singularis (singular),
pluralis (plural);

5 cases:

DICTIONARY FORM OF THE NOUN

General rule definition of gender

TYPES OF DECLINE

1st Declension of Nouns

Table of case endings of the first declension

10. 2nd declension of nouns

11. Exception to the rules about the gender of the second declension

12. Table of case endings of the second declension

13. 3rd declension of nouns

14. Nouns of the 3rd declension are

15. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS 3rd declension

16. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS 3rd declension

17. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS 3rd declension

18. Table of case endings of the third declension

19. 4th declension of nouns

20. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS 4th declension

21. Table of case endings of the fourth declension

22. 5th declension of nouns

23. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 5th declension

24. Table of case endings of the fifth declension

Latin is (that is, it has a wide range of affixes), which belongs to the Italic group. Its feature is the free word order when constructing a sentence. Nouns are inflected for numbers and adjectives (including participles) change in number, case and gender; verbs are declined by person, number, tense, voice and mood. Thus, declension in Latin is a category that is often used. Verbal inflections (endings and suffixes) of Latin are among the most diverse among the Indo-European languages. Latin is considered a classic in linguistics.

A Brief History of the Latin Language

Latin was originally spoken in Lazio, in Italy. Thanks to the power of the Roman Republic, the Latin language became dominant, first in Italy, and then throughout the Roman Empire. Vernacular Latin was reborn in Romance languages ​​such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French brought many words to the English language. Latin and ancient Greek roots and terms are used in theology, biology and medicine. By the end of the Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin developed into Classical. Vulgar Latin was the spoken form. It is attested in the inscriptions and works of Roman dramatists such as Plautus and Terence.

Late Latin writing arose and took shape around the third century AD. Medieval Latin was used from the 9th century until the Renaissance. Further, as modern Latin appeared, it began to evolve. Latin was the language of international communication, science, theology. Latin was the language of science until the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by other European languages. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Latin Rite of the entire Catholic Church.

Influence of Latin on other languages

The Latin language in its colloquial form, which is called Vulgar Latin (in the sense of “folk”), became the basis language for other national European languages, united into one language branch called Romance. With the relatedness of the origin of these languages, there are currently significant differences between them, formed as Latin developed in the conquered lands over a number of centuries. Latin, as the parent language, was greatly modified under the influence of local indigenous languages ​​and dialects.

Brief description of Latin grammar

Latin is a synthetic, inflectional language in language classification terminology. That is, a language in which word formation with the help of inflections dominates. Inflections are words or endings. Latin words include a lexical semantic element and endings indicating the grammatical use of the word. The fusion of the root, which carries the meaning of the word, and the ending creates very compact sentence elements: for example, amō, "I love", is made from the semantic element, am- "to love", and the ending -ō, indicating that it is a first person singular verb , and being a suffix.

Declension of nouns in Latin

An ordinary Latin noun belongs to one of the five main groups of declensions, that is, having the same ending forms. The declension of a Latin noun is determined by the genitive singular. That is, you need to know the genitive case of the noun. Also, each case has its own endings. Latin noun declension includes the following.

• The first includes feminine nouns, as well as masculine, naming a person's occupation or nationality. 1 Latin declension is determined in the genitive singular with the ending -ae. For example: persa - Persian; agricŏla - peasant. Basically the first declension has -a.
• 2 declension in Latin mostly ends with the letter - o. It is defined in the genitive singular with the ending -i. The second declension includes masculine nouns ending in -us, -er, neuter nouns ending in -um, and a small group of feminine lexemes ending in -us.
• 3 declension in Latin is a rather versatile group of nouns. They can be divided into three main categories.
  1. Consonant.
  2. Vowel.
  3. Mixed. Students are advised to carefully master the first three categories.
• Fourth declension, predominantly ending with -y in noun cases. It is defined by the genitive singular with the ending -ūs.
• The fifth declension in Latin mostly ends with the letter -e in cases. It is defined by the genitive singular with the ending -ei. This is a small group of nouns.

Thus, declensions in Latin are quite diverse, since, as mentioned above, Latin is a pronounced inflectional language. in Latin practically does not differ from nouns. In fact, in many ways it is similar to the Russian language, where their declensions also coincide. The most numerous group of words in Latin are nouns of the 1st declension. Latin also includes a number of words that are not inflected.

Latin noun cases

Classical Latin has seven noun cases. The declension of adjectives in Latin coincides with the declension of nouns. Consider all seven cases:

• The nominative case is used if the noun is a subject or a predicate. For example, the word amor is love, puella is a girl. That is the initial form of the noun.
• The genitive case expresses the belonging of a noun to another subject.
• The dative case is used if the noun is an indirect object of the sentence with the help of special verbs, with some prepositions.
• used if the noun is the immediate object of the subject and with a preposition showing the place of direction.
• The ablative is used when the noun shows separation or movement from a source, cause, instrument, or when the noun is used as an object with certain prepositions.
• The vocative case is used when the noun expresses an appeal to the subject. The vocative form of a noun is the same as the nominative, except for the second declension of the noun, which ends in -us.
• The local case is used to indicate the location (corresponds to the Russian preposition in or on the). This case is used only in this context.

We briefly reviewed the endings (Latin language) of the declension above. For example, for 1 declension they will be as follows: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -a.

The declension of nouns in Latin is manifested in case endings.

Latin verb: conjugation category

An ordinary verb in Latin refers to one of the four main ones - this is a class of verbs that have the same endings. The conjugation is determined by the last letter of the root of the present tense verb. The root in the present tense can be found by omitting the infinitive ending -re (-ri l for depositional verbs). The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in --ā-re or --ā-ri (active and passive), for example: amāre - "to love", hortārī - "exhort", the second conjugation ends in -ē-re or -ē-rī : monēre - "to warn", verērī, - "to intimidate", the third conjugation - into -ere, -ī: dūcere - "to lead", ūtī - "to use"; in the fourth -ī-re, -ī-rī: audīre - "to hear", experīrī - "to try". Thus, the Latin verb is conjugated by persons, depending on the belonging to the conjugation.

Latin verb tenses

In Latin, there are 6 specific grammatical tenses (tempus), which are only partially available in Russian. These are the following species-temporal forms:

• Present tense.
• Imperfect.
• Past perfect tense.
• Past (long past) tense.
• Future perfect tense.
• Future imperfect tense.

Each time has its own formula and rules of education. Also, the Latin verb has the category of mood and voice.

Latin vocabulary

Since Latin is an Italic language, most of its vocabulary is also Italic, that is, of ancient Proto-Indo-Hebrew origin. However, due to close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet into Latin, but also borrowed some Etruscan words. Latin also includes vocabulary borrowed from the Oscans, another ancient Italic people. Of course, the largest category of loanwords is from Greek.

Romance languages

Romance languages ​​are a group of languages, as well as dialects, belonging to the Italic subgroup of Indo-European and having one common ancestor - Latin. Their name is romanesque - goes back to the Latin term Romanus (Roman).

The section of linguistics that studies the Romance languages, their origin, development, typology, is called romance. The peoples who speak them are called Romance-speaking. Thus, the dead language continues to exist in them. The number of speakers of Romance languages ​​at the moment is about 800 million worldwide. Spanish is the most spoken language in the group, followed by Portuguese and French. There are more than 50 Romance languages ​​in total.

Nouns denote objects and phenomena.

Genus

Every noun in Latin belongs to one of three genders:

• Male (genus masculinum)
• Female (genus femininum)
• Medium (genus neutrum)

Animated nouns are classified by gender according to their biological sex.

Besides

To masculine include the names of months, mountains, winds, large rivers, peoples, professions.

To feminine include the names of countries, cities, islands, gems, trees.

To neuter traditionally include the names of metals, elements, fruits, as well as indeclinable words.

The gender of a noun is indicated in the dictionary, it is indicated by one of three letters: " m "(male)," f "(female)," n " (average).

Number (numerus)

In Latin, nouns can be used in the singular or plural.

Singular number (numerus singularis) - to designate one object,

Plural (numerus pluralis) - to refer to many objects.

In dictionary and reference entries, the number of a noun is indicated by two letters: Sg (singular) or pl (plural).

Case (casus)

A noun can be in one of six cases:

Nominative case (casus nominativus) - answers the questions: "Who?" “What?”, in the sentence in the nominative case is the subject or the nominal part of the predicate. Denoted by the letter " N " or combination " Nom ".

Genitive case (casus genetivus) - answers the questions: “Whom?” “What?”, in a sentence in the genitive case, there is an inconsistent definition for another noun. Identified by the letter " G " or " Gen ".

Dative case (casus dativus) - answers the questions: “To whom?” “What?”, in the sentence in the dative case there is an indirect object that accompanies the action. Designated with a capital letter " D " or combination " Dat ".

Accusative case (casus accusativus) - answers the questions: "Whom?" “What?”, in the sentence in the accusative case there is a direct object to which the action is directed. Denoted " AC " or " acc ".

Separative or deferred case (casus ablativus) - answers the questions: "By whom?" “What?”, in the sentence in the deferred case there is a circumstance. Indicated by the letters " Ab " or " Abl ".

The vocative case (casus vocativus) is an appeal to a person or object, which is not a member of the sentence. Denoted by the letter " V " or combination " Voc ".

Declension

Every noun in Latin belongs to one of the 5 declensions. The declension is determined by the end of the genitive singular.

• I declension -ae
• II declension -i
• III declension -is
• IV declension -us
• V declension -ei

There are also disparate words "vesper" (II or III), "domus" (II or IV).

Often they talk about types of declension and equate them to 5 declensions. Strictly speaking, this is not true. There are much more types of declension in Latin than there are declensions. It should be noted that in Latin, knowledge about the belonging of a noun to a particular declension gives only an approximate idea of ​​the end of a word in a particular case. It is the types of declension that give an accurate idea of ​​​​the endings. The declension type system in Latin is more branched than the declension system, because it takes into account the variability within 5 declensions, and therefore it is easier to use it to solve a practical problem - the declension of words.

Many textbooks have a very strange attitude towards the types of declension. There is no general system of declension types and different sources can contain different versions, but, as already mentioned, it is customary to talk about 5 declensions or 5 types of declension, and then make a reservation that there is, for example, declension IIIa, which is somewhat different from declension IIIb .

Here we will not indicate the specific names of the types, since different authors call them differently, but we will try to describe the most detailed classification. So:

AT I declension 2 types of nouns:

1. male
2. feminine

(declension paradigm is the same).

In II declension- 6 types:

1. ending in -us (in N.Sg.) masculine and feminine,
2. ending in -ius (in N.Sg.) masculine,
3. ending in -ir (in N.Sg.) masculine,
4. ending in -er (in N.Sg.) masculine,
5. ending in -um (in N.Sg.) neuter,
6. ending in -ius (in N.Sg.) neuter.

The declension of all types is different.

A special type of declension is formed by the noun "deus" - god.

In the III declension- 6 types:

• 2 consonants:
  1. masculine and feminine,
  2. neuter.
• 2 vowels:
  1. ending in -e, -al, -ar of the neuter gender (equisyllabic and equally syllabic);
  2. are equally syllable ending in -is feminine.
• 2 mixed:
  1. equally syllable ending in -es, -is (masculine and feminine);
  2. unequal with different endings (masculine and feminine).

Almost all types are in small things, but they differ.

Separate types of declension form the words "vis" - strength, "bos" - bull, Iuppiter - Jupiter.

AT IV declination- 2 types:

1. ending in -us masculine and feminine,
2. ending in neuter -u.

AT 5th declension types are not distinguished.

It is somewhat more difficult to determine whether a word belongs to one or another type of declension than to determine the declension itself. To determine the type of declension, a slightly more subtle analysis of the word is needed, but over time this becomes a very useful habit.

A separate article will be devoted to the types of declension, which is now (unfortunately) under development.

Dictionary form of a noun

In the dictionary (with the exception of educational dictionaries, they are generally a separate topic) the noun is in the nominative singular. Immediately after, through a comma, the ending of the genitive case of the singular is indicated (the same one by which the declension of the noun is determined), but if the stem of the nominative and genitive cases differ, then the whole word can be indicated in second place. After a space (usually in italics), the noun belongs to one of the 3 genders (m, f or n).

For example:

ramus, i m branch
Nominative case - ramus,
Genitive - rami(II declension),
Genus - m- male.

lanx, lancis f cup
Nominative case - lanx,
Genitive - lancis(hence III declension)
Genus - f- female.

Noun endings in declension

The Latin language, despite the fact that it is dead, is still of great interest in various fields of human activity, including for linguists.

About Latin

Latin belongs to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Despite the fact that Latin is a dead language, interest in its history and study does not fade in our time.

The languages ​​of the Italic branch included Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian and Latin, but over time the latter supplanted the rest. The people who spoke Latin were called Latins, and their region of residence was called Latium. Its center in 753 BC. e. was Rome. Therefore, the Latins called themselves Romans, the founders of the great Roman Empire and its culture, which later had an impact on all spheres of life in Europe and the world.

Grammar Feature

All parts of speech in Latin are divided into changeable and unchangeable. Variables include noun, adjective, verb, participle, pronoun, gerund, gerund. Invariables include adverbs, particles, conjunctions and prepositions. For inflected parts of speech, there is a declension system in Latin.

Invariable parts of speech

The invariable parts of speech are conjunction, particle, preposition and interjection.

Inflected parts of speech

The inflected parts of speech are declined by gender, number, and case, and conjugated by person, number, tense, voice, and mood.

Language learners should know that Latin has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), six cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and vocative) and five declensions.

Let's take a closer look at the declension system in Latin. Declension changes the form of the word, that is, the ending changes.

Cases and declension

What is interesting about the declension system in Latin? There are five declension forms for nouns, and three for adjectives.

The first declension includes feminine nouns and adjectives ending in -a in the nominative and ending in -ae in the genitive. For example, agua - aguae (water).

The second declension includes masculine nouns and adjectives with the ending -us and the neuter with -um in the nominative case and the ending -i in the genitive. For example, albus-albi (white), oleum-olei (oil).

The third declension includes nouns and adjectives, the endings of which are not listed above, not below. This is the largest group of words, as it includes nouns and adjectives of all three genders.

So, in the nominative case of the ending in the words y:

• masculine - -er, -os. oe, or.
• feminine - -x, -io, -is;
• neuter --ur, -n, -ma, -i, -c, -e.

In the genitive case they all end in -ips, -icis, -tis, -cis, -inis, -is, -eris, -oris, onis.

The fourth declension includes masculine nouns that end in -us and do not change in the genitive case. For example, spiritus (spirit).

The fifth declension includes feminine nouns ending in -es in the nominative case and ending in -ei in the genitive. For example, species-speciei (collection).

The adjective, pronoun and noun in Latin change in 6 cases:

• nominative (who? what?) - in the sentence takes the role of the subject or nominal part of the predicate;
• genitive (whom? what?) - in the sentence is an inconsistent definition, addition or logical subject;
• dative (to whom? What?) - in the sentence it takes the role of an indirect object, an object or a person contributing to the action;
• accusative (whom? what?) - in the sentence is an object;
• instrumental and prepositional (by whom? by what?) - in the sentence they take on the role of circumstance;
• vocative - does not have a question, does not take on the role of any member of the sentence in the sentence.

Conjugation and tenses

The verb in Latin has the following characteristics:

• The mood is imperative, subjunctive and conditional.
• Time - past, past (perfect and imperfect types), present, future and future.
• Voice - real (active) and passive (passive).
• Number is singular and plural.
• Face - first, second and third.
• Conjugation, determined by the final sound of the stem. There are 4 conjugations in total - I - -ā, II - -ē, III - -ĭ, -ŭ, consonant, IV - -ī. The exception is the verbs esse, velle, ferre, edere, nolle, which have their own conjugation features.

The past tense tells about an event that happened before an action that happened in the past. For example, Graeci loco, quo hostem superaverant, trophaea statuebant. - The Greeks erected trophies (monuments) in the place where they defeated the enemy.

The future tense tells about an event that will happen earlier than the one that the person is talking about. For example, Veniam, quōcumque vocāveris. - I'll go wherever you call me.

When determining the conjugation of a verb, the infinitive form in the present tense of the active voice is used, having the ending -re and the letter that comes before the indicated ending determines the conjugation of the verb. For example, laborare refers to the first conjugation because the -re is preceded by the letter a.

numeral

The numeral in Latin can be ordinal, quantitative, dividing and adverbial. The endings of ordinal chimes are the same as those of adjectives and agree with nouns in gender, numbers and cases.

The Latin language has its own system of numbers, which are denoted by letters of the alphabet.

Pronouns

In Latin, pronouns are divided into:

• personal;
• returnable;
• possessive;
• index;
• relative;
• interrogative;
• indefinite;
• negative;
• defining;
• pronoun adjectives.

Adverbs

Adverbs in Latin are divided into independent and derivatives and show the features of a process or action.

Latin in medicine

Latin is required for study at any medical university, as it is the basic language of medicine throughout the world. Why? The fact is that in Greece, before the conquest by the Romans, there was a developed medical system with its own terminology, the basis of which was laid by Hippocrates. These terms have survived unchanged to our time. The words derma, gaster, bronchus, dispnoe, diabetes are familiar to any Greek person. But over time, there was a latinization of medical terminology and today it is pure Latin, but a mixture with Greek. There are several objective reasons why Latin is not losing ground: