Russian language and culture of speech: adjective. Spelling adjectives What are the degrees of adjectives?

Spelling case endings of adjectives can be checked posing the question Which?, since the endings of the question word and the endings of adjectives coincide. The exception is the masculine nominative singular, where under stress the ending is written -Ouch(young Ouch man, field Ouch flower), and no accent is written th or -th(old th warrior, sin th handkerchief).

In the feminine gender in the nominative singular case it is written -and I or -yaya: new and I syn yaya sweater (which jacket?), and in the neuter gender it is written -oh or -her: new oh syn her coat (which coat?).

In the plural of all three genders the ending is written -s or -ies: new s syn no scarves, dresses, sweaters (which?).

In the masculine and neuter gender, the ending is written in the instrumental case of the singular -th or -them(answers the question what?), and in the prepositional - -ohm or -eat(answers the question which one?): admired the new th syn them suit (dress), talked about new ohm syn eat suit (dress).

In the feminine gender in the accusative case the singular ending is written -yy or -yuyu(answers the question which one?), and in the instrumental - -Ouch or -to her (-oh or -her) (answers the question Which? which one?): bought new wow syn yuyu jacket, admire the new Ouch (-oh) sin to her (-her) jacket.

After the sizzling at the end of adjectives under stress is written oh no accent is written e, For example: stranger O wow, great O wow, stranger O mu, big O mu; redhead e oh, more e go, red e mu, more eat at(compare with nouns).

After sibilants in adjectives under stress the suffix is ​​written -ov-(penny ov oh, hedgehog ov oh, brocade ov oh, canvas ov y), and no accent- suffix -ev-(plush ev oh, klu h ev water).

Note. Something to remember writing a word desh ёв th(cf. cheaper).

In short adjectives under stress after sibilants is written O: the food is hot O (O ending), funny O n (O fluent in suffix).

In adjectives on -th, -ya, -ye(fox, fox, fox) in all forms, except nominative and accusative cases of singular masculine gender (fox), before graduation is written b: fox b him, fox b him, fox b And etc.

Diminutive adjectives are formed using a suffix -enk-: syn yenk oh, fat yenk th; after g, k, x possible and -onk-, And -enk-: lay down onk th And lay down yenk yay, wide onk th And wide yenk oh, quiet onk th And quiet yenk th.

In the suffix -en-, -yan- forming adjectives from nouns, one is written n: leather en oh, sand en oh, silver yang oh, except for three words: tree Jann oh, tin Jann y, glass Jann th.

In adjectives formed with a suffix -n- from nouns with a stem on n, spelled two n: kame nn oh, with nn oh, long nn th.

Note. From such adjectives must be distinguished adjectives with one n: Yu n oh, sir n Ouch etc. (they Dont Have suffix -n-).

In the suffix -in- forming adjectives from nouns with the meaning of belonging or property, one is written n: goose in oh, sparrow in oh, donkey in th.

Note. One n is written in a noun GOST in and I, which used to be an adjective: living room.

In the suffix -he N- forming adjectives from foreign words, spelled two n: division he N oh, revolution he N oh, constitution he N th.

In the suffix -enn- forming adjectives from nouns, two are written n: productions enne oh, celebrations enne oh, related enne oh, straw enne oh, cranberries enne th.

Note 1. Adjective wind en th written with one n. Adjectives with prefixes formed from the word wind , written with two n: without wind enne oh, behind wind enne oh, under wind enne th and so on. It is necessary to distinguish adjectives wind en th(with suffix -en-) And wind yang Ouch(with suffix -yan-). Suffix -en- written in adjectives meaning “with the wind”: wind en and I weather (weather with wind), wind en oh summer (summer with the wind), as well as used figuratively: wind en and I young woman, wind en oh behavior. These adjectives have a short form: the weather is windy, the girl is windy. Suffix -yan- used in adjectives meaning “driven by the wind”: wind yang and I mill, wind yang Ouch engine. These adjectives do not have a short form. With suffix -yan- the name of the disease is also written: wind yang smallpox(chickenpox).

Note 2. In the first stem of compound adjectives two are written n, if it is formed from an adjective with two n: wave nn o-tractor station(mashi station nn aya and tractor), wagon nn o-locomotive park(car park nn y and locomotive). But if the first stem is formed from a noun on n, then it says one thing n: wave n construction plant(machine construction plant), wagon n repair plant(wagon repair plant).

Note 3. Nouns on -Nick--nitsa And -ness, formed from adjectives with two n, are also written with two n: morning nn y-morning nn IR; society nn y-society nn IR society nn itza-society nn awn; revolutionio nn th-revolution nn awn; production nn y-production nn IR; tse nn y-tse nn awn, and educated from adjectives with one n are also written with one n: hemp n y - hemp n ik, sand n y - sand n ik, yu n y - y n awn.

Note 4. With two n nouns formed using suffixes are also written -Nick – -nitsa from nouns with a stem on n: be friends n a - be friends nn ir-friend nn itza, mosh n a-moshe nn ik-moshe nn itza.

Full adjectives having two n, save them in a short form: tse nn this thing is the thing nn A.

Before the suffix -sk- letter b written after l(village - village b sk ii) and in adjectives formed from the names of the months of ny, ry: December b sk th, November b sk th, jun b sk th, july b sk th(exception: word January sk th).

In other cases, after n And R before the suffix -sk- letter b not written: horse n sk hey, hero - rich R sk th.

To distinguish suffixes -To- And -sk-, we must remember what with the suffix -To- qualitative adjectives are formed, which have a short form(bottom To th - low, narrow To й - narrow), and with the suffix -sk-- relative adjectives, not having a short form(Frenchman sk yy, Kyrgyz sk oh, Circassian sk y).

Note. From nouns with a stem on k, h And ts relative adjectives are formed with a suffix -To- , and sounds To And h are replaced by sound ts: kaza To- kaza ts To oh, yeah h-tka ts To oh, no ts- mute ts To th. But in some, mainly bookish, formations sounds To And h do not change and the suffix is ​​used -sk-: Uzbek To-Uzbek To sk yay, Ugli h-coals h sk y, also Pfahl ts-pfal ts sk th.

Adjectives on -yny in short form ends with -en: calmly yny-calm en, it's clear yny-it's sunny en , except worthy yny- worthy in .

Note. Short form participles honored from the verb honor written according to the general rule: honored en .

Are being written capitalized adjectives, formed from proper names using suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -yn-(Gave ev dictionary, Ivan ov oh childhood, Liz in and the doll, Zhuchk in s puppies, etc.) with the exception of phraseological combinations used in a figurative sense, in which lost contact with my own name(Adam ov oh apple, based ov and illness, sissy f ov labor, prokr y hundred bed, etc.).

Are being written lowercase adjectives, formed from people's own names, if adjectives contain a suffix -sk- (T Urgenev sk"Notes of a Hunter" P Ushkin sk y style, l Ermontov sk prose, etc.).

Note. Capitalized adjectives are written with a suffix -sk-, If they are part of names that have meanings "name, memory", For example: L Omonosov sk no reading, L enin sk and I bonus.

What questions does the adjective answer? This information is often of interest to those people who have taken up writing a letter, reading an article or doing homework. To answer it, you just need to remember the simple rules of the Russian language.

General information about adjectives

• In the nominative case the endings will be -oh, y or -y. For example, table (what?) big, chair (what?) blue.
• In the genitive case the endings will be -th or -him. For example, table (what?) big, chair (what?) sin (his).
• In the dative case the endings will be -to or -him. For example, table (what?) big, chair (what?) blue (him).
• In the accusative case - if it is an animate noun, then it is declined as in the genitive case, if it is inanimate, then as in the nominative case.
• In the instrumental case the endings will be -ym or -im. For example, table (what?) big (them), chair (what?) sin (them).
• In the prepositional case the endings will be -om or -em. For example, about the table (what?) big, the chair (what?) sin (eat).

Cases of neuter singular adjectives

Neuter singular:

By studying the adjective questions, you can easily determine their case. If you find it difficult, this is done using the noun to which this part of speech refers. By the way, people often confuse the endings of adjectives in the accusative, nominative and genitive cases. To correctly inflect these parts of speech, you should also rely on nouns.

in plural

What questions does the adjective answer? These include the following: what?, what? and whose? Let's look at the cases in more detail:

Now you know what questions the adjective answers: neuter, feminine and masculine, as well as plural and singular. In order not to forget about them, it is recommended to make a large table yourself on a piece of paper or cardboard. You can enter all existing adjective questions, as well as their possible endings, into it. This will help you in writing any letter competently and correctly.

What are the degrees of adjectives?

It should be especially noted that adjectives can not only be full and short, but also vary in degree. This feature of the Russian language allows us to make our speech and writing more expressive and emotional.

So, there are the following degrees of adjectives:

• comparative;
• excellent.

To understand how they differ and what their features are, let’s look at them in more detail.

Comparative degree of adjective

This degree means that a certain feature is manifested in an object to a lesser or, conversely, greater extent than in another.

Here's an example: Masha is better than me; Anton is more beautiful than me; your bag is heavier than mine.

It should also be noted that the comparative degree can be:

1. Simple. This degree is formed using suffixes:

• · -е- (the last consonant can alternate): sweet - sweeter, short - shorter;
• · -ee- or -ey- (for example, hot - hotter, bold - bolder, beautiful - more beautiful);
• · -she- (for example, young - younger).

2. Difficult. This degree is formed due to the full form of the positive degree of the adjective using particles less and more (for example, beautiful - more or less beautiful).

Adjectives in this degree, but only in complex form, can easily change according to numbers, gender and cases

Superlative adjective

This degree means that a certain feature is manifested in an object to the least or, conversely, to the greatest extent.

Here's an example: He is my best friend. She is the most beautiful girl in the yard.

Just like the comparative degree, the superlative can also be:

1. Simple. This degree is formed using the suffixes -aysh- or -eysh- (for example, kind - kindest, soft - softest, beautiful - most beautiful). It should be noted that sometimes a completely different root is used to form the superlative degree of an adjective (for example, bad - worst; good - best).

2. Difficult. This degree is formed due to the full form of the positive degree of the adjective with the help of additional words least, most or most(For example, beautiful - the most, least or most beautiful).

Adjectives in this degree can easily change by number, gender and case.

What should you pay special attention to?

When forming a superlative or comparative degree, you cannot use both a complex and simple form at the same time. For example, the following expressions will sound incorrect: calmest, heavier or more beautiful. By remembering this rule, you can avoid possible mistakes when writing any letter or text.

Participle. For example, the blue-blue distance is feminine, the inserted window is neuter, the old man we met is gender.
Determine the case in which . Case is determined using a question. AT THE GREENING OAK - at what? at the oak, genitive case. WITH A SMILING MOTHER - with whom? with mom, instrumental case.

Check the ending of the participle using the rule.
Feminine participles in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have the endings -ой, -е. At the end -aya, -aya. In the accusative case the ending is -уу, -ую.
The masculine and neuter participles in the genitive case have the endings -ого, -ого. In the dative case - to him, to him. In the creative form, im. In the prepositional -th, -em.
In the nominative case, the neuter participles have the endings -oe, -ee, and the masculine participles have the endings -й, -й, -ой.
In the accusative case, neuter participles have the endings -oe, ee.
If the masculine participle is in the accusative case, then for the noun being defined, determine its animation. If it is animate, then the ending of the participle is -ogo, -him. If inanimate, then the ending is -i, -i.

Check your findings again.
To do this, ask a question from the defined noun to the participle. Determine what ending the question has. Such endings and participles.
Nominative case. What book? - open, what kind of sun is it? - shining, what kind of house? built.
Genitive. What kind of books? -opened, what kind of sun? - shining, what house? - built.
Dative. Which book? - open, to the sun? - shining, what house? - built.
Accusative. Which book? - open, what kind of sun is it? - shining, what kind of house? - built.
Instrumental case. Which book? - open, what kind of sun? - shining, what kind of house? - built.
Prepositional. What book is it about? - open, about the sun? - shining, about what house? - built.

note

The final -СЯ for participles has a suffix: enlarged, expanded.

Helpful advice

Do not confuse the dependent and modifiable words of participles. Ask a question only from the person being determined.

Sources:

• the end of him
• Participle as a special verb form

When morphologically analyzing a participle, it is necessary to determine its type, which refers to the constant features of this part of speech. This is also very important for the translator, since a participle that has changed its appearance during translation often changes the meaning of the entire text to the opposite.

You will need

• - table of forms of participles.

Instructions

Determine from which it is derived. It is a special verb form and means a sign of an object by its action. The object being spoken of either acts itself or something is done to it. This is what determines whether a participle is active or passive. For example, the participle “fanning” and “fanning” are formed from the same verb. But in the first case it may be the wind blowing over the face, and in the second it may be the face being blown by the wind.

The participle combines the verb and. It answers adjective questions. Mentally check whether the participle can answer the question “what he does” or “what he did.” There is no need to write this, but the actual participle is determined immediately using this auxiliary method.

Parse the participle according to its composition. It is important for you to determine its suffix, since it is the main formal feature of its type. Active participles are formed from the infinitive using the suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, as well as -vsh- or -sh- in the past tense. Passive participles can have the suffix -nn-, -enn, -em. But other options are also possible, including the formation of passive participles without suffixes. For example, if they are obtained from monosyllabic verbs.

Try putting the full participle into a short form. With the passive this is most often possible, it always has both forms, but with the active you are unlikely to be able to perform a similar operation. In any case, in the modern Russian literary language, real participles do not have a short form. Some dialects have it. The short form of the passive participle varies according to gender and number. However, some passive participles are also usually not put into a short form in modern Russian. For example, “breakable”, “readable”, etc. In such cases, a short form exists, but rather refers to the archaic style.

Adjective endings

The most convenient way to check the case endings of adjectives is by asking the question which? in the correct case, since the endings of the adjectives and the question coincide. The exception is the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the singular masculine gender.

In the nominative case of the singular in the masculine gender it is written -ой (with emphasis on the ending), -й or -й (with emphasis on the base); in the feminine gender - -aya or -aya; in the neuter gender - -oe or -ee, for example: bright th blue (green) color, bright blue paint, bright blue dress. In the plural of all three genders it is written -е or -е, for example: bright not blue (colors, paints, dresses).

In the instrumental case of the singular number of masculine and neuter adjectives the ending is written -м or -м (which?), and in the prepositional case - -м or -м (which?), for example: we made our way through a gloomy, dense (what?) forest; talked about a dark dense (what?) forest.

In the accusative case of the singular feminine adjectives the ending is written -уй or -ую (which?), and in the instrumental case - -ой or -е (-оу or -еу) (what? what?), for example: I see a beautiful morning(which one?) dawn; admiring the beautiful morning(which one? which one?) dawn.

Possessive adjectives in -й, -я, -ь, -ь in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the masculine singular, are written with ь: fisherman, fish him, fish him, fish him, oh fish him.

Adjective name suffixes

To form adjectives from different parts of speech, different suffixes are used. The most common of them are -k-, -sk-, -ov-, -ev-, -chiv-, -liv-, -iv-, -chat-, -onk-, -enk-. Let's take a closer look at them.

The suffix -k- is written in adjectives:

1) with short form on -ok ( close - close, narrow - narrow);

2) in adjectives formed from nouns with a stem on c (not ts - German) and k - ch, which alternate with c (poor k - poor man, weaver - weaver).

In other cases the suffix -sk- is written (Kirgi z - Kyrgyz, French - French).

Exception: Uzbek sk y.

To develop the ability to quickly choose between -k- and -sk- in doubtful cases, it is necessary to understand that the application of this rule requires two consecutive actions:

1) you need to determine whether this adjective has a short form in -ok. If yes, then it is written -k-, and if not, then we move on to the second action;

2) you need to determine from which stem the given adjective is formed, and with which letter this stem ends.

Remember!

Before the suffix -sk- it is written:

a) after l (learn lsky, rural);

b) in all names of months except January rsk(Jun ьskiy, Decemberskiy).

In other cases, b is not written before -sk-: secret rsk, bogatyrsk.

If the productive stem of a foreign word ends in sk, then before the suffix -sk- the first k is omitted, for example: San Franzi Sko - San Francisco, Etruscan - Etruscan(exceptions: Basque - Basque, Oski - Oski).

If the productive stem ends in ss, then the suffix -sk- loses s, since in Russian three identical consonants in a row are not written (Cherka ss y - Cherkasy).

Russian geographical names starting with -sk- form adjectives without the help of the suffix -sk-: Tom sk - Tomsk.

In the suffixes -chiv-, -liv-, -ist- and is always written: conceived chirpy, caring, sweeping.

In the suffixes -ev-, -ive- it is written without stress (string ev oh, tulle y), and - under stress (games willow, beautiful).

Exception: merciful yive, holy fool.

In the suffixes -evat-, -ovat- after soft consonants and sibilants e is written (nostril reddish, reddish), in other cases it is written about (bitter dingy, dirty).

In the suffixes -onk-, -enk- after g, k, x it is written o (soft small, wide, inferior), in other cases - e (fresh little one, little one).

In the suffix -chat-, regardless of pronunciation, the letter h is written (brus chatty, smoky, log, iridescent). Remember the spelling of the word before right. If in the generating stem the letters z, s, d, w precede the suffix -k-, then they are preserved, and k alternates with h, for example: spring shka - freckled, furrow ka - furrowed(cf. sharp - sharper, biting - biting).

Before the suffix -chat- the final c of the base is replaced by t, for example: krupi ts a - chatty croup.

In the suffixes -esk-, -ichesk- e is written without stress (enemy Esk), with emphasis - and (biologist ical).