Temple of Queen Hatshepsut. Architecture - Temple of Queen Hatshepsut in Dayr el-Bahri The architect who built the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
One of the most famous and preserved temples in Egypt is the Temple of Hatshepsut in Luxor. In addition to the queen herself, the complex in Deir el-Bahri was dedicated to Amon-Ra, Hatshepsut's father Thutmose I, the god Anubis and the goddess Hathor Imentet. The mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut in Luxor in ancient times was called Jeser Jeseru - "Most Holy of the Sacred." Queen Hatshepsut is a female pharaoh of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt from the 18th dynasty. She reigned for 22 years around 1490-1468 BC. Hatshepsut restored the power of Egypt after the Hyksos invasion and erected many monuments and temples throughout the country.
Temple of Hatshepsut in Luxor
Near the ticket office there is a model of the mortuary temple of the queen. You can see how the Temple of Hatshepsut looked like in ancient Egypt after construction was completed 3.5 thousand years ago.
On the model, to the left of the burial temple of Hatshepsut, there is a temple of the pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom Mentuhotep II. It was 3 meters higher than the temple of the queen, but unfortunately the temple of Mentuhotep in Luxor did not survive, it was destroyed by an earthquake.
Here is what has come down to us today.
The road to the temple in Deir el-Bahri
In the video, the road from the ticket office to the Temple of Hatshepsut. From the box office to the temple in Deir el-Bahri, a train carries.
The lower terrace of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Luxor
The entrance to the lower terrace of the temple of Queen Hatshepsut is closed. That is why we continue to climb without stopping.
Middle level temple
The middle terrace of the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut has a wide area.
In the photo below, the left wing of the temple.
The mortuary temple of Hatshepsut in Luxor has the Sanctuary of Hathor in its left wing - here I had to say goodbye to the 2nd and 3rd pounds.
Right wing of the temple.
The original paints have also been preserved here. In the Sanctuary of Anubis, the stars on the ceiling are the same as in.
Falcon Horus guards the stairs to the upper tier of the temple in Luxor.
Upper Terrace of Hatshepsut Temple in Luxor
The upper terrace of the queen's mortuary temple was dedicated to the gods who gave life to Egypt and to Hatshepsut herself.
On the sides of the central courtyard of the third terrace are the sanctuaries of Ra and the parents of Queen Hatshepsut - Thutmose I and Ahmes.
At the center of this complex is the Holy of Holies, the sanctuary of Amun-Ra in the temple of the queen. The sanctuary was the most important and most intimate part of the entire temple at Deir el-Bahri.
Inside, there was a group hanging out that got inside in an unknown way. The entrance through the top was fenced off.
A mountain hangs over the temple of Hatshepsut, behind it is located.
View from above, from the third terrace of the temple.
The Temple of Hatshepsut in Luxor took 9 years to build.
Deir el-Bahri Valley
The Deir el-Bahri Valley is an archaeological area in Luxor where the Temple of Hatshepsut is located. If a train took us to the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahri from the entrance, then on our return we were late for it, so we had to take a walk. In addition to the temple of the queen in Deir el-Bahri, there are other buildings - Temples of the monastery sea.
Pictured below is the tomb of Senmut, the chief architect of Hatshepsut's temple.
Somewhere nearby is the tomb DB-320 (TT-320) in which 46 mummies of various pharaohs, queens and priests were found, including the mummy of Ramses II. Initially, the tomb was intended for the high priest of Amon Pinedzhem II. In those days, Ancient Egypt was in a deep crisis. In order to preserve earlier burials, the sarcophagi with mummies were transferred to the Pinedjem tomb.
Where is the temple of Queen Hatshepsut. How to get there
The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut is located in Luxor, on the left western bank of the Nile River in the Deir el-Bahri valley. You can get to the temple by taxi, although it will not be very budgetary. The fact is that in Luxor itself there is no bridge over the Nile, it is located downstream. It will be cheaper to take a group tour. You can also take a taxi on the left bank of the Nile, for one swim along the river. In the Luxor region, the banks of the Nile are very beautiful. In the most budget option, you can cross the Nile by ferry or motorboat near the Karnak Temple and from there walk west. Walk from there to go 5 kilometers, keep in mind that it can be very hot in Egypt. The main one passes in the area of the Luxor Temple, from there go further.
We also have an article on our website on how to get there.
In the Arab Republic of Egypt, in the town of Deir el-Bahri, there is a famous mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, a female pharaoh from the XVIII dynasty, which ruled in 1525-1503. BC e. Its architecture, history and appearance are as unusual as the very appearance of a female ruler among the rulers of Ancient Egypt. Over the three millennia of the history of Egypt, there were three more women pharaohs, in addition to Hatshepsut: Tetisheri, Ahho-tep II, Ahmose-Nefertari. But Hatshepsut was among them the most talented and famous.
The daughter of Thutmose I and Queen Ahmes, Hatshepsut was the half-sister and great wife of Thutmose II. This king did not rule long and died, leaving behind his heir Thutmose III, his son from one of the younger wives. By the time of his father's death, Thutmose III was too young, and Hatshepsut was appointed regent. However, she soon proclaimed herself the sole and full sovereign of Egypt, taking the title Dzheser-dzheseru - the Greatest of the Greatest. 15 years of Hatshepsut's reign became one of the brightest pages in the history of the XVIII dynasty. Under her victorious military campaigns were conducted in Asia and Nubia, in the ninth year of her reign, she carried out an expedition to Punt (the lands of East Africa) for a mahogany. The real monument of her era is the tomb in Deir el-Bahri.
The great construction of the temple began around 1518 BC. e. and continued for almost 15 years. The temple was built under the guidance of the outstanding architect priest Senenmut, the Supreme Steward of Amon, the favorite and court architect of Hatshepsut. The choice of location was also a good one. The temple was located in a valley that had been considered sacred for more than five centuries and was dedicated to Isis, the divine wife of Osiris, who ruled the afterlife. Not far from him, but on the other side of the mountain, in the Valley of the Kings, they built a tomb for Hatshepsut.
The original structure of Senenmut has no analogues in ancient Egyptian architecture. Instead of traditional massive pylons and gloomy, shaded halls, there are three open terraces rising one above the other along the mountainside. These terraces served as the burial place for the priests of Amun. From the tomb, the Procession Road, framed by two rows of sphinxes, began. It flowed into the first courtyard, bounded in the west by a portico with 22 columns, and on the sides by two colossal statues of the queen. Now this place is called the portico of the Obelisks, since its bas-reliefs illustrated the transportation of two tall granite obelisks from Aswan and their erection in the Karnak temple. In the northern part there was a portico of the Hunt, decorated with scenes of ritual hunting and fishing.
On either side of the porticos are small shrines to the god Anubis and the goddess Hathor. Both consist of 12-columned halls located on the terrace, and interior spaces that go deep into the rock massif. The columns of the sanctuary of Hathor are decorated with capitals in the form of the face of the goddess, and on the walls there is a seated figure of the wife of Queen Thutmose II, whose hand is licked by a cow - the sacred animal Hathor.
From the outer courtyard, a sloping ramp led up to the roof of the first colonnade. It was at the same time an inner courtyard. Further, another staircase led to the roof of the second colonnade. In its depths was the sanctuary of the god Amon. Two successive ramps led from the first courtyard to the second and to the upper terrace, bounded on the west by porticos. The railing of the ramp connecting the second and third terraces of the temple was decorated with images of a giant cobra, the tail of which rose up the railing. Above the head of the snake, which personified the patroness of Lower Egypt, the goddess Wadjet, there is an image of Horus Bekhdetsky, the deity of Upper Egypt.
The composition of the southern portico of the second tier told about an expedition to the kingdom of Punt, which glorified the queen. The artists captured the Egyptian fleet, features of the East African landscape with forests of fragrant trees. The king and queen Punta are also represented here, bringing gifts to Hatshepsut: precious wood, incense, ointments, animal skins, gold and slaves.
Having removed Thutmose III from the reign, Hatshepsut could not but once again emphasize her sacred right to power. Therefore, the main plot of the reliefs of the northern portico was the story of the divine birth of Hatshepsut. According to the official legend, recorded in the murals, the great Theban god Amon took the form of Hatshepsut's earthly father, Thutmose I, and entered the chambers of her mother Ahmes. The scene of the divine birth of the ruler completes this composition.
Hatshepsut never managed to overcome the tradition that only a man could be a pharaoh. This was manifested in the iconography of the queen, depicted in male attire and with a false beard. Each of the columns of the porticos is decorated with a statue of the queen in the form of Osiris with a long beard, in a white robe and with her arms crossed on her chest, in which she holds the royal scepters.
The creator of the temple, Senenmut, could not resist glorifying his own name. His images are found in Deir el-Bahri, however, apparently, their appearance was secret: located near doorways, they each time turned out to be hidden by a swinging door. In addition, on the territory of the first terrace, Senenmut began building a tomb for himself, so that even after death he would be closer to his own creation. Scientists do not know the reason why Senenmut fell into disgrace by the end of the work. The tomb of the architect remained unfinished, and all his names on the walls were carefully destroyed.
The creation created by the architect even now seems to be a model of perfection, the personification of the eternal canons of beauty. However, Senenmut only developed in him the ideas of his predecessors. So, to the left of the temple of Hatshepsut, the ruins of the memorial complex of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II (2055-2004 BC) were discovered: this building had a similar architecture.
In Greco-Roman times, in the sanctuary of Deir el-Bahri, next to the images of Amun, images of the great sages and healers Imhotep and Amenhotep, the son of Khapu, were carved. The hope of getting rid of diseases and faith in the sanctity of this place brought many people here. The walls of the temple to this day keep ancient inscriptions asking for help.
During the period of early Christianity, the temple of Hatshepsut became a Coptic church, and later, around the 7th century. fell into disrepair and completely collapsed.
In 1891, the Englishman Naville excavated it and was the first to develop plans for reconstruction. Later, the excavations were continued by the famous Egyptologists Winlock and Barez. Many fragments of sculpture and reliefs ended up outside of Egypt.
In 1961, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser commissioned restorers from the Polish National Center for Mediterranean Archeology to restore Hatshepsut's temple. Year after year, scientists collected bit by bit information and recreated reliefs, statues, architectural elements. By the beginning of the 70s. 20th century this painstaking work returned the monument to its original appearance.
The glory of Hatshepsut was short-lived, shortly after the completion of construction, in 1503 BC. e., her name disappears from the pages of Egyptian history. Natural death or a palace coup was the reason - remains a mystery. Thutmose III, who came to power, ordered to rewrite the chronicles, the name of the queen was replaced with his own or the names of his predecessors. All the deeds and monuments of the queen were henceforth attributed to him personally. Nevertheless, her temple was still the most important religious center in Egypt.
Temple of Hatshepsut (Egypt) - description, history, location. Exact address, phone number, website. Reviews of tourists, photos and videos.
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The Temple of Hatshepsut occupies one of the most important places among all the sights of Egypt. This majestic building is located at the base of the sheer cliffs of Deir el-Bahri. The significance of the Temple of Hatshepsut can be judged by how it was called in ancient times - Djeser Djeseru, or the Most Holy of the Holy. It took nine years to build, from 1482 to 1473 BC. It is worth noting that the appearance of the temple was very different from all large-scale buildings of that time with its airiness and a large number of sculptures. The Temple of Hatshepsut does not look as menacing as many other Egyptian sights.
The significance of the Egyptian temple of Hatshepsut can be judged by the way it was called in ancient times, Djeser Djeseru, or the Most Holy of the Holy. It took nine years to build, from 1482 to 1473 BC.
The female pharaoh Hatshepsut is one of the first famous ladies in world history. In addition to the fact that Hatshepsut was an excellent ruler, she also understood the value of art and erected a huge number of monuments throughout the country. In addition, she restored the destroyed sights. More Hatshepsut built only Ramesses II Meriamon. During her reign, Egypt prospered. Hatshepsut was such a strong personality, literally and figuratively, that she even personally led one of the military campaigns during her reign.
Surprisingly, the place for the Hatshepsut temple was not chosen by chance, but with the help of accurate calculations. It is located on the axis of the Karnak temple of Amun and at the same time very close to the tomb, which was intended for Hatshepsut herself in the Valley of the Kings on the other side of the mountain. The chief architect Senenmut worked on the creation of this temple. Now Hatshepsut's temple is practically in the desert - there is not a single tree nearby, and once this area was a real garden with exotic plants and a pool. The frescoes on the walls of the temple tell about the reign of Hatshepsut, the events that took place. Here you can see scenes from the life and images of the gods.
The Temple of Hatshepsut gradually became a place of pilgrimage for many people. On its walls, scientists have found a lot of inscriptions asking for healing or help.
During the period of early Christianity, the temple housed a Coptic church. After many years, the building turned into ruins. Egyptologist Edward Naville in 1891 was the first of all scientists to begin the reconstruction of the temple. True, he did not particularly believe in success: it was extremely difficult to restore the Temple of Hatshepsut, since many of the details of the sights were taken out of Egypt. But thanks to the efforts of Polish restorers, the temple was still able to be revived. By the way, restoration work is still going on.
Practical information
Keep in mind that the Temple of Hatshepsut is located almost in the desert and the air temperature is very high. It is most comfortable to visit this attraction in winter, spring or autumn. In any case, you should take plenty of water with you and dress in comfortable clothes.
Address: Desir al-Bahri, Thebes, Luxor
The Temple of Hatshepsut is located at the base of the Deir el-Bahri rock. His photo is easy to find on the Internet. This temple complex, located in Luxor, differs in many ways from the temples of other rulers of Ancient Egypt. The tomb of Queen Hatshepsut was as non-trivial as the personality itself and the appearance on the political and historical arena of the only female pharaoh of the Land of the Pyramids.
Personality of the Queen
Queen Hatshepsut is the daughter of Pharaoh Thutmose I and his wife Ahmes, as well as the half-sister and wife of Thutmose II. His reign lasted about 7 years, and he managed to leave an heir - Thutmose III, his son from another woman. After the death of the ruler, Thutmose III was still very young and could not lead the country, and Hatshepsut became regent for the minor ruler. However, pride and vanity did not allow her to become just a manager, and soon the woman proclaimed herself the sole mistress of the Egyptian state. And those 15 years that she was at the helm of Egypt became one of the most impressive pages in the history of the XVIII dynasty. Under the leadership of Hatshepsut, successful military campaigns took place in Asia and Nubia, and in the 9th year of her reign, the famous expedition from Egypt to Punt took place (the exact location of this mysterious country is still not known, it is possible that this is the territory of modern Somalia). During the reign of this wise and active ruler, many temples and monuments were erected, very few of which were spared by time.
Architectural features of the temple
This woman was unusual in all her manifestations, and her funerary temple complex in Luxor is just as original. The temple is located at a considerable distance from the buildings of other kings erected in the Theban necropolis. On the border of the desert and fertile land, a huge pylon was erected, from which a path led to the temple. The temple of Queen Hatshepsut itself is a real miracle of engineering, which the architects of Ancient Egypt were only capable of. It was created in the limestone rocks of Deir el-Bahri and included three large terraces, which were located one above the other. On each of the terraces there was a courtyard, rooms with columns and sanctuaries that went far into the thickness of the rock.
Such a structure of the temple and its location inside the rock of Deir el-Bahri is not at all accidental. The fact is that there is a similar temple nearby, built by the pharaoh of the XI dynasty Mentuhotep Nebhepetra. This king is considered the founder of the Theban dynasty. Thus, Hatshepsut expressed respect and demonstrated the continuity of generations, thereby proving her rightful right to the throne of Egypt.
On the walls of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Luxor, reliefs are depicted that fully reflect the attitude of the inhabitants of the Land of the Pyramids. On the walls of the southern part of the lower portico is painted the delivery of obelisks, which were intended for the construction of the temple of Amun at Karnak. On the walls of the northern portico are depicted scenes that take place in the thickets of reeds associated with Lower Egypt. The idea of uniting the Upper and Lower lands of Egypt slips once again on the railing of the ramp that connects the second and third tiers of Hatshepsut's temple. At the bottom of these stairs are decorated with an image of a huge cobra, whose tail rises along the top of the railing. This snake is the personification of the goddess Wadjet, the patroness of Lower Egypt. Above her head is an image of Horus, one of the most important deities of Upper Egypt.
The main plot of the reliefs of the northern portico of the temple is the story of the divine birth of Queen Hatshepsut. According to legend, the sun god Amon Ra took the form of the woman's father and entered the bedchamber of her mother Ahmes. While she was in position, the gods endowed Hatshepsut with a strong character, so necessary for ruling the country. The scene of the divine birth of the ruler completes the composition.
Having deprived the power of her stepson Thutmose III and seized the throne, the pharaoh of Egypt Hatshepsut was never able to free herself from doubts about the legality of her ascension to the royal throne. And although she proved her wisdom and ability to competently manage the country, traditions ordered only men to occupy the throne. That is why the woman was depicted in the drawings in men's clothes and with an artificial ceremonial beard. And each of the columns-porches of the temple erected by her was complemented by a statue of the ruler in the form of the god Osiris, in white robes, with her arms crossed on her chest. They contained symbols of the power of the pharaoh - a staff and a flail. Having visited the temple, be sure to take a photo of these statues as a keepsake - they seem to have frozen for centuries.
The composition of the southern portico of the second tier of the Temple of Hatshepsut is a story about the famous campaign to Punt. According to the chronicles, this undertaking was so ambitious that the inhabitants of Punt, barely seeing the army and fleet, immediately surrendered without a fight and recognized their state as a colony of Egypt. On the walls of the temple at Deir el-Bahri, this campaign is depicted in great detail.
On either side of the porticos were erected shrines to Anubis, the patron saint of the afterlife, and Hathor, the ancient Egyptian goddess of love. The very place of Deir el_Bahri has been dedicated to Hathor since ancient times. Both sanctuaries include 12 hypostyle halls and many ritual chambers that go far into the rock.
The upper part of the temple complex is dedicated to the gods who gave life to both the lands of Egypt and its ruler. Here is the heart of the building - the sanctuary of Amon Ra, the main part of the temple in Deir el-Bahri.
The posthumous fate of the female pharaoh
Hatshepsut spared neither time nor money to build her temple. The grandiose idea according to which this funerary palace was erected belongs to the architect Senenmut, a favorite of the queen. His images are also found on the walls of the temple.
After this great woman died, the throne again passed to Thutmose III, who fiercely hated Hatshepsut because she took away the throne from him for a long 15 years. He made every effort to erase from the memory of people and from history all mention of her. The mummy of Hatshepsut was considered missing for a long time until it was accidentally discovered in the Cairo Egyptian Museum in 2007.
Despite this, the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut remained the most important religious center. Noble families of priests were buried here, sick people who wanted to be healed were brought here by faith in the holiness of this place. And today on the walls of the temple you can find inscriptions with requests to heal from diseases.
It is associated not only with its excellent beaches and resorts of the Red Sea, but also with acquaintance with the great history of this country, its pyramids, temples and ancient cities. Today we will tell you about the amazing sights of Egypt - the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut.
Temple complex of Hatshepsut located at the foot of the high cliffs of Deir el-Bahri. But this place is unusual not only because it differs from other Egyptian temples, but because it is dedicated to the female pharaoh - the ruler of Egypt. It is worth telling a little about this exceptional aristocrat of antiquity in order to understand what could move her to such an ambitious project. Hatshepsut was the daughter of Pharaoh Thutmose I by Queen Ahmes, and also the half-sister and wife of Pharaoh Thutmose II. Her husband did not rule for long - about seven years, but she could not give up power in favor of the royal heir Thutmose the Third - the son of the pharaoh from his younger wife - Isis, a proud and power-hungry woman who knew the charm of power, could not. In addition, the heir was still very small, so Hatshepsut proclaimed herself his regent. But since she did not want to share power, she soon called herself the sole and rightful mistress of all Egypt. Queen Hatshepsut ruled for fifteen years, these years were very bright in the history of Egypt, the woman was able to show herself as a talented ruler, military leader: there were several victorious military campaigns in Asia, Nubia, an expedition to Punt was carried out. To commemorate the great moments of her reign, Hatshepsut decided to build a huge mortuary temple in her honor, so that its buildings, monuments and steles would remind her through the centuries.
In those distant times, it was in the order of things to build mortuary temple complexes, even during the lifetime of their future owner. Queen Hatshepsut entrusted the construction of her temple to the architect Senmut. The site was chosen at Deir el-Bahri, next to the temple of Mentuhotep the First, who was the ancestor of the eighteenth dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs. This choice of location was symbolic: in this way, Hatshepsut emphasized her personal right to the Egyptian throne.
At the end of the construction work, the temple of Hatshepsut in Egypt surpassed all the structures known at that time in all respects: size, architecture, decoration. According to the established traditions for the construction of mortuary complexes, the temple stood on the border of the desert and irrigated lands, a processional road led to it, thirty-seven meters long, which was guarded on both sides by sandstone sphinxes, painted with bright colors, they had the heads of Hatshepsut, in the form of a god Osiris. In front of the temple, a garden of trees and shrubs was laid out, two sacred lakes were dug, which had a "T-shaped" shape. The temple was the crowning achievement of ancient Egyptian engineering: it was carved into limestone rock, it had three huge terraces, located one above the other. Each terrace had an open courtyard and covered rooms with columns, the porticos of which went into the thickness of the rock.
The tiers of the temple were connected by ramps - sloping roads that replaced stairs. In ancient times, flowers, trees and ponds grew on the terraces. The lowest step was protected by a wall decorated with falcons. At the end of this terrace were placed lion figures and statues of Queen Hatshepsut. Images of military parades and construction works of those times were also knocked out right there. The second tier in the Temple of Hatshepsut in its reliefs tells about the life of this queen: about the expedition organized by her to the country of Punt, located in the eastern African settlements. The stairs are decorated with figures of cobras, on the backs of which falcons sit, these are symbolic images: the cobra is a symbol of Upper Egypt, the falcon is of Lower Egypt, and all together - the unity of the state of Egypt, under the rule of the pharaohs. There are also sphinxes here. The upper tier was the site of sacred rituals. The entrance to the sanctuary of Hatshepsut in those ancient times was decorated with a portico with statues of the queen, they were so huge that they were seen from ships sailing along the Nile. Immediately behind the entrance was a complex network of underground rock halls, richly decorated with gold and silver. Here again stood the statues of Hatshepsut, in the form of the god Osiris. In the temple of Queen Hatshepsut there were two hundred statues, of which one hundred and forty were sphinxes. Temple sculptures represented the queen in three guises: as a pharaoh, as Osiris and as a sphinx. The great attention of the ancient sculptors was paid to the exact reproduction of the facial features and the image of the queen, thanks to this, in our time, her appearance was accurately recreated.
Unfortunately, the beauty and splendor of the Temple of Hatshepsut did not last long. The true heir came to power - Thutmose the Third, and ordered to destroy all reminders of the pharaoh-usurper. In the temple of Hatshepsut, all the sculptures were destroyed and buried nearby. By royal order, the official chronicles were rewritten in order to destroy the name of the queen, it was replaced with the names of Thutmose the Third and his predecessors, all the affairs and buildings of the queen were also attributed to her successor. Despite the destruction, the temple remained an important religious center of the country; representatives of the noble families of the priests of Amun were buried on its terraces. During the reign of the Greeks and Romans in the temple sanctuary near the rocks of Deir el-Bahri, with the images of Amun, images of the wise men and healers of those times - Imhotep and Amenhotep were carved. Pilgrims flocked here for healing from illnesses: they believed in the holiness of this place. To this day, ancient inscriptions are visible on the walls of the temple - requests for healing from illnesses, deliverance from suffering. At the time of early Christianity, Hatshepsut's temple was a Coptic church, but then fell into disrepair and became ruins.
Many centuries have passed when the painstaking work of archaeologists made it possible to accurately restore the picture of the former splendor and grandeur of the funerary temple of Hatshepsut, carry out its restoration, restoration and present it to tourists and admirers of Egyptian antiquities. It all started with the study of the ruins by Edouard Naville in 1891. At first, he could not even imagine that the Temple of Hatshepsut could be restored, since a huge number of fragments of sculptures and reliefs were lost and taken out of the country. But, in 1961, Polish restorers decided to start restoring the burial complex: year after year, they collected what was lost, bit by bit they put everything together into a single picture. Thanks to their efforts, the temple again found a third terrace, from where the pilasters of Queen Hatshepsut proudly look at the travelers. But the restoration work is not finished, there is still enough work ahead. However, tourists can visit the Temple of Hatshepsut in Egypt at any time.
