What are cataclysms in nature. Types and characteristics of natural disasters

Devastating tsunamis in Asia in 2004 and 2011, Hurricane Katrina in the southeastern United States of America in 2005, landslides in the Philippines in 2006, earthquake in Haiti in 2010, floods in Thailand in 2011 ... This list can be continued for a long time ...

Most natural disasters are the result of the laws of nature. Hurricanes, typhoons and tornadoes are the result of various weather phenomena. Earthquakes occur as a result of changes in the earth's crust. Tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes.

Typhoon - a type of tropical cyclone that is typical of the northwestern part of the Quiet Ocean. The word comes from Chinese. The typhoon activity zone, which accounts for a third of the total number of tropical cyclones on Earth, is enclosed between the coast of East Asia in the west, the equator in the south and the date line in the east. Although a large part of typhoons develops from May to November, other months are also not free from them.

The 1991 typhoon season was especially destructive, when a certain number of typhoons with a pressure of 870-878 bar raged off the coast of Japan. Typhoons are attributed to the shores of the Russian Far East, in most cases, after Korea, Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. The Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Primorsky Territories are more prone to typhoons. Many managed to fix the typhoon in Novorossiysk on personal photo and video cameras, mobile phones.

Tsunami. Long high waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire water column in the ocean or other body of water. Most tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes, during which there is a sharp displacement (raising or lowering) of a section of the seabed. Tsunamis are formed during an earthquake of any strength, but those that arise due to strong earthquakes (with a magnitude of more than 7) reach a large force. As a result of an earthquake, several waves propagate. More than 80% of tsunamis occur on the periphery of the Pacific Ocean.

It should be noted that quite recently the Japanese company Hitachi Zosen Corp has developed a tsunami barrier system that automatically responds to a wave strike. At the moment, it is known that barriers will be installed at the entrances to the underground parts of buildings. In the normal state, the metal walls lie on the surface of the earth, however, during the arrival of a wave, they rise under the pressure of the advancing water and take a vertical position. The height of the barrier is only one meter, ITAR-TASS reports. The system is completely mechanical and does not require any external power source. At present, a number of coastal cities in Japan already have similar barriers, but they are powered by electricity.

Tornado (tornado). A hurricane is an extremely fast and strong movement of air, often of great destructive power and of considerable duration. A tornado (tornado) is a vortex horizontal movement of air that occurs in a thundercloud and descends to the earth's surface in the form of an overturned funnel, the diameter of which is up to hundreds of meters. Usually, the transverse diameter of the tornado funnel in the lower section is 300-400 m, although if the tornado touches the water surface, this value can be only 20-30 m, and when the funnel passes over land, it can reach 1.5-3 km. The development of a tornado from a cloud distinguishes it from some outwardly similar and also different in nature phenomena, for example, tornado-whirlwinds and dusty (sandy) whirlwinds.

Very often tornadoes occur in the United States. More recently, on May 19, 2013, about 325 people were affected by a devastating tornado in Oklahoma. Eyewitnesses speak with one voice: “We thought we were going to die because we ended up in the basement. The wind tore out the door and pieces of glass and debris began to fly at us . To be honest, we thought we were going to die." The wind speed reached 300 kilometers per hour, more than 1.1 thousand houses were destroyed.

earthquakes- tremors and fluctuations of the Earth's surface caused by natural causes (as a rule, tectonic processes), or artificial processes (explosions, filling of reservoirs, collapse of underground cavities of mine workings). Small tremors can also be caused by the rise of lava during volcanic eruptions. About a million earthquakes occur every year on the whole Earth, but most of them are so small that they go unnoticed. Strong destructive earthquakes occur on the planet about once every two weeks. Most of them occur at the bottom of the oceans and are not accompanied by catastrophic consequences (unless a tsunami occurs).

Kamchatka is a particularly seismically active zone in our country. The other day, on May 21, 2013, she again found herself at the epicenter of seismic events. Off the southeastern coast of the peninsula, seismologists recorded a series of earthquakes with a magnitude of 4.0 to 6.4. The centers of earthquakes lay at a depth of 40-60 kilometers under the seabed. At the same time, the most tangible were the tremors in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. In total, according to experts, more than 20 underground disturbances were registered. Fortunately, there was no tsunami threat.

Natural hazards are extreme climatic or meteorological phenomena that occur naturally at one point or another on the planet. In some regions, such hazards may occur with greater frequency and destructive force than in others. Hazardous natural phenomena develop into natural disasters when the infrastructure created by civilization is destroyed and people die.

1. Earthquakes

Among all natural hazards, the first place should be given to earthquakes. In places of breaks in the earth's crust, tremors occur, which cause vibrations of the earth's surface with the release of gigantic energy. The resulting seismic waves are transmitted over very long distances, although these waves have the greatest destructive power in the epicenter of the earthquake. Due to strong vibrations of the earth's surface, mass destruction of buildings occurs.
Since there are quite a lot of earthquakes, and the surface of the earth is quite densely built up, the total number of people in history who died precisely as a result of earthquakes exceeds the number of all victims of other natural disasters and amounts to many millions. For example, over the past decade around the world, about 700 thousand people have died from earthquakes. From the most devastating shocks, entire settlements instantly collapsed. Japan is the most earthquake-affected country, and one of the most catastrophic earthquakes occurred there in 2011. The epicenter of this earthquake was in the ocean near the island of Honshu, according to the Richter scale, the magnitude of the shocks reached 9.1 points. Powerful aftershocks and the subsequent devastating tsunami disabled the nuclear power plant in Fukushima, destroying three of the four power units. Radiation covered a large area around the station, rendering densely populated areas so valuable in Japanese conditions uninhabitable. A colossal tsunami wave turned into a mess what the earthquake could not destroy. More than 16 thousand people officially died, among which another 2.5 thousand who are considered missing can be safely added. In this century alone, devastating earthquakes have occurred in the Indian Ocean, Iran, Chile, Haiti, Italy, and Nepal.

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2. Tsunami waves

A specific water disaster in the form of tsunami waves often results in numerous casualties and catastrophic destruction. As a result of underwater earthquakes or shifts of tectonic plates in the ocean, very fast, but hardly noticeable waves arise, which grow into huge ones as they approach the coast and enter shallow water. Most often, tsunamis occur in areas with increased seismic activity. A huge mass of water, rapidly moving ashore, blows everything in its path, picks it up and carries it deep into the coast, and then carries it into the ocean with a reverse current. Humans, unable to feel danger like animals, often do not notice the approach of a deadly wave, and when they do, it is too late.
A tsunami usually kills more people than the earthquake that caused it (the latter in Japan). In 1971, the most powerful tsunami ever observed occurred there, the wave of which rose 85 meters at a speed of about 700 km / h. But the most catastrophic was the tsunami observed in the Indian Ocean in 2004, the source of which was an earthquake off the coast of Indonesia, which claimed the lives of about 300 thousand people along a large part of the coast of the Indian Ocean.

3. Volcanic eruption

Throughout its history, mankind has remembered many catastrophic volcanic eruptions. When the pressure of magma exceeds the strength of the earth's crust in the weakest places, which are volcanoes, this ends with an explosion and outpourings of lava. But the lava itself is not so dangerous, from which you can simply get away, as hot pyroclastic gases rushing from the mountain, pierced here and there by lightning, as well as a noticeable effect on the climate of the strongest eruptions.
Volcanologists count about half a thousand dangerous active volcanoes, several dormant supervolcanoes, not counting thousands of extinct ones. So, during the eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia, for two days the surrounding lands were plunged into darkness, 92 thousand inhabitants died, and a cold snap was felt even in Europe and America.
List of some strong volcanic eruptions:

• Volcano Laki (Iceland, 1783). As a result of that eruption, a third of the population of the island died - 20 thousand inhabitants. The eruption lasted for 8 months, during which flows of lava and liquid mud erupted from volcanic cracks. The geysers have never been more active. Living on the island at that time was almost impossible. The crops were destroyed, and even the fish disappeared, so the survivors experienced hunger and suffered from unbearable living conditions. This may be the longest eruption in human history.
• Volcano Tambora (Indonesia, Sumbawa Island, 1815). When the volcano exploded, the sound of this explosion spread over 2,000 kilometers. Ash covered even the remote islands of the archipelago, 70 thousand people died from the eruption. But even today, Tambora is one of the highest mountains in Indonesia that retains volcanic activity.
• Volcano Krakatoa (Indonesia, 1883). 100 years after Tambora, another catastrophic eruption occurred in Indonesia, this time "blowing the roof off" (literally) the Krakatoa volcano. After the catastrophic explosion that destroyed the volcano itself, frightening peals were heard for another two months. A huge amount of rocks, ash and hot gases were thrown into the atmosphere. The eruption was followed by a powerful tsunami with a wave height of up to 40 meters. These two natural disasters together destroyed 34,000 islanders along with the island itself.
• Volcano Santa Maria (Guatemala, 1902). After a 500-year hibernation in 1902, this volcano woke up again, starting the 20th century with the most catastrophic eruption, which resulted in the formation of a one and a half kilometer crater. In 1922, Santa Maria again reminded of itself - this time the eruption itself was not too strong, but a cloud of hot gases and ash brought death to 5 thousand people.

4. Tornadoes

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A tornado is a very impressive natural phenomenon, especially in the USA, where it is called a tornado. This is an air stream twisted in a spiral into a funnel. Small tornadoes resemble slender narrow pillars, and giant tornadoes can resemble a mighty carousel directed to the sky. The closer to the funnel, the stronger the wind speed, it begins to drag along ever larger objects, up to cars, wagons and light buildings. In the "tornado alley" of the United States, entire city blocks are often destroyed, people die. The most powerful vortices of category F5 reach a speed of about 500 km/h in the center. The state of Alabama suffers the most every year from tornadoes.

There is a kind of fire tornado, which sometimes occurs in the area of ​​massive fires. There, from the heat of the flame, powerful ascending currents are formed, which begin to twist into a spiral, like an ordinary tornado, only this one is filled with flame. As a result, a powerful draft is formed near the surface of the earth, from which the flame grows even stronger and incinerates everything around. When the catastrophic earthquake hit Tokyo in 1923, it caused massive fires that led to the formation of a fiery tornado that rose 60 meters. The column of fire moved towards the square with frightened people and burned 38 thousand people in a few minutes.

5. Sandstorms

This phenomenon occurs in sandy deserts when a strong wind rises. Sand, dust and soil particles rise to a sufficiently high height, forming a cloud that dramatically reduces visibility. If an unprepared traveler gets into such a storm, he can die from grains of sand falling into the lungs. Herodotus described history as in 525 BC. e. in the Sahara, a 50,000-strong army was buried alive by a sandstorm. In Mongolia, 46 people died as a result of this natural phenomenon in 2008, and two hundred people suffered the same fate the year before.

A tornado (in America this phenomenon is called a tornado) is a fairly stable atmospheric vortex, most often occurring in thunderclouds. He is a visa...

6. Avalanches

From the snow-covered mountain peaks, snow avalanches periodically descend. Climbers especially often suffer from them. During World War I, up to 80,000 people died from avalanches in the Tyrolean Alps. In 1679, five thousand people died in Norway from snowmelt. In 1886, there was a major disaster, as a result of which the "white death" claimed 161 lives. The records of the Bulgarian monasteries also mention the human victims of snow avalanches.

7 Hurricanes

They are called hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Pacific. These are huge atmospheric vortices, in the center of which the strongest winds and sharply reduced pressure are observed. In 2005, the devastating hurricane Katrina swept over the United States, which especially affected the state of Louisiana and the densely populated New Orleans located at the mouth of the Mississippi. 80% of the city was flooded, killing 1836 people. Notable destructive hurricanes have also become:

• Hurricane Ike (2008). The diameter of the eddy was over 900 km, and in its center the wind was blowing at a speed of 135 km/h. In the 14 hours that the cyclone moved across the United States, it managed to cause $30 billion worth of damage.
• Hurricane Wilma (2005). This is the largest Atlantic cyclone in the history of meteorological observations. A cyclone that originated in the Atlantic made landfall several times. The amount of damage inflicted by him amounted to $ 20 billion, 62 people died.
• Typhoon Nina (1975). This typhoon was able to breach China's Bankiao Dam, causing the dams below to collapse and causing catastrophic flooding. The typhoon killed up to 230,000 Chinese.

8. Tropical cyclones

These are the same hurricanes, but in tropical and subtropical waters, which are huge low-pressure atmospheric systems with winds and thunderstorms, often exceeding a thousand kilometers in diameter. Near the surface of the earth, winds in the center of the cyclone can reach speeds of over 200 km/h. Low pressure and wind cause the formation of a coastal storm surge - when huge masses of water are thrown ashore at high speed, washing away everything in their path.

Throughout the history of mankind, the strongest earthquakes have repeatedly caused enormous damage to people and caused a huge number of casualties among the population ...

9. Landslide

Prolonged rains can cause landslides. The soil swells, loses its stability and slides down, taking with it everything that is on the surface of the earth. Most often, landslides occur in the mountains. In 1920, the most devastating landslide occurred in China, under which 180 thousand people were buried. Other examples:

• Bududa (Uganda, 2010). Due to mudflows, 400 people died, and 200 thousand had to be evacuated.
• Sichuan (China, 2008). Avalanches, landslides and mudflows caused by an 8-magnitude earthquake claimed 20,000 lives.
• Leyte (Philippines, 2006). The downpour caused a mudflow and a landslide that killed 1,100 people.
• Vargas (Venezuela, 1999). Mudflows and landslides after heavy rains (almost 1000 mm of precipitation fell in 3 days) on the northern coast led to the death of almost 30 thousand people.

10. Fireballs

We are accustomed to ordinary linear lightning accompanied by thunder, but ball lightning is much rarer and more mysterious. The nature of this phenomenon is electrical, but scientists cannot yet give a more accurate description of ball lightning. It is known that it can have different sizes and shapes, most often these are yellowish or reddish luminous spheres. For unknown reasons, ball lightning often ignores the laws of mechanics. Most often they occur before a thunderstorm, although they can appear in absolutely clear weather, as well as indoors or in the cockpit. The luminous ball hangs in the air with a slight hiss, then it can start moving in an arbitrary direction. Over time, it seems to shrink until it disappears altogether or explodes with a roar.

Often in the news you can hear that a natural disaster has happened somewhere. This means that a strong storm or hurricane swept through, an earthquake occurred, or a turbulent mud stream descended from the mountains. Tsunamis, floods, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, drought - all these natural phenomena are devastating, they kill people, demolish houses, neighborhoods, and sometimes entire cities from the face of the earth, causing serious economic damage.

Definition of a cataclysm

What does the word "cataclysm" mean? This, according to the definition of Ushakov's explanatory dictionary, is a sharp change in the conditions of organic life, which is observed on a significant surface of the Earth (planet) and is due to the influence of atmospheric, volcanic and geological processes.

The explanatory dictionary edited by Efremov and Shvedov defines a cataclysm as a destructive change in nature, a catastrophe.

Also, each dictionary indicates that in a figurative sense, a cataclysm is a global and destructive change in the life of society, a disastrous social upheaval.

Of course, you can see common features in all definitions. As you can see, the main meaning that the concept of "cataclysm" carries in itself is destruction, disaster.

Types of natural and social disasters

Depending on the source of occurrence, the following types of disasters are distinguished:

• geological - earthquake or volcanic eruption, mudflow, landslide, avalanche or collapse;
• hydrological - tsunami, flood, breakthrough to the surface from the depths of a gas reservoir (CO 2);
• thermal - forest or peat fire;
• meteorological - hurricane, storm, tornado, cyclone, snowstorm, drought, hail, prolonged downpour.

These natural disasters differ in character and duration (from several minutes to several months), but they all pose a threat to human life and health.

In a separate category, man-made disasters are distinguished - accidents at nuclear installations, chemical facilities, sewage treatment plants, dam breakthroughs and other disasters. Their occurrence provokes a symbiosis of natural forces and the anthropogenic factor.

The most famous social cataclysm is war, revolution. Also, social emergencies can be associated with overpopulation, migration, epidemics, global unemployment, terrorism, genocide, separatism.

The most terrible cataclysms in the history of the Earth

In 1138, a powerful earthquake occurred in the city of Aleppo (modern Syria), which completely wiped the city off the face of the earth and claimed 230 thousand human lives.

In December 2004, a 9.3 magnitude underwater earthquake hit the Indian Ocean. It triggered a tsunami. Huge 15-meter waves reached the shores of Thailand, India and Indonesia. The number of victims reached 300 thousand people.

In August 1931, in China, due to monsoon rains, a severe flood occurred, which claimed the lives of 4 million (!) People. And in August 1975, due to a powerful typhoon in China, the Banqiao Dam was destroyed. This provoked the largest flood in the last 2000 years, the water went 50 kilometers deep into the mainland, created artificial reservoirs with a total area of ​​12 thousand km2. As a result, the death toll reached 200 thousand people.

What can expect the blue planet in the future

Scientists predict that strong catastrophes and cataclysms await our planet in the future.

Global warming, which has been worrying progressive minds for more than 50 years, may in the future provoke unprecedented floods, droughts, heavy rains, which will lead not only to millions of victims, but also to a global economic and social crisis.

Also, do not forget that the asteroid 99942 weighing 46 million tons and 500 meters in diameter is inexorably approaching our planet. Astronomers predict a likely collision in 2029 that will destroy the Earth. NASA has created a special working group to address this very serious

In this paper, we will determine how natural disasters affect the climate of planet Earth, therefore, we consider it necessary to define this phenomenon and its main manifestations (types):

The term natural disasters is used for two different concepts, in a sense overlapping. Catastrophe in literal translation means a turn, a restructuring. This value corresponds to the most general idea of ​​catastrophes in natural science, where the evolution of the Earth is seen as a series of different catastrophes that cause a change in geological processes and types of living organisms.

Interest in the catastrophic events of the past is fueled by the fact that an inevitable part of any forecast is the analysis of the past. The older the catastrophe, the more difficult it is to recognize its traces.

Lack of information always breeds fantasies. Some researchers explain the same steep milestones and turns in the history of the Earth by cosmic causes - meteorite falls, changes in solar activity, seasons of the galactic year, others - by the cyclical processes taking place in the bowels of the planet

The second concept - natural disasters refers only to extreme natural phenomena and processes, as a result of which people die. In this understanding, natural disasters are opposed to man-made disasters, i.e. those caused directly by human activity

The main types of natural disasters

Earthquakes are underground shocks and vibrations of the Earth's surface caused by natural causes (mainly tectonic processes). In some places on the Earth, earthquakes occur frequently and sometimes reach great strength, breaking the integrity of the soil, destroying buildings and causing loss of life.

The number of earthquakes recorded annually on the globe is in the hundreds of thousands. However, the vast majority of them are weak, and only a small proportion reaches the degree of catastrophe. Until the 20th century known, for example, are such catastrophic earthquakes as the Lisbon earthquake in 1755, the Vernensky earthquake in 1887, which destroyed the city of Verny (now Alma-Ata), the earthquake in Greece in 1870-73, etc.

By its intensity, i.e. according to the manifestation on the surface of the Earth, earthquakes are divided, according to the international seismic scale MSK-64, into 12 gradations - points.

The area of ​​occurrence of an underground impact - the focus of an earthquake - is a certain volume in the thickness of the Earth, within which the process of releasing the energy accumulated for a long time takes place. In a geological sense, a focus is a gap or a group of gaps along which an almost instantaneous movement of masses occurs. In the center of the focus, a point is conventionally distinguished, called the hypocenter. The projection of the hypocenter onto the Earth's surface is called the epicenter. Around it is the region of the greatest destruction - the pleistoseist region. Lines connecting points with the same vibration intensity (in points) are called isoseists.

Flooding - significant flooding of the area with water as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea, caused by various reasons. Flooding on the river occurs from a sharp increase in the amount of water due to the melting of snow or glaciers located in its basin, as well as as a result of heavy precipitation. Flooding is often caused by an increase in the water level in the river due to blockage of the channel by ice during ice drift (jam) or due to clogging of the channel under the immovable ice cover by accumulations of intra-water ice and the formation of an ice plug (jam). Floods often occur under the influence of winds that bring water from the sea and cause an increase in the level due to the delay at the mouth of the water brought by the river. Floods of this type were observed in Leningrad (1824, 1924), the Netherlands (1952).

On sea coasts and islands, floods can occur as a result of flooding of the coastal strip by a wave formed during earthquakes or volcanic eruptions in the ocean (tsunami). Similar floods are not uncommon on the shores of Japan and other Pacific islands. Floods can be caused by breaks of dams, protective dams. Flooding occurs on many rivers in Western Europe - the Danube, Seine, Rhone, Po, etc., as well as on the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China, Mississippi and Ohio in the USA. In the USSR, large N. were observed on the river. Dnieper and Volga.

Hurricane (French ouragan, from Spanish huracan; the word is borrowed from the language of the Caribbean Indians) is a wind of destructive force and considerable duration, the speed of which is over 30 m / s (according to the Beaufort scale 12 points). Tropical cyclones, especially in the Caribbean, are also called hurricanes.

Tsunami (Japanese) - marine gravity waves of very large length, resulting from the upward or downward displacement of extended sections of the bottom during strong underwater and coastal earthquakes and, occasionally, due to volcanic eruptions and other tectonic processes. Due to the low compressibility of water and the speed of the process of deformation of the bottom sections, the water column resting on them also shifts without having time to spread, as a result of which a certain elevation or depression forms on the ocean surface. The resulting perturbation turns into oscillatory movements of the water column - tsunami waves propagating at high speed (from 50 to 1000 km / h). The distance between neighboring wave crests varies from 5 to 1500 km. The height of the waves in the area of ​​their occurrence varies between 0.01-5 m. Near the coast, it can reach 10 m, and in areas unfavorable in terms of relief (wedge-shaped bays, river valleys, etc.) - over 50 m.

About 1000 cases of tsunamis are known, of which more than 100 had catastrophic consequences, which caused complete destruction, washing away of structures and soil and vegetation cover. 80% of tsunamis occur on the periphery of the Pacific Ocean, including the western slope of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. Based on the patterns of occurrence and spread of tsunamis, the zoning of the coast is carried out according to the degree of threat. Measures for partial protection against tsunamis: creation of artificial coastal structures (breakwaters, breakwaters and embankments), planting forest strips along the ocean coast.

Drought is a prolonged and significant lack of precipitation, more often at elevated temperatures and low air humidity, as a result of which moisture reserves in the soil dry out, which leads to a decrease or death of the crop. The beginning of a drought is usually associated with the establishment of an anticyclone. The abundance of solar heat and dry air create increased evaporation (atmospheric drought), and soil moisture reserves are depleted without replenishment by rains (soil drought). During drought, the flow of water into plants through the root systems is hindered, the consumption of moisture for transpiration begins to exceed its inflow from the soil, the water saturation of tissues decreases, and the normal conditions for photosynthesis and carbon nutrition are violated. Depending on the season, there are spring, summer and autumn droughts. Spring droughts are especially dangerous for early crops; summer causes severe damage to both early and late grain and other annual crops, as well as fruit plants; autumn are dangerous for winter seedlings. The most destructive are spring-summer and summer-autumn droughts. Most often, droughts are observed in the steppe zone, less often in the forest-steppe zone: 2-3 times a century, droughts occur even in the forest zone. The concept of drought is inapplicable to areas with a rainless summer and extremely low rainfall, where agriculture is possible only with artificial irrigation (for example, the Sahara, Gobi, etc.).

To combat droughts, a complex of agrotechnical and reclamation measures is used to enhance the water-absorbing and water-retaining properties of the soil, to retain snow in the fields. Of the agrotechnical control measures, the most effective is the main deep plowing, especially soils with a highly compacted subsurface horizon (chestnut, solonets, etc.)

Landslides - sliding displacement of rock masses down the slope under the influence of gravity. Landslides occur in any part of a slope or slope due to an imbalance in rocks caused by: an increase in the steepness of the slope as a result of water washing; weakening of the strength of rocks during weathering or waterlogging by precipitation and groundwater; the impact of seismic shocks; construction and economic activities carried out without taking into account the geological conditions of the area (destruction of slopes by road cuts, excessive watering of gardens and vegetable gardens located on slopes, etc.). Most often, landslides occur on slopes composed of alternating water-resistant (clay) and water-bearing rocks (for example, sand-gravel, fractured limestone). The development of a landslide is facilitated by such an occurrence when the layers are located with an inclination towards the slope or are crossed by cracks in the same direction. In highly moistened clay rocks, landslides take the form of a stream. In plan, landslides often have the shape of a semicircle, forming a depression in the slope, called a landslide cirque. Landslides cause great damage to agricultural land, industrial enterprises, settlements, etc. To combat landslides, bank protection and drainage structures are used, slopes are fixed with driven piles, planting vegetation, etc.

Volcanic eruptions. Volcanoes are geological formations that arise above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which lava, hot gases and rock fragments erupt to the earth's surface from deep magmatic sources. Volcanoes usually represent individual mountains composed of eruptions. Volcanoes are divided into active, dormant and extinct. The former include: those that are currently erupting constantly or periodically; about the eruptions of which there are historical data; about the eruptions of which there is no information, but which emit hot gases and water (solfatar stage). Dormant volcanoes are those whose eruptions are not known, but they have retained their shape and local earthquakes occur under them. Extinct volcanoes are called heavily destroyed and eroded volcanoes without any manifestations of volcanic activity.

Eruptions are long-term (for several years, decades and centuries) and short-term (measured by hours). Eruption precursors include volcanic earthquakes, acoustic phenomena, changes in the magnetic properties and composition of fumarole gases, and other phenomena. An eruption usually begins with an increase in gas emissions, first along with dark, cold lava fragments, and then with red-hot ones. These emissions are in some cases accompanied by an outpouring of lava. The height of the rise of gases, water vapor, saturated with ash and lava fragments, depending on the strength of the explosions, ranges from 1 to 5 km (during the Bezymyanny eruption in Kamchatka in 1956, it reached 45 km). The ejected material is transported over distances from several to tens of thousands of kilometers. The volume of ejected clastic material sometimes reaches several km3. The eruption is an alternation of weak and strong explosions and lava outpourings. Explosions of maximum force are called climactic paroxysms. After them, there is a decrease in the strength of explosions and a gradual cessation of eruptions. The volumes of the erupted lava are up to tens of km3.

climate natural disaster atmosphere

“... In fact, humanity does not have not only 100 years, but even 50 years! The maximum that we have is several decades, taking into account impending events. Over the past two decades, alarming changes in the geophysical parameters of the planet, the emergence of a variety of observed anomalies, an increase in the frequency and scale of extreme events, an abrupt increase in natural disasters on Earth in the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere indicate the release of an extremely high level of additional exogenous (external) and endogenous (internal) energy. As you know, in 2011 this process began to enter a new active phase, as evidenced by noticeable jumps in the released seismic energy, recorded during more frequent strong earthquakes, as well as an increase in the number of powerful destructive typhoons, hurricanes, a widespread change in thunderstorm activity and other anomalous natural phenomena ... » from the report

What awaits humanity tomorrow - no one knows. But the fact that our civilization is already on the verge of self-destruction is no longer a secret to anyone. This is evidenced by daily events around the world, to which we simply turn a blind eye. A great amount of material has been accumulated that reflects the reality of our life and future events. As an example, a very impressive video - taking place from September 2015 to the present day.

The subsequent photographs are by no means a method of shock therapy, this is the harsh reality of our life, which is neither THERE, but HERE - on our planet. But for some reason we turn away from this, or we prefer not to notice the reality and seriousness of what is happening.

Hanshin, Japan

Tohoku, Japan

Agree indisputable fact is that a huge number of people, as well as each individual separately, are not fully aware of the complexity and seriousness of the current situation on Earth today. For some reason, we turn a blind eye to this, adhering to the principle: "the less you know - you sleep better, you have enough worries, my hut is on the edge." But the fact that every day on the entire planet Earth, on different continents there are floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes - scientists, newspapers, television, the Internet inform. But, nevertheless, the media, for certain reasons, do not reveal the whole truth, carefully hiding the true climate situation in the world and the urgent need for urgent action. This is one of the main reasons why most people naively believe that these terrible events will not affect them, at a time when all the facts indicate that an irreversible global process of climate change has begun. And already in our time there is a rapid growth of such a worldwide problem as global cataclysms.

These graphs clearly demonstrate that over the past decade, the world has seen a significant increase in the number of natural disasters, and dozens of times.

Rice. 1. Graph of the number of natural disasters in the world from 1920 to 2015. Compiled on the basis of the EM-DAT database.

Rice. 2. Graph with a cumulative total showing the number of earthquakes in the United States of magnitude 3 and above from 1975 to April 2015. Compiled from the USGS database.

The statistics given above clearly show the climatic situation on our planet. Most people today, lulled and blinded by illusion, do not even want to think about the future. Many feel that something is happening to the climate around the world and understand that natural anomalies of this kind indicate the seriousness of everything that is happening. But fear and irresponsibility are pushing people to turn away and again plunge into the usual bustle. In modern society, it is considered quite normal to shift the responsibility for everything that happens to us and around us to someone. We live our lives relying on the fact that the state authorities will do everything for us: they will create good conditions for living in a peaceful life, and in case of danger, great scientists will warn us in advance and the state authorities will take care of us. The phenomenon is paradoxical, but this is how our consciousness works - we always believe that someone owes us something and forget that we ourselves are responsible for our lives. And here it is important to understand that in order to survive, people themselves need to unite. Only the people themselves can lay the foundation for the worldwide unification of all mankind, no one but us will do this. The words of the great poet F. Tyutchev fit perfectly:

Unity, - proclaimed the oracle of our days, -
Perhaps soldered with iron and blood only ... "
But we will try to solder it with love, -
And then we will see that it is stronger ...

It would also be appropriate to remind our readers of the current refugee situation in Europe. There are only about three million of them, according to official figures, but huge problems of banal survival have already begun. And this is in a civilized, well-fed Europe. Why, it would seem, even rich Europe is not able to adequately solve the problem of migrants? And what will happen if about two billion people undergo forced migration in the coming years?! The following question also arises: where do you think millions and billions of people will go if they manage to survive in global cataclysms?But the problem of survival will become acute for everyone: housing, food, work, etc. What will happen then if we, in a peaceful life, given the format of a consumer society, are constantly fighting for our piece of matter, starting from MY apartment, MY car and ending with MY mug, MY armchair and MY favorite, inviolable slippers?

It becomes clear that we can survive the period of global cataclysms only by joining our efforts. The coming trials will be possible to pass with honor and the least number of human casualties, only if we are a single family, united by friendship, humanity and mutual assistance. If we prefer to be a herd of animals, then the animal world has its own laws of survival - the strongest survive. But are we animals?

“Yes, if society does not change, then humanity simply will not survive. During the period of global changes, people, due to the aggressive activation of the Animal nature (which obeys the general Animal mind), like any other intelligent matter, will simply fight for survival alone, that is, peoples will exterminate each other, and those who remain alive will be destroyed by itself. nature. It will be possible to survive the coming cataclysms only with the unification of all mankind and the qualitative transformation of society in the spiritual sense. If, by joint efforts, people can still change the direction of the world community from the consumer channel towards true spiritual development, with the dominance of the Spiritual nature in it, then humanity will have a chance to survive this period. Moreover, both society and future generations will be able to reach a qualitatively new stage in their development. But only now it depends on the real choice and actions of everyone! And most importantly, many smart people on the planet understand this, see the impending catastrophe, the collapse of society, but do not know how to resist all this and what to do. Anastasia Novykh "AllatRa"

Why do people not notice, or pretend not to notice, or simply do not want to notice those numerous threats of planetary global cataclysms and all other acute problems facing all of humanity today. The reason for such behavior of the inhabitants of our planet is the lack of real Knowledge about man and the world. Modern man has replaced the concept of the true value of life, and therefore today few people can confidently answer such questions as: “Why does a person come into this world? What awaits us after the death of our body? Where and why did this whole material world appear, which brings not only happiness, but also a lot of suffering to a person? Surely there must be some meaning to this? Or maybe the Great Divine Plan?

Today we have with you books by Anastasia Novykh that answer all these questions. Moreover, having become acquainted with the Primordial Knowledge about the world and man, set forth in these books, most of us accepted them as a guide to action for internal transformation of ourselves for the better. Now we know the purpose of our life and we know what we need to do in order to achieve it. We gratefully meet obstacles on our way and rejoice in victories. And it's wonderful! In fact, this Knowledge is a great gift for humanity. But having come into contact with them and accepting them, we are responsible for our actions and for what is happening around us. But why do we forget about it? Why do we constantly forget about what is happening now on other continents, in other cities and countries?

"The personal contribution of each person to the common cause of the spiritual and moral transformation of society is very important"- book "AllatRa" "Now"- this is the right time to ask yourself the question: What contribution can I personally make to create the conditions necessary to unite all people in order to survive the impending disasters?

“It is important to raise public awareness of the problems of the near future. All socially active people need to take an active part in the unification and rallying of the world society today, ignoring all the selfish, social, political, religious and other barriers that the system artificially separates people. Only by joining our efforts in the global community, not on paper, but in deed, it is possible to have time to prepare the majority of the planet's inhabitants for those planetary climate, world economic global shocks and changes that are coming. Each of us can do a lot of useful things in this direction! By uniting, people multiply their capabilities tenfold ”(From the Report).

To unite all mankind into a single family, a general mobilization of our forces and capabilities is necessary. The fate of all mankind today hangs in the balance, and a lot really depends on our actions.

At the moment, ALLATRA IPM participants from all over the world are jointly implementing projects aimed at uniting all people and building a creative society. Everyone who remains indifferent to the future of all mankind and feels a sincere need to sincerely help people not in words, but in deeds, and is ready to lend a helping hand right now, can join this project to inform the inhabitants of the planet about upcoming cataclysms and ways out of the current circumstances through the unification of all the people of the planet into a single and friendly family.

It's no secret that time is running out. Therefore it is very important now understand that only together we can survive the coming cataclysms. The unification of people is the key to the survival of mankind.

Literature:

Report “On the problems and consequences of global climate change on Earth. Effective Ways to Solve These Problems” by the international group of scientists of ALLATRA International Public Movement, November 26, 2014 http://allatra-science.org/publication/climate

J.L.Rubinstein, A.B.Mahani, Myths and Facts on Wastewater Injection, Hydraulic Fracturing, Enhanced Oil Recovery, and Induced Seismicity, Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 86, Num. 4, July/August 2015 link

Anastasia Novykh "AllatRa", K.: AllatRa, 2013 http://books.allatra.org/ru/kniga-allatra

Prepared by: Jamal Magomedov