Social folk Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Jamahiriya
Jamahiriya(Arabic: جماهيرية ) - a form of social (some experts believe that state) structure, different from monarchy and republic, substantiated in the Third World Theory Muammar Gaddafi and set out in the first part of the Green Book.
The word “jamahiriya” is a neologism formed by replacing the root word “jumhuriya” (republic) with the singular “jumhur” (people) with the plural “jamahir” (the masses). S. Gafurov pointed out: “It is interesting to note that the semantics of the word “Jamahiriya” is associated with concepts that Kropotkin considered early forms of anarchism. For example, he noted that the Russian historian Kostomarov used the concept of “rule of people,” which may well be a successful translation of the Arabic word - the new formation of Jamahiriya into Russian.
In the Jamahiriya, traditional institutions of power are abolished. People's committees and people's congresses are being formed everywhere. The state is divided into many communes, which are self-governing mini-states within the state, possessing full power in their district, including the distribution of budget funds. The administration of the commune is carried out by the Primary People's Congress. The People's Congress includes all members of the commune (that is, the residents of the commune). Every person has the right to express his proposal at a meeting of the people's committee. Everyone participates in decision making and the exercise of power. The state is a federation of communes. Each Primary People's Congress elects its representatives to the City People's Committee and the General People's Congress.
The entire adult population of the country, united in primary (main) people's congresses, participates in the state administration of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The people's congresses elect their executive bodies (people's committees), whose members automatically become delegates to the provincial people's congresses.
General People's Congress, the highest legislative body of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, has the right to put on its agenda only issues discussed by the primary people's congresses.
The "Charter of Revolutionary Legitimacy", adopted by the General People's Congress of Libya in 1990, granted broad foreign policy powers to the leader of the revolution, Muammar Gaddafi, who does not hold official positions in the state.
Green Book
The main provisions of Gaddafi's Third World Theory were outlined by him in the “Green Book” (1976-1979).
The "Third World Theory" is a new system of views that contrasts the ideas of Marx's communism and Adam Smith's capitalism. This theory criticizes modern democracy in detail: according to Gaddafi, democracy has ceased to be truly popular. Considering the essence of democracy, he sometimes provides confirmation of this idea.
The theory denies the traditional instruments of power - parliaments, parties, referendums - and contrasts them with the concept of direct popular democracy based on people's congresses and people's committees. At the same time, the General People's Congress, which adopts national laws, considers only those issues that are discussed and proposed on the agenda by the primary people's congresses, which unite the entire adult population of the country.
The law of society cannot depend on the political situation, but must be based on customs and religion. The third world theory proclaims the need to abolish wage labor and the right of the worker to the product he produces.
When developing the theory, Gaddafi relied, in particular, on the theoretical works of anarchist theorists Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin, combined with the egalitarian principles of Islam.
Implementation in Libya
The theory was partially implemented in Libya - in March 1977, the republic was transformed into Jamahiriya, exploitative private property was abolished (private family enterprises in the service sector were preserved).
With the advent of globalization and the information revolution, Gaddafi somewhat modified his theory, introducing into it the thesis about the era of large spaces, in which the national state becomes unviable.
Like his predecessors, starting with Plato, Gaddafi was looking for an ideal form of social coexistence, in which, along with social justice, there would be strong power, popular representation and national identity. In Libya, an attempt was made to put his ideas into practice: in March 1977, the “Sebha Declaration” was promulgated, and the country began to be called the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
The word “jamahiriya” (“state of the masses”) is an Arabic neologism formed by replacing the singular “jumhur” (people) at the root of the word “jumhuriya” (republic) with the plural “jamahir” (the masses). The existence of this form of government, different from a monarchy and a republic, follows from the “Third World Theory” of the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.
History of transformations in Libya
In the 60-70s of the 20th century, in the countries of the Arab-Muslim East, the theories of “national-type socialism” became widespread, which became known as “Islamic socialism”. The basis of this socialism was the principles of nationalism, religion and equality, so close and dear to the Arab heart. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the 60s, most countries of the Arab East were engulfed in the flames of revolutions, popular uprisings and coups d'etat. Libya was no exception in this series, in which on September 1, 1969, a group of Libyan army officers who were members of the Free Unionist Socialist Officers Movement overthrew the monarchical regime and proclaimed the Libyan Arab Republic (LAR). Temporarily, supreme power began to be exercised by the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), headed by 27-year-old Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.
The anti-imperialist orientation of the Libyan revolution manifested itself quite clearly already in the first months of the existence of the new regime. On October 7, 1969, at the 24th session of the UN General Assembly, the Permanent Representative of Libya announced the Libyans' intention to eliminate all foreign bases on their soil.
Following this, the Libyan leadership informed the ambassadors of the United States and England about the termination of the relevant agreements. Almost simultaneously, an attack began on the position of foreign capital in the country's economy.
The first results and immediate tasks of the Libyan revolution were enshrined in the Interim Constitutional Declaration promulgated on December 11, 1969. Islam was declared the official state religion. One of the main goals of the revolution was proclaimed to be the construction of socialism based on “religion, morality and patriotism.” Gaddafi and his associates intended to achieve this by “ensuring social justice, a high level of production, eliminating all forms of exploitation and fair distribution of national wealth.”
The Revolutionary Command Council was endowed with the functions of the main link in the political organization of society with the right to appoint a cabinet of ministers, declare war and conclude treaties, and issue decrees that had the force of law that concerned the main aspects of the internal life and foreign policy of the state. Chairman of the RRC Gaddafi was appointed head of the Libyan Arab Republic.
In 1973, Gaddafi organized the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), which became the only legal political organization in the country. In 1977, the General People's Congress (GPC), representing numerous people's committees, adopted a decree (“Sebha Declaration”) establishing a “regime of people's power” (so-called direct people's democracy) in Libya; The country was renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The SRK was also renamed and transformed into the General Secretariat of the Congress. The ACC actually merged with the apparatus of the All-Russian People's Commissariat. Gaddafi (Secretary General) and four of his closest associates were elected to the General Secretariat of the GNC - Major Abdel Salam Ahmed Jelloud, Generals Abu Bakr Younes Jaber, Mustafa al-Kharrubi and Huweildi al-Hmeidi.
Exactly two years later, the five leaders resigned from government positions, ceding them to professional managers. Since then, Gaddafi has been officially called the Leader of the Libyan Revolution, and all five leaders have been officially called the Revolutionary Leadership. Revolutionary committees appeared in the political structure of Libya, designed to carry out the political line of the revolutionary leadership through the system of people's congresses.
Government structure of Libya
A military regime was established in Libya, professing the ideas of Arab nationalism, socialism and Islam. The highest state body is the All-Russian People's Commissariat, which includes representatives of people's committees. In fact, the VNK has the functions of parliament. Its members are elected at the local and regional levels, some of them are appointed personally by Gaddafi. From among the members of the All-Russian People's Commissariat, Gaddafi also appoints the ministers of his cabinet. Although Gaddafi himself does not hold any official positions, he remains a leading political figure in Libya.
Islam in Libya is the state religion, and the influence of the Muslim clergy is limited. Direct democracy has been proclaimed in the country; revenues from oil sales make it possible to maintain a high standard of living for Libyans. The presence of foreign capital in Libya has been reduced, large and medium-sized enterprises have been nationalized.
The basis of legal proceedings is the Koran. Legal proceedings are carried out by a hierarchically structured system of courts. Magistrates' Courts deal with minor cases. Next come the courts of the first level, courts of appeal and the Supreme Court. The main principle of the Libyan government is: “Power, wealth and weapons are in the hands of the people.”
Doctrine
The official ideological doctrine is the “Third World Theory” of M. Gaddafi, the main provisions of which were set out by him in the “Green Book” (1976-1979) - his main programmatic work. In accordance with it, a system of “direct people's democracy” was introduced - “jamahiriya”, created on the model of ancient democracy.
In every store in Libya there is always a “Green Book” for sale and in most cases in different languages, including Russian. Reading this work begins to shed some light on why Libyans live the way they do and not otherwise.
The book is a quotation book of the Libyan leader, divided into three parts, and covers the following vital aspects of existence:
solving the problem of democracy (Power of the people);
solution to the economic problem (Socialism);
social aspect of the “Third World Theory”.
The first part of the “Green Book” - “The solution to the problem of democracy (People Power). The political aspect of the “Third World Theory” (published in January 1976) - denies traditional forms of democracy, such as parliament, parties, referendums, and sets out the basic principles of direct people's democracy , based on people's congresses and people's committees. Although quite obvious things are stated here, most likely not many people thought that democracy and other freedoms are in fact nothing more than a kind of dictatorship. This part is very clearly reflected and revealed.
According to the Green Book, the winner in the struggle for power is always the instrument of government - an individual, a party, a class, and the loser is always the people, that is, according to Gaddafi, true democracy. Political struggle often leads to the coming to power of that instrument of government, which represents a minority, “moreover, through legal democratic means.” That is, all existing political regimes falsify genuine democracy and are dictatorial regimes.
Parliamentarism, according to Gaddafi, is a flawed solution to the problem of democracy. Parliament cannot speak on behalf of the people, because democracy means the power of the people themselves, and not those who speak on their behalf. The methods of electing parliament cannot be considered democratic, because the masses become completely disconnected from the deputy. The deputy monopolizes the power of the masses and the right to decide their affairs for them. Parliament, in fact, represents not the people, but the party that won the elections. In fact, the people are used by political forces in the struggle for power. The system of elected parliaments is a demagogic system, because votes can be bought and manipulated; that is, parliamentary representation is a fraud. In general, the theory of representative government is an outdated and outdated practice, invented by philosophers and thinkers at a time when the people were pushed around by rulers like dumb cattle.
The party, according to the Green Book, is a modern dictatorial instrument of government - the power of a part over the whole. Parties are created by groups of people to pursue their interests or to impose their views on society and establish dominance of their ideology in it. The number of parties does not change the essence of the matter. Moreover, the more parties there are, the more intense the struggle for power among them, which undermines the program aimed at the benefit of the entire society. The interests of society and social development are sacrificed to the inter-party struggle for power. In addition, parties can be corrupt and can be bribed from without and from within. The opposition is not a body of people's control over the activities of the ruling party; it is only waiting for the right moment to take the place of the ruling party at the power trough. Control is in the hands of the party in power (through parliament), and power is in the hands of the party exercising control. From here it is clear how false, false and untenable the political theories existing in the modern world are.
Gaddafi compares the party and the clan. In his opinion, the party's struggle for power is no different from the struggle for power between tribes and clans. Both of these types of struggle have a negative and disruptive effect on society.
A referendum is a falsification of democracy. Voters can say just one word, either “yes” or “no.” M. Gaddafi believes that everyone should be able to justify their desire, reason, approval or disapproval. Therefore, in order to be fully democratic, it is necessary to create an instrument of government that would represent the entire people as a whole, and not a representative on their behalf.
Gaddafi proposes to create a special hierarchical structure of people's congresses and committees, as a result of which “government becomes popular, control becomes popular, the definition is lost: democracy is people's control over the government, and a new one comes in its place: democracy is people's self-control.”
“The only means of realizing people's democracy are people's congresses. Any other system of government is undemocratic. All systems of government currently existing in the world are undemocratic if they do not adhere to this method of government. People's congresses are the ultimate goal of the people's movement towards democracy. People's Congresses and People's Committees represent the end result of the people's struggle for democracy."
Such a system works quite effectively: in the Jamahiriya, the entire population of the country is divided into people's congresses, which elect people's committees, which in turn form the second circle of people's congresses, and these elect administrative committees that replace the state administration. Issues considered at the people's congresses are finally formulated every year at the General People's Congress. Accordingly, the results and decisions of the General Congress are communicated to the lower level in reverse order.
At the General People's Congress, where the leading bodies of people's congresses, people's committees, trade unions and professional associations meet together, the most important public issues are discussed and final legislative decisions are made.
In the first part of the Green Book, M. Gaddafi also outlined his views on freedom of speech. In his opinion, “a person, as an individual, must have freedom of expression, and even being insane, have the right to freely express his madness.” A person, as a legal entity, is also free to express himself as such. In the first case, a person represents only himself, in the second - only a group of individuals forming a legal entity.
“Society consists of many individuals and legal entities. Therefore, if an individual is insane, this does not mean that the rest of society is also insane. The press is a way of self-expression for society, not for an individual or legal entity. A newspaper, which is owned by an individual, expresses only the views of its owner. The assertion that it represents public opinion is untenable and has no basis, because in fact it expresses the point of view of an individual, and from the point of view of true democracy it is unacceptable for an individual to own the public means of press and information.”
The second part of the “Green Book” - “The Solution of the Economic Problem (Socialism)” - sets out the economic aspect of the “Third World Theory” (published February 2, 1978).
This part exposes the slave nature of wage labor and proclaims the worker’s right to the product he produces. A person is obliged to work to the best of his ability and must at the same time have a wealth that satisfies his needs, and all surpluses must be directed to the accumulation of social wealth. The accumulation of surplus by one person leads to a decrease in the needs of another person, and is therefore unacceptable.
In September 1977, Gaddafi put forward the principle of “self-government in the economy” as the basis for the development of economic life. In accordance with this principle, the transition of enterprises to the collective management of those who work there was envisaged. The slogan “Partners, not employees,” which he subsequently proclaimed, found theoretical justification in the second part of the “Green Book” and began to be implemented in a number of manufacturing enterprises in November of the same year.
In the course of developing his economic ideas, Gaddafi put forward a new slogan: “Housing is the property of its inhabitant.” That is, the person living in the house is the owner, and not its tenant. In May 1978, a law was passed according to which the rental of residential premises was prohibited, and former tenants became the owners of rented apartments and houses.
Carrying out the slogan “Partners, not employees,” workers and employees, under the leadership of people’s committees, seized enterprises and institutions in the field of not only production, but also trade, as well as various service services. The former owners received, along with compensation, the opportunity to participate in the management of these enterprises, but on the basis of “equal partnership with producers.” This campaign of “people's conquest,” as it was called in Libya, became a unique form of liquidation of the private property of the big and middle bourgeoisie.
Functioning of the political system
“Jamahiria” on the ground and, especially in production, was hampered both because of the sabotage of the bourgeois strata, and because of the insufficient preparedness of the measures being taken, and the inability of the new administrative apparatus to manage the economy. All this caused discontent and unrest among part of the population. Some of the Muslim clergy also opposed the political and economic innovations of the Libyan leadership. She accused Gaddafi of “deviating from the provisions of the Koran.”
In response, the authorities took serious measures aimed at limiting the influence of the clergy. Gaddafi gave the opposition-minded “guardians of the purity of Islam” a public exam on their knowledge of the Koran on television. The theologians were unable to answer the questions of the leader of the Libyan revolution, and were compromised in the eyes of the believing population. This gave Gaddafi grounds to subsequently deprive some of them of the right to conduct religious services.
The final result of all economic reforms in the Jamahiriya should be “the achievement by the new socialist society of a stage at which profit and money will finally disappear, when society will become entirely productive, and production will fully satisfy the material needs of all members of society. At this final stage, profit will disappear by itself, and therefore money will cease to exist.” Currently, everyone in Libya receives enough to satisfy their physiological needs: bread and other food products are cheap; transport and gasoline are practically free; All residents of Libya are provided with free housing.
Thanks to the exploitation of rich oil resources, which began in 1961, the once impoverished Libya has turned into a prosperous state with the highest per capita income in Africa. In the 1970s, oil prices on world markets increased significantly, which led to the accumulation of significant funds in Libya, which was a supplier of oil to Western countries. Government revenues from oil exports went to finance urban development and the creation of a modern social security system for the population. At the same time, to increase Libya's international prestige, huge sums were spent on creating a well-armed modern army. In the Middle East and North Africa, Libya acted as a bearer of the ideas of Arab nationalism and an uncompromising opponent of Israel and the United States. A sharp drop in oil prices in the mid-1980s and UN sanctions for harboring Palestinian separatists (from 1992) led to a significant weakening of Libya. On September 12, 2003, the UN Security Council lifted the sanctions against Libya imposed in 1992.
The third part - “The Social Aspect of the Third World Theory” (published on June 1, 1979) - concerns many aspects of life, including the situation of women, the education system, the fusion of world languages, and sports. It is in this part that the global vision of proper coexistence is presented. The fundamental principles boil down to the following: every nation should have its own religion; recognize the importance of a continuous social chain (“family - tribe - nation - world”; “from small to great”).
According to the Green Book: “if the national spirit turns out to be stronger than the religious spirit, then the struggle between different nations, hitherto united by one religion, intensifies, and each of these nations achieves independence, returning to its own social structure”; “a tribe is the same family, but increased due to the growth of offspring, that is, a tribe is a large family. A nation is a tribe, but a tribe that has grown as a result of an increase in offspring, that is, a nation is a large tribe. The world is a nation, but a nation divided into many nations as a result of population growth, that is, the world is a large nation.”
“The tribe is a person’s natural social protection, providing for his social needs.” In Libya, in accordance with accepted social traditions, the tribe collectively ensures the ransom of its members, jointly pays a fine for them, jointly avenges them, collectively protects them. A special place in the Green Book is given to a woman, her physical structure and social role in society:
Firstly - “a woman is a person, just like a man”;
Secondly, a woman is a female individual, and a man is a male individual. Because of this, the woman “has a regular illness in the form of monthly bleeding, but if this does not happen, it means she is pregnant.”
Thirdly, the tendency to deprive a woman of her natural role as a mother and replace her as a mother with a nursery lays the foundation for the rejection of a humane, human society and its transformation into a biological society living an artificial life (as a result of this, there are no kindergartens in Libya, and a woman, having given birth to a child, never goes to work anymore).
Fourthly, males in the world of plants and animals are by nature strong and rough, while females in the plant and animal worlds and in the human world are by nature beautiful and gentle.
Based on this, M. Gaddafi concludes that “human rights are equal for everyone - men and women, but responsibilities are far from equal.
M. Gaddafi also mentions the black race in his work: “blacks will rule the world.” In his opinion, this event is inevitable due to demographic and social patterns. That is why, in recent decades, Libya has increasingly associated itself not with the Arab world, but with the African continent, trying to take a leading position in it.
The language problem is also raised in the third part of the Green Book: “People will be backward until they can communicate in one language.” However, this question will be resolved only when the process of merging languages goes through a number of stages, which will take the life of more than one generation, provided that over time these generations will lose the factor of heredity: “sensory perceptions, taste and temperament of grandfathers and fathers.”
The Green Book's view of sports and entertainment is original:
“sport can only be individual, like prayer”;
“Mass sport is a social need of people, therefore it is unacceptable, both from a sports and democratic point of view, to entrust sports activities to other persons”;
“collective sport is a matter for the masses”;
“stadium stands exist only to deny the masses access to sports fields”;
“Boxing and various types of wrestling indicate that humanity has not yet completely gotten rid of the remnants of barbarism.”
This approach to sports has led to the fact that most of the country's stadiums open in Libya only during military parades, and any type of wrestling is strictly prohibited.
Not finding specific recipes for transforming society in the so-called “Islamic socialism,” M. Gaddafi constantly amended his theory. If before the Green Book Islam was considered one of the ideological sources of the official ideology, then in the third part of this book, published in the summer of 1979, the “truth” of the Third World Theory was no longer measured by the postulates of Islam.
On the contrary, the “truth” of Islamic provisions themselves began to be assessed from the point of view of their compliance with this theory itself. The driving force of history was declared to be national and social struggle. At the same time, M. Gaddafi clarified, “if we limited ourselves only to supporting Muslims, we would show an example of fanaticism and selfishness: True Islam is the one that defends the weak, even if they are not Muslims.”
In subsequent explanations and comments to the Green Book, many of its provisions were subject to significant adjustments. But this book still remains, as it were, the fundamental catechism of the official ideology in Libya.
Continuation of transformations in Libya
The transformation of Libyan society into a modern political system, called the Jamahiriya, is accompanied by many zigzags and is proceeding more slowly than M. Gaddafi would like. But the system he created undoubtedly awakened the Libyan people to political activity. However, as he was forced to admit, “the participation of the people in governing the country was not complete.”
Therefore, at the GNC session held on November 18, 1992 in the city of Sirte, it was decided to create a new political structure in Libya. It envisioned the country's transition to the highest level of democracy - the exemplary Jamahiriya. We are talking about creating, instead of primary people's assemblies, one and a half thousand communes, which are self-governing mini-states within the state, possessing full power in their district, including the distribution of budget funds.
The need to reorganize the previous political system, as M. Gaddafi explained, was explained, first of all, by the fact that it “could not provide genuine democracy due to the complexity of the structure, which created a gap between the masses and the leadership, and suffered from excessive centralization.” In general, the Jamahiriya continues its course towards building an “Islamic socialist society”, where the dominant slogan is “Power, wealth and weapons are in the hands of the people!”
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Date of creation of an independent state: December 24, 1951 (proclamation of an independent United Kingdom of Libya); September 1, 1969 (proclamation of the Libyan Arab Republic); March 2, 1977 (proclamation of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
Square: 1759.5 thousand sq. km
Administrative division: 26 provinces (shaabiy), which in turn are divided into communes (mahalla)
Capital: Tripoli
Official language: Arab
Currency unit: Libyan dinar
Population: OK. 6 million people (2006)
Population density per sq. km: 3.3 people
Proportion of urban population: 85 %
Ethnic composition of the population: Arabs (98%), Berbers, Hausas and Tubu
Religion: Islam
Basis of the economy: oil production
Employment: in industry - St. 60%; in agriculture - approx. 35%; in the service sector - approx. 5 %
GDP: 36.8 billion USD (2005)
GDP per capita: 6.1 thousand USD
Form of government: unitarianism
Form of government: jamahiriya (democracy)
Legislature: General People's Congress
Head of State: leader of the Libyan revolution
Head of the government: Secretary of the Supreme People's Committee
Party structures: none
Fundamentals of government
In the 16th century The territory of Libya was part of the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 18th century. actual power began to belong to the local Karamanli dynasty. In the 1830s. Turkish troops again conquered part of the territory. In 1912, after the Italo-Turkish War, which was unsuccessful for the Turks, Libya became an Italian colony, but the local population showed ongoing resistance to the colonial authorities. The territory of Cyrenaica and Fezzan was under the rule of the Senussite order, whose members called for jihad against the infidels. In Tripolitania, a republic was proclaimed in 1918, which had its own Constitution. In 1939, the rebel regions were included in Italy. In 1943, Cyrenaica and Tripolitania came under the rule of the British military administration, and Fezzan came under the rule of France. In November 1949, the UN General Assembly decided to grant independence to Libya. On December 24, 1951, an independent United Kingdom Libya. The Kingdom included the provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan, and the grandson of the founder of the Senusite order, Idris al-Senusi (Idris I), became the king. In 1969, the monarchy was overthrown by army forces led by twenty-seven-year-old Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, the leader of the underground Organizations of free officers of Unionist Socialists. On September 1, 1969, Gaddafi was declared chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council Libyan Arab Republic(LAR). This day is celebrated in Libya as Revolution Day. March 2, 1977 Extraordinary session General People's Congress of Libya(GNK; the highest body of legislative power, whose sessions meet once a year; the permanent body of the GNK is the General Secretariat, since 1994 it has been headed by Zinnati Muhammad Zinnati) proclaimed the establishment of a new form of government - Jamahiriya(from Arabic “jamahir” - masses). At the same time, the official name of the country changed: instead of LAR - Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
There is no constitution as such in Libya; it is replaced by one written by Gaddafi "Green Book" according to the author’s own definition, it is “the Koran of the new century.” According to the Green Book, the entire population of the country participates in the work of people's congresses, formed on the production-territorial principle. From among their members, the congresses select people's committees - local executive authorities. People's committees nominate representatives to higher-level congresses, up to the GNC of Libya. The functions of the government are performed by Supreme People's Committee, and the ministries are the main people's committees, which include representatives of local people's committees responsible for a particular industry. The head of government (Secretary of the Supreme People's Committee) is elected by the Supreme People's Commissariat.
The head of state is the leader of the Libyan revolution, Muammar Gaddafi. The legal status of the head of state is determined Charter of Revolutionary Legality, approved at the Extraordinary Session of the Supreme People's Commissariat in March 1990.
Judicial system
In accordance with the Judicial Unification Act of 1973, Libya has summary courts that hear cases that do not require serious proceedings, courts of first instance and courts of appeal. The main judicial authority is the Supreme Judicial Council. (The latest high-profile case of the Supreme Judicial Council is the case of Bulgarian doctors who unintentionally infected Libyan children with AIDS.) The source of “revolutionary legality” is Muammar Gaddafi, and the law, as in any Muslim country, is Sharia.
Leading political parties
The Green Book, considering parties as instruments of dictatorial governments, prohibits their creation.
Leader of the Libyan Revolution
Secretary of the Supreme People's Committee
Since March 2006 – al-Baghdadi al-Mahmudi
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Libyan Jamahiriya. Muammar Gaddafi. The military coup carried out on September 1, 1969 by a group of associates of the conspiratorial organization “Free Officers” passed surprisingly calmly and is still considered the most bloodless in the history of Arab countries. The overthrow of King Idris was carried out by a small group of young officers led by 27-year-old Muammar Gaddafi. Subsequently, Libya's leaders would call this event the “September 1st Resolution.” The young conspirators and Gaddafi, who were ardent supporters of the Arab socialist Gamal Abdel Nasser, initially did everything possible to repeat the Egyptian revolution of 1952, and at first they succeeded.
Muammar Gaddafi, a young captain of the Libyan army, overnight became the commander-in-chief and dictator of an entire state. He was born in 1942 in a Bedouin tent, which is still a place of worship for Libyans today. It is no coincidence that Gaddafi calls himself “the greatest proletarian of the world.” Biographers note the extraordinary erudition and oratorical abilities of the leader (“Qaid”) of the revolution. He studied at the history department of the University of Libya, but entered a military college, where he created the underground organization of Unionist Socialists.
Formally, power passed into the hands of the Council of the Revolutionary Command (CRC), which in December 1969 issued the text of a temporary constitution, according to which Libya was declared the Libyan Arab Republic (LAR), and the Council of the Revolutionary Command assumed the functions of the legislative branch. The SRK was appointed by the Council of Ministers - the government of the LAR. The Interim Constitution put forward the goals of state policy, which were to create a socialist society, a “welfare society.”
The Constitution proclaimed the need for Arab unity as the most important task of the state. The ideas of political unity of the Arabs formed the basis of a mass political party - the “Arab Socialist Union”, created based on the experience of the Egyptian revolution of 1952. The decree on the creation of the party was published in June 1971, all other political activities outside the framework of the Union were prohibited. The main task of the party was to attract the bulk of the people to govern the state and participate in large-scale reforms that were carried out by the “Qaid” of the Libyan resolution.
Economic reforms began with the nationalization of most enterprises built under the king. But the most important event in the country was the nationalization of the American oil company. In the 70s, revolutionaries crushed private ownership of the means of production and land, everything was “transferred to the people.” The innovations and reforms did not end there. The “Qaeda” of the Libyan revolution had new ideas for building a Libyan society. Libya has become like a public laboratory for social experiments.
The main ideological basis for the implementation of all transformations were the ideas set out by M. Gaddafi in his “Green Book”, published in several volumes. The first book was published in 1976, then publications continued until 1979. With the publication of the book, the “third world theory” appeared, which is presented by the “Qaid” as a collection of eternal universal truths and can be qualified as a kind of “Bible of the modern era.” At various times, M. Gaddafi emphasized his commitment to the ideas of Mao Zedong, Stalin, and then Hitler, but the “third world theory” claims a new place in the world. The theory was created as a contrast to “capitalist materialism” and “communist atheism” and claims to be the only one acceptable to all developing countries.
The main differences of the emerging ideology are as follows.
According to Gaddafi himself, his theory represents a special form of socialism, which most fully corresponds to the Islamic “ummah” (community of Muslims). Islam, especially early Islam, contains the ideals of equality and social justice. Islamic dogmas taken as the basis of the new society form the basis of a new ideological direction. In addition, the "Qaid" claims that all regimes in the world are unjust because they are built on the basis of the dominance of one class or party.
It is from here that the idea of “Jamahiriyya” - a society of the masses - is derived. This word was coined by Muammar Gaddafi himself and essentially means “direct popular self-government,” although in many ways these ideas, according to researchers, echo the anarchist views of Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin.
The creation of the Jamahiriya society took place through the implementation of activities within the framework of the “people's revolution”. In March 1977, at an emergency session of the General People's Congress (GPK), the Jamahiriya was proclaimed - a society of the masses, in which legislative power belongs to the primary people's assemblies, uniting the entire adult population of the country. Executive power is vested in people's committees elected by people's assemblies. The Libyan leader believes that the new state structure is the highest achievement of democracy. The entire adult population of the country sits on people's committees.
Ministries and other government institutions disappeared into oblivion. The government of Libya was replaced by the Supreme People's Committee (HPC), and the ministries were replaced by secretariats. A new state, the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (SNLAD), was proclaimed.
At first, the country's economy underwent noticeable changes. The public sector has grown significantly and has become predominant. When implementing the agrarian reform, Gaddafi’s principle was implemented: “Every believer can cultivate as much land as he can.” Housing construction, healthcare, and education, which were provided free of charge in the Jamahiriya, developed at a high pace.
M. Gaddafi theoretically summarized these transformations in one of his works, in which he noted that “communism is not dead, it just has not been born yet,” and it could probably only be born in Libya.
Of course, these areas of the economy did not develop in a vacuum. The guarantor of the relatively comfortable life of the Libyans was the rich oil reserves that passed into the hands of the state. In addition, the country's wealth was created through the use of cheap labor from abroad. Foreigners who brought modern technologies with them created conditions for economic growth and GNP.
However, not everything went as smoothly as the reformer wanted. The expenses were huge. The billions of dollars spent on the purchase of weapons and the spread of the ideas of the “third world theory” throughout the world had an increasingly negative impact on the country’s economy. In addition, dozens of Gaddafi’s extravagant projects simply failed, incurring enormous costs. Suffice it to recall the idea of a “great man-made river” through the desert. $25 billion was spent on the project, but the “river” never provided water to the dry areas.
When CH1A imposed an embargo on the purchase of Libyan oil in March 1982, the country's financial and economic situation began to rapidly deteriorate. Receiving economic assistance from the Soviet Union was problematic, since the USSR was entering a period of deep crisis and collapse. From this time on, the “Qaid” began to think about the need to change his policy. Growing discontent in the country and resistance from the local bourgeoisie forced M. Gaddafi to reconsider many of the postulates of his views.
Since 1988, the colonel has been making a new revolution, moving again to the restoration of capitalist property. The colonel again surprised the whole world: he returned shops and private property to private traders. After many years of strict control over all types of economic activity, private initiative began to be encouraged, and private shops and private businesses were again allowed to open, not only in the service sector, but also in the manufacturing industry. The transition to some liberalization of the economy and the proclamation of the so-called “green restructuring” in fact meant a departure from the tenets of the Jamahz-ri model. By the end of the 90s, there was an increasing tendency and desire in the leadership of the country to get rid of utopian ideas and constructions of the “third world theory”.
However, the course towards moderate liberalization of the economy and the revival of small and medium-sized businesses was carried out under state control. The state held key industries, primarily the oil and gas industry, as well as the main types of foreign economic activity, including export-import, foreign exchange and financial transactions. The exchange rate of the Libyan dinar was strictly fixed by the central bank. The attitude towards foreign capital was changing. The Libyan leadership in the late 90s announced its readiness to open the doors to foreign investment. In 1997, a “foreign investment law” was adopted, which provided for the creation of a special bureau dealing with foreign investment in the Libyan economy.
Stimulation of the domestic market was carried out through the gradual privatization of wholesale and retail trade. The establishment of joint stock companies has begun, and a decision has been made to privatize unprofitable state-owned enterprises. As Libya enters the 21st century, market reforms are being implemented, although slowly but quite consistently. The Libyan leadership demonstrates the ability to learn from its own mistakes and embrace the many achievements of states with market economies.
There is a lot of peculiarity in the agrarian transformations of the Libyan state. The state finally abolished tribal landholdings and became the sole owner of all territories. Formally, land ownership in the Jamahiria has been abolished. Ownership has been replaced by the concept of “land use”. Despite the declaration of land as a national property, state, cooperative, and private property actually coexist equally. However, neither the sale of land nor its rental is allowed. Owners are only allowed to transfer their plots by inheritance. But in the new decade of the 21st century, there is a noticeable trend towards weakening government regulation.
Of course, the country's economic growth is hampered by the consequences of previous extremist policies and experiments. Normalization of relations with the West and other countries of the Middle East is necessary. Despite the US announced sanctions on foreign trade with Libya, many states such as Italy, Japan, South Korea, as well as many German and French firms, did not participate in economic sanctions against the Libyan state. This allowed the country's economy to remain stable. The main source of all the wealth of modern Lieia is still the oil production and oil refining industry, which accounts for more than 95% of export earnings. In general, oil production and its exports ensured a fairly high standard of living for all citizens of the Jamahiriya in 2003, while maintaining many social programs and military expenditures.
Libyan Jamahiriya. Figures and facts.
On the fourth anniversary of the counter-revolutionary rebellion in the Libyan Jamahiriya
Publishing House
KlyuchS continues the series of publications “ARAB CHRONICLES” with a new the book "MUTINY" N.A. Sologubovsky, journalist, filmmaker, witness to the events of 2011-2015 in Tunisia, Libya and Syria. Most of what is publishedin a book - these are notesand the author's reports on tragic eventsbeginning of 2011 in the Libyan Jamahiriya, Tunisia and Egypt. The opinions of scientists, journalists and bloggers are also published. On the electronic disk included with the book -photographs and video materials, dossier authors who shed light onthe so-called “Arab Spring”.The book will be published in March 2015.Four years ago, on February 17, 2011, a counter-revolutionary revolt began in the Libyan Jamahiriya, inspired by the intelligence services of the United States and other member countries of the military
NATO alliance and Arab monarchies.I'm publishing the third one excerpt from the book "Mutiny".
Libyan Jamahiriya. Figures and facts .
1. GDP per capita - $14,192
2. The state pays $1,000 in subsidies per year for each family member.
3. Education and medicine are completely free.
4. Rent - no.
5. Unemployment benefits - $730 per month.
6. Newlyweds are given $64,000 to buy an apartment.
7. The nurse’s salary is $1,000.
8. For each newborn is paid
benefit $5,000.9. One-time financial assistance for opening a personal business - $20,000.
10. Loans for the purchase of a car and an apartment are interest-free.
11. There is no payment for electricity for the population.
12. Education and internship abroad - at the expense of the state.
13. A chain of stores for large families with symbolic prices for basic food products.
14. Some pharmacies dispense medications free of charge.
15. Gasoline is cheaper than water.
1 liter of gasoline - $0.1416. The purchase of a car is paid for up to 50% by the state.
17. There are heavy fines for selling products that have expired.
18. For counterfeiting medicines - death penalty.
19. Real estate services are prohibited.
20. Sale and consumption of alcohol is prohibited.
Having come to power through revolutionary means, Muammar Gaddafi
expelled international corporations from the countryand closed NATO military bases.Africans southern Libya foundhuman rights likeand all other citizens of the Jamahiriya.
For forty years Libyan Jamahiriya:
Libya's population has tripled
Life expectancy in the country increased from 51.5 to 74.5 years.
And nine more facts about the Libyan Jamahiriya, about which
Western media don’t want to tell either...Over the years rule in the Libyan JamahiriyaMuammar Gaddafi made for the Libyanpeople did some amazing things, and also repeatedly tried to unite and strengthen the economies of other Arab and African countries.
1. In the Libyan Jamahiriya
the right to housing was considered a natural human right.The programmatic theoretical work of the philosopher Muammar Gaddafi “Green Book” states: “housing is a basic need for both an individual and a family, therefore no one else has the right to own a home that belongs to him.” This compendium of the Libyan leader's political philosophy was first published in 1975.
2. The Libyan Jamahiriya managed to create the best healthcare system in the Arab and African world. Moreover, if Libyan citizens
could not obtain the desired education or proper medical care in the country, they were provided with funds for both education and treatment Abroad.3. The world's largest irrigation project has been implemented in the Libyan Jamahiriya.
The largest irrigation system in the world, known as the "Great Man-Made River",
was created to provide natural water resources throughout the country. She was called"the eighth wonder of the world."4. Favorable conditions for starting an agricultural business were created in the Libyan Jamahiriya.
If any Libyan wanted to start a farm, he received a house, land, livestock and seed fund without paying any taxes.
5. Mothers received social benefits for newborn children.
A Libyan woman who gave birth to a child received an allowance of $5,000 for herself and her newborn.
6. Electricity was provided to Libyan citizens
for free. There were simply no electricity bills!7. In the Libyan Jamahiriya there was a highthe level of education.
Before the Libyan Revolution of 1969
25 percent of Libyans were illiterate. In Jamahiriya thisthe rate dropped to 13 percent, with 25 percent of the population havinghigher education diplomas. Including Soviet and Russian universities.8. In the Libyan Jamahiriya
had its own state bank.It was the only country in the world to have a bank wholly owned by the state. Citizens could receive interest-free loans from him. In addition, the country had no external debt.
9. Gold dinar.
The Libyan Jamahiriya planned
introduce a single African gold currency. Following in the footsteps of the late, great pioneer Marcus Harvey, who first coined the termUSA - "United States of Africa", Muammar Gaddafi sought to introduce a single currency, the African gold dinar. He decided to withdraw Libya from the global banking system,and others wanted to follow his exampleArab countries.Let us note that the introduction of the dinar was actively resisted by the pro-Western “elite”, which is now in power in Libya. Some experts believe that it is
the idea of creating a “golden dinar" was the real cause of the warNATO alliance against the Libyan Jamahiriya .I am sure that my book will fall into the hands of someone who is sure that nothing good happened in the Libyan Jamahiriya, because, as the “rulers of the ruts of lies and violence” Obama and Clinton and Washington’s European “clients” argued, in this country
“there was no freedom, no human rights,no democracy,” but the country was ruled by a “dictator,” “maniac,” etc. Then explain to me the UN document on the Libyan Jamahiriya under the eloquent title“Human rights are respected in Libya”, publishedJanuary 4, 2011, for 40 days before the start of the bloody rebellion?And here is another evidence of who and how
organized “information war” against Muammar Gaddafi, whose social participants included, among others, some Russian journalists and politicians.Testimony of a German journalist
"US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
ordered large newspapers and Western agencies to distribute in 2011 lies about Muammar Gaddafi,” leader of the Libyan Jamahiriya, to “justify foreign intervention in Libya under the pretext“defense of democracy and the Libyan people,” reported February 8, 2015web portal "Global Research.Editor of the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Udo Ulfkotte said that at that timefor a time he worked for a German newspaper, oneone of the largest in Germany. He got then published an article written by the CIA against Gaddafi.
This reporter stated that "all German news agencies receive orders
from the CIA for writing and publicationmaterials and evendirectly "news" from the CIA. In case of refusal to publish, it indicates Udo Ulfkotte, “They will leave their jobs or worse, they will be at risk.”(to be continued)
Jamahiriya is a type or form of political and social structure of the state, which is non-standard because it differs from the usual monarchy or republic. What is special about this system? You will get the answer to this question in this article.
What is Jamahiriya? Definition
The foundations of the Jamahiriya were outlined in the Green Book, authored by the ex-leader of Libya Muammar Gaddafi. In the Third World Theory, he described not only the essence of the state structure, but also gave reasons for why jamahiriya is the best type of state and social system. In some countries it is still the basis of statehood.
The word “jamahiriya” itself is a neologism derived from the Arabic “jamahir,” meaning “the masses.” This word replaced the standard one for the republican system, “jumhur” - “people”. Thus, the replacement with the more numerous “mass” became a derivative for the appearance of the term “jamahiriyya”.
The Jamahiriya itself is very interesting and promising if it is implemented in accordance with the theoretical canons set out by M. Gaddafi himself.
Features of the system
People who are far from politics and governance poorly understand the difference between the jamahiriya and the republic, and the majority do not even know about the existence of such a political system.
The most striking example of jamahiriya is Libya. She began to adhere to this system back in the 70s. XX century, and the Jamahiriya was overthrown in 2011. In it, standard state institutions were abolished. People's committees and congresses were created throughout the country, and the entire country was divided into communes, which were self-governing parts of Libya. In fact, these were mini-states that had full power on their territory, including managing their budget.
Every citizen had the right to express his opinion at a meeting of Congress. From this it becomes clear that the Libyan Jamahiriya was something like a federation of communes.
History of the Jamahiriya in Libya
Libya declared itself a country with a government system based on the Jamahiriya on March 2, 1977.
In 1988, the Libyan Jamahiriya adopted the Great Green Charter, dedicated to human rights in the Jamahiriya era. However, the legal part of the country was greatly influenced by Islam. It was based on the ideas of Islamic socialism, so we can say with confidence that a socialist Jamahiriya took shape in Libya at that time.
At the end of the 80s. In Libya, an army reform was carried out, which led to the abolition of the regular army. As a result, the Jamahiriya Guard was created.
The history of the Libyan Jamahiriya came to an end in October 2011, as the official state system was abolished and the country's leader Muammar Gaddafi was killed.
Criticism
Despite the fact that the ideas of the Arab Jamahiriya were quite interesting and promising at first glance, the world community perceived this system rather skeptically. Most politically interested and active people in the world were critical of the Jamahiriya, believing that it was not viable in the modern world.
Within Libya itself there was a significant opposition layer that was quite radical, sometimes even revolutionary. As a result, the Jamahiriya was abolished not only in Libya, where it was officially accepted as a form of government, but also in many other countries that adhered to its ideas unofficially.
The main argument against the Jamahiriya was that this system, hiding behind the ideas of democracy, masks a totalitarian system.
Jamahiriya: examples of countries
The only country where this form of government has become official is Libya. However, in some neighboring Arab countries, the ideas of Libyan socialism formulated by its leader have also leaked out. For example, some aspects of this ideology were adopted in Tunisia, Egypt and other Islamic countries.
But in no other state was jamahiriya officially legalized. Today jamahiriya is a form of government and social structure that does not exist in practice. It has actually ceased to exist since 2011.
However, the world community is now aware of the theoretical and practical side of the Jamahiriya form of government. An example of a country that has experienced the influence of this ideology is only Libya.
Inconsistencies between ideological ideas and reality
The “revolutionary sector” that existed in Libya represented opposition-minded citizens of the country. In fact, it served as the leading party in states with a one-party political system.
Despite. that jamahiriya is, in theory, the power of every resident of the country, who must take part in governing the state; in fact, the absolute sole power in the country belonged to Muammar Gaddafi, who was not only the creator of this ideology, but also the permanent leader of Libya for several decades.
Although in reality the regime was overthrown in Libya at the end of 2011, the country officially continued to be called Jamahiriya until 2013.
Some political experts believe that in theory the ideas of the Jamahiriya are very interesting and could be fully implemented in practice with the proper approach, but what the leadership of Libya represented was almost the complete opposite - they covered up with good ideas a totalitarian system with a strong cult of leadership countries.
Libyan flag
He came to power in the country during the famous Green Revolution, so the green color symbolizes not only the country’s inhabitants’ commitment to Islam, but is also a sign of respect for the events of the revolution.
In 1977, Libya left the Federation of Arab Republics, which it was part of at that time. The reason for leaving its membership was the official visit (of the leader of Egypt at that time) to Israel, which was unfriendly to them.
The completely green, monotonous color of the Jamahiriya flag meant boundless commitment to the Islamic faith.
Libya today
After the civil war and the overthrow of the Jamahiriya in the country, power passed into the hands of the National Transitional Council, which was created during Gaddafi’s lifetime. This temporary governing body was intended to regulate the situation in a country destroyed by civil war.
Today, the 31 largest cities in Libya are under the leadership of the transitional council, so in fact the interim government governs the country. In 2012, on the initiative of this body and under its leadership, the first general political elections in the country were held.
An interesting fact is that before the start of the civil war in the country, the days when American and British military bases were evacuated, as well as the day of the Egyptian Revolution, which took place in 1952, were considered holidays.
During the reign of M. Gaddafi, Libyan students could count on educational subsidies at any university in the world, which were paid for by the country's government. Moreover, not only the education itself in any educational institution was free, but also accommodation and meals, for which the student was allocated $2,300 per month.
Before Gaddafi's government was overthrown, every Libyan received a lump sum of $7,000 at birth.
An interesting fact is that during the years of Jamahiriya there were special police units in the country whose task was to prevent the availability of expired goods on sale.
Counterfeiting of medicines could result in the death penalty. Today, this law, like all others that existed during the Jamahiriya, has lost its force.
When the Jamahiriya was the official state structure in Libya, citizens of the country were exempt from housing and utility bills, and education and medicine, including medicines, were also completely free.
In Libya, it is customary to eat only 2 times a day: in the morning and in the afternoon. For this reason, many restaurants and cafes are not open in the evenings, because no one will go there at that time of day anyway.
Some more interesting things about Libya
Before the start of the civil war, it was considered one of the most economically prosperous countries in Africa. The standard of living in the country was approaching the level of Arab oil-exporting countries, since Libya has quite large oil fields.
The government of the Jamahiriya had a grandiose idea for the construction of the Great Artificial River, the purpose of which was to combat the shortage of fresh water in the country. However, the idea was never realized, since M. Gaddafi was overthrown.
The most favorite sport in Libya is football, which is played here from early childhood. The Libyan national team demonstrated considerable success in this sport.
The influence of the Jamahiriya and its overthrow
Despite the fact that there were quite a lot of people in Libya who were dissatisfied with Gaddafi’s undivided power, the majority still supported his system, since during the years of his rule the level of well-being of the residents increased noticeably. But, incited by Western media and opposition-minded citizens, the masses began a revolt, which later resulted in a civil war.
During this war, the Jamahiriya ceased to exist on the territory of Libya, so today there is not a single state in the world where this system is considered officially recognized.
After the overthrow of Gaddafi, economically prosperous and rapidly developing Libya began to lag significantly behind. Pro-Western principles were introduced, so now the country has a transition economy. Due to huge financial and material losses, the consequences of which have not yet been corrected, the standard of living in the country has decreased significantly.
Over the following years, it was not possible to restore the economic indicators that existed before the civil war. Despite the fact that the transitional government that now heads Libya seeks not to lose, but to increase the economic successes achieved under the previous leadership, putting this into practice has not been so easy.
The destruction and losses from the civil war are very great, so many buildings, enterprises and institutions are still not functioning at full capacity or are abandoned.
Finally
The Jamahiriya is an excellent example of the fact that human society has not yet fully exhausted its ideas and resources. Even despite several thousand years of existence of statehood and politics as such, new forms of government still arise, which, unfortunately, do not always work in practice as intended in theory.
There is no clear opinion about the Jamahiriya. Whether this system was good or not, no analyst can say with certainty. However, it is clearly visible that during the years of Gaddafi’s rule, the country turned from a poor African country into a rich oil-exporting one.
However, simultaneously with successes in economic terms, the state observed a rigidly totalitarian form of government, in which the ruling power influenced absolutely all aspects of the lives of citizens. The media were subject to severe censorship, and many freedoms familiar to residents of Western countries were banned here. For example, freedom of speech or religion, although not prohibited by law, was in fact under close scrutiny by the authorities, which made it difficult for many residents to live in the country.
With the overthrow of the Jamahiriya, an entire era in the history of mankind, especially the Arab world, passed away. Perhaps the ideological principles of this teaching will be used by some other state in the future, but at the moment this system is not officially used anywhere else.
