Environmental diseases of man. environmental diseases

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(dioxin intoxication, Keshan disease, Itai-itai, Minamata)
Industrial, chemical poisoning with dioxins
Dioxins is a generalized name for a large group of polychlorodibenzoparadioxins (PCDCs), polychlorodibenzodifurans (PCDFs), and polychlorodibenzophenyls (PCDFs).
The family of dioxins includes hundreds of organochlorine, organobromine, and mixed organochlorine-bromine cyclic ethers, of which 17 are the most toxic. Dioxins are solid colorless crystalline substances, chemically inert and thermally stable (decompose when heated above 750°C).
Dioxins are formed as a result of production processes in the pulp and paper, woodworking and metallurgical industries, during the chlorination of drinking water and biological wastewater treatment.
In addition, dioxins are produced during the combustion of municipal and industrial waste, and are found in vehicle exhaust gases. The source of dioxins is also the agricultural sector; high concentrations of these toxicants are found in places where herbicides and defoliants are used.
Dioxins are one of the most ubiquitous man-made poisons attacking people from a wide front of modern production.
In the natural environment, dioxins are quickly absorbed by plants, sorbed by soil and various materials, where they practically do not change under the influence of physical, chemical and biological factors.
The half-life of dioxins in nature exceeds 10 years. Dioxins are removed from soils mainly mechanically, they are blown out together with organic matter and the remains of dead organisms and washed out by rain streams. As a result, they are transferred to lowlands and water areas, creating new sources of pollution (places of accumulation of rainwater, lakes, bottom sediments of rivers, canals, coastal zones of seas and oceans).
The presence and concentration of dioxins in the environment is determined by sampling air, water and soil and their subsequent analysis in chemical laboratories. Air sampling is carried out with medical syringes with a capacity of 250-300 ml, and water and soil samples are taken in flasks. The analysis is carried out by special devices chromatomaspectrometers and chromatographs.
The impact of dioxins on humans, as well as plants and animals in our country has not been studied enough. In any case, information from various sources often does not agree with each other, and sometimes contradictory. Therefore, the present information is based on averaged data.
Dioxin is a universal cellular poison and can affect many animal and plant species. The danger of dioxins is largely due to their high stability, long-term preservation in the environment, unhindered transfer through food chains and, as a result, long-term effects on living organisms.
Concentrations of toxic dioxins, leading to death in 50% of cases, for various laboratory animals range from 1 to 300 mg/kg. Human damage is possible when dioxins enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, and the immune system. There are severe edema of the pericardial sac, in the abdominal and chest cavities. Carcinogenic and mutogenic effects are possible. In particular, there is an increased frequency of chromosomal mutations and congenital deformities due to the specific effect of dioxin on the genetic apparatus of germ cells and embryonic cells.
Dioxins have acute and chronic toxicity. The period of latent action can be quite large (from 10 days to several weeks, and sometimes several years).
Signs of dioxin damage are a decrease in the weight of the victim, loss of appetite, the appearance of an acne-like rash on the face and neck that cannot be treated. Eyelid lesion develops. Extreme depression and drowsiness set in. In the future, dioxin damage leads to dysfunction of the nervous system, metabolism, and changes in blood composition. The heart can be damaged, under amounts harmful to the body, dioxins disrupt liver function, which is accompanied by the accumulation of toxic products in cells, metabolic disorders, and suppression of the functions of a number of body systems. This causes a variety of symptoms of intoxication.
A specific disease caused by dioxin poisoning is chloracne. It is accompanied by keratinization of the skin, pigmentation disorders, changes in porphyrin metabolism in the body, and excessive hairiness. With small lesions, local darkening of the skin is observed under the eyes and behind the ears. With severe lesions, the face of a white person becomes similar to the face of a black man.
Treatment of dioxin poisoning is carried out in accordance with the symptoms. There are no specific means of prevention and treatment.
The dioxin problem became acute after the use by the Americans in Vietnam of "Agen Orange" (170 kg). The genetic consequences of this chemical warfare on Vietnamese children made the world aware of the high danger of dioxins. The problem of dioxins has been investigated in the United States since the early 1970s as part of the National Hazardous Waste Program. In the 1980s, dioxins were included in the category of especially dangerous global pollutants. At present, national anti-dioxin programs are in place in developed countries, strict control has been established over the content of dioxins in the environment, raw materials, food, industrial products, waste, etc. NATO recommendations on dioxins are scrupulously implemented by all members of the alliance.
Since 1985, the United States, Canada, Japan, and Western European countries have consistently implemented international and national programs related to dioxins and related compounds. By 1985, all chlorine products, which are intermediates for the formation of dioxins, were excluded from production in the USA. The costs of this country only for the monitoring of dioxins amount to several hundred million dollars a year.
To date, in Western countries, through the consistent technological re-equipment of dioxin-hazardous industries, it has been possible to achieve a sharp reduction in the volume of dioxins entering the environment and establish widespread control over their content. In our country, anti-dioxin struggle is practically not carried out. Dioxin technologies are widely used in various industries, especially in the chemical, agrochemical, electrical industries, and in the pulp and paper industry. Substances containing dioxins are widely used and distributed throughout the country (potting transformers, continuous herbicides, pesticides, paper and many other products made using chlorine technologies).
The cities of Dzerzhinsk (Nizhny Novgorod region), Chapaevsk (Samara region), Novomoskovsk (Tula region), Schelkovo, Serpukhov (Moscow region), Novocheboksarsk (Chuvashia), Ufa (Bashkortostan), as well as a number of cities of the CIS member states are especially contaminated with dioxins. . The industrial areas of some enterprises in these cities are contaminated with dioxins to the most dangerous degree. Mass cases of dioxin occupational diseases, including acute dioxin damage to chloracne, were observed at the Serpukhov plant "Kondensator", in Novocheboksarsky "Khimprom", in Chapaevsk, Ufa, Dzerzhinsk.
Some measures of an organizational, legal, technical nature to reduce the dioxin hazard are:
. conducting a comprehensive survey of territories in order to identify areas with high densities of dioxin contamination; . analysis of products of potentially dioxin-hazardous industries to determine the content of dioxins in them; . dioxin control of food raw materials and foodstuffs; . carrying out organizational and technical measures to reduce the dioxin hazard of technologies and exclude the release of dioxins into the environment; . transition in the main dioxin-hazardous industries to dioxin-free technologies; . closure of especially dioxin hazardous industries;

Strict regulation of technological processes in industry, municipal and agriculture on dioxins; . development of technologies for the neutralization of large-scale dioxin pollution; . carrying out works on neutralization (cleaning) of dioxin contamination of territories, objects, products and food raw materials; . creation of optimal conditions for the development of aerobic microflora in the environment, which contributes to the decomposition of dioxins; . conducting examinations of pesticides and herbicides produced in the country and imported for their transformation in the natural environment; . taking measures of a health-improving nature that increase a person's resistance to the effects of dioxins (vitaminization of food products, optimization of diets in terms of protein composition and phosphorolipid content); . development and use of medications for the treatment of specific manifestations of dioxin poisoning; . development and communication to the public of lists of potentially dioxin-hazardous technological processes and products of domestic and foreign production.

The cardinal solution to the problem of preventing the release of dioxins into the environment is the closure of all production of trichlorophenols, as well as the exclusion of these compounds from technological processes.
Keshan disease is an endemic cardiomyopathy (myocardial necrosis) that occurs most frequently in areas where there is low selenium content in the soil, and therefore in plants grown on it. For a long time it was believed that selenium deficiency was the only cause of the development of this disease. It has now been proven that the cause of the disease is an enterovirus infection (cox sackivirus B3) against the background of deep selenium deficiency and insufficient intake of calcium from food (Beck et al, 1998). Mostly children aged 2-7 years and women of childbearing age are ill.
Keshan disease is characterized by arrhythmias, enlarged heart, focal myocardial necrosis followed by heart failure. Sometimes there are signs of thromboembolism. In adults, the main pathological changes are represented by multifocal myocardial necrosis with fibrous degeneration, focal biliary cirrhosis (50%), severe lobar cirrhosis (5%), skeletal muscle damage (L. A. Reshetnik, E. O. Parfenova, 2001).
Low concentrations of selenium in whole blood, blood serum, urine are determined. The disease has a high mortality rate (J. D. Wallach et al, 1990).
Disease ita y-ita y (jap. itay-itay byo: - “disease“ oh-oh it hurts ”, named so because of very strong, unbearable pains) - chronic intoxication with cadmium salts, which was first noted in 1950 in Japan's Toyama Prefecture. Chronic intoxication with cadmium salts led not only to unbearable pain in the joints and spine, but also to osteomalacia and kidney failure, which often ended in the death of patients.
Itai-itai disease (chronic cadmium salt intoxication), which today is considered one of the 4 major diseases caused by environmental pollution, was first noted in the Jinzu River basin around the 1910s.
Itai-itai disease is a poisoning of people caused by eating rice containing cadmium compounds. This poisoning can cause lethargy, kidney damage, bone softening, and even death in humans.
In the human body, cadmium mainly accumulates in the kidneys and liver, and its damaging effect occurs when the concentration of this chemical element in the kidneys reaches 200 µg/g.
Signs of this disease are recorded in many regions of the globe, a significant amount of cadmium compounds enters the environment. Sources are: combustion of fossil fuels at thermal power plants, gas emissions from industrial enterprises, production of mineral fertilizers, dyes, catalysts, etc. Assimilation - absorption of water-food cadmium is at the level of 5%, and air up to 80%. For this reason, the content of cadmium in the body of residents of large cities with their polluted atmosphere can be ten times higher than that of rural residents. To
characteristic "cadmium" diseases of citizens include: hypertension, coronary heart disease, kidney failure. For smokers (tobacco strongly accumulates cadmium salts from the soil) or those employed in production using cadmium, emphysema is added to lung cancer, and for non-smokers - bronchitis, pharyngitis and other respiratory diseases.
Minamata disease (jap. minamata-byo:?) is a syndrome caused by poisoning with organic mercury compounds, mainly methylmercury. It was first discovered in Japan, in Kumamoto Prefecture in the city of Minamata in 1956. Symptoms include impaired motor skills, paresthesia in the limbs, weakening of vision and hearing, and in severe cases, paralysis and impaired consciousness, resulting in death.
The cause of the disease was the long-term release of mercury into the Minamata Bay water by Chisso, which was converted into methylmercury in their metabolism by benthic microorganisms. This compound is even more toxic and, like mercury, tends to accumulate in organisms, with the result that the concentration of this substance in the tissues of organisms increases with their position in the food chain. Thus, in fish in the Minamata Bay, the content of methylmercury ranged from 8 to 36 mg/kg, in oysters - up to 85 mg/kg, while in water it contained no more than 0.68 mg/l.

Year - 1.7 billion people 2000 - 6.2 billion people 1950 - share of urban population - 29% 2000 - 47.5% Urbanization in Russia - 73%

Every year 145 million people are born in the world. Every second there are - 3 people. Every minute a person Every hour - 10.4 thousand people Every day - 250 thousand people. The largest urban agglomerations Tokyo - 26.4 million people Mexico City - 17.9 million people New York - 16.6 million people Moscow - 13.4 million people (Examples in a notebook)

The impact of urbanization on the environment A city with a population of 1 million people consumes tons of food and water per day. thousands of tons of coal, oil, gas and products of their processing. In one day, a million-strong city throws out tons of sewage, tons of garbage and hundreds of tons of gaseous substances. All cities of the world annually throw into the environment up to 3 billion tons of solid industrial and domestic wastes and about 1 billion tons. various aerosols, over 500 cu. km of industrial and domestic wastewater. (Write in notebook)

2. A sharp increase in the course of the scientific and technological revolution in the consumption of various energy sources Over the past 50 years, the consumption of fossil fuels in the world has increased: coal by 2 times, oil by 8 times, gas by 12 times a year - oil-22 million. tons of oil-3.5 billion tons per year. Every year, more than 9 billion tons of standard fuel are burned in the world and more than 20 million tons are released into the environment. carbon dioxide, and over 700 different compounds. About 2 billion tons of oil products are burned in cars. RF - emissions of pollutants from transport amount to 17 million tons. per year and 80% is accounted for by vehicles. In addition to carbon monoxide, car emissions contain heavy metals, they enter the air and soil also when brake pads are worn and tires are worn out. In addition to vehicles, sources of heavy metals entering the environment are metallurgical enterprises, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, as well as the production of fertilizers and cement.

Classification of heavy metals according to the degree of danger: I class - arsenic, cadmium, mercury, selenium, beryllium, lead, zinc, as well as all radioactive metals; Class II - cobalt, chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, antimony; Class III - vanadium, barium, tungsten, manganese, strontium. (notebook entry)

Heavy metals are very dangerous, they have the ability to accumulate in living organisms, increasing their concentration along the food chain, which, ultimately, poses a great danger to human health. Highly toxic and radioactive metals, getting into the human body, cause so-called environmental diseases.

The disease has been known since 1955, when wastewater from the Mitsui Concern containing cadmium entered the irrigation system of rice fields. Hypertension, coronary heart disease, kidney failure, lung cancer in smokers (tobacco contains cadmium). Itai-itai disease

Disease "yellow children" As a result of the destruction of intercontinental ballistic missiles, the toxic components of UDMH rocket fuel (asymmetric dimethylhydrazine or gentyl) and nitrogen tetroxide, both of which belong to the first hazard class, entered the environment. Children began to be born with signs of jaundice and damage to the central nervous system, and infant mortality increased. The adult population developed gangrene of the lower extremities. Pustular diseases of the skin.

"Chernobyl disease" April 26, 1986 - explosion at the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The release of radionuclides amounted to 77 kg (Hiroshima-740 gr.). 9 million people suffered. The area of pollution was about 160 thousand km2. sq. The radioactive fallout included about 30 radionuclides such as: Krypton-85, iodine-131, cesium-317, Plutonium-239. The local population had symptoms of the disease: headache, dry mouth, swollen lymph nodes, oncological tumors of the larynx and thyroid gland. There was an increase in the incidence of the cardiovascular system, outbreaks of various infections became more frequent, the frequency of mutations among children increased by 2.5 times, anomalies in every fifth newborn, about a third of children were born with mental disorders. Traces of the Chernobyl "event" in the genetic apparatus of mankind, according to doctors, will disappear only after 40 (forty) generations.

Ecological safety of the population This is the state of protection of the vital ecological interests of a person and, above all, his rights to a favorable natural environment. Human health currently also depends on the state of the environment. "You have to pay for everything" says one of Barry Commoner's laws. And we pay with our health for the environmental problems we have created. In recent years, in many countries, due to the increase in the number of environmentally caused diseases, they began to attach particular importance to the legal foundations of environmental protection. In our country, important federal environmental laws have been adopted: “On the Protection of the Environment” (1991), the Water Code of the Russian Federation ( 1995), "On the radiation safety of the population" (1996), "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (1999). The "Concept of the Russian Federation's transition to sustainable development" (1996) was developed. International cooperation is of great importance in solving global environmental problems.

Nature has been and always will be stronger than man. She is eternal and endless. If you leave everything as it is, then soon after only years, the Earth will respond to humanity with an irresistible blow to destruction!

Environmental diseases Name of the disease Cause of the disease How the disease manifests itself 3 Yusho or Black babies disease Poisoning of people with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Change in skin color in humans; Severe damage to internal organs (liver, kidneys, spleen); The development of malignant tumors.

Environmental diseases Name of the disease Cause of the disease How the disease manifests itself 4 Disease "yellow children" rocket fuel - UDMH (asymmetric dimethylhydrazine or gentyl) and nitrogen tetroxide jaundice and damage to the central nervous system. The adult population developed gangrene of the lower extremities. Pustular diseases of the skin.

Environmental diseases Name of the disease Cause of the disease How the disease manifests itself 5 "Chernobyl disease" Radiation Headache, dry mouth, swollen lymph nodes, oncological tumors of the larynx and thyroid gland. Anomalies in newborns, mental disorders.

Throughout the lifespan of a person, there are quite a few interesting and exciting events that have a direct impact on the lives of many generations. Since ancient times, man has sought to create more comfortable conditions for his existence, was in search of the source of all diseases, disasters and other problems that plague the planet. The life expectancy of ancient people was no more than 20-25 years, gradually this period increased and reached 30-40 years, people received hope that after 100-200 years they would be able to live for 100 or more years and not get sick and completely don't get old. And indeed, the developments of modern medicine make it possible to realize this dream, but one very capricious and righteous force - nature - will not allow it.

Man, in his impulse to transform everything and everything, completely forgot about nature - an invincible force that gave rise not only to all living things, but also to man himself. Huge industrial giants whose chimneys emit incalculable amounts of smoke poisoning the atmosphere, billions of cars, mountains of garbage that accumulate around large cities, waste that hides at the bottom of the seas and deep crevices - all this is detrimental to health. Having been born completely healthy and strong, the child after a while begins to get sick and possibly even dies. According to sad statistics, about 50 million people die every year due to poor ecology in the world, most of them are children who have not reached school age.

We list some diseases associated with poor environmental conditions:

Crayfish. The main disease of the new century is not at all AIDS and not other rapidly spreading diseases, such a disease is considered to be cancer - a small tumor, which is extremely rare to detect in a timely manner. A cancerous tumor appears in any part of the body, affecting the brain and spinal cord, internal organs, vision, chest, and so on. It is impossible to prevent the occurrence of the disease, as well as to reliably predict who will develop it. Thus, all of humanity is at risk.
Diseases accompanied by diarrhea, leading to dehydration and severe painful death. Oddly enough, in a world where sanitary conditions are prioritized for everyone else, there is simply a huge number of countries where people have absolutely no idea about hygiene, the need to wash their hands, fruits and vegetables, and wash things. And this is connected, first of all, with the upbringing of a whole separate world, which prefers to get sick and die, rather than learn something new. The cause of these diseases is the same - poisoned air, water and soil heavily watered with pesticides for the speedy growth of plants. Approximately 3 million people worldwide die from these diseases every year.
Respiratory infections. The main cause of respiratory diseases, that is, those that are transmitted by airborne droplets, is polluted atmosphere. That is why residents of big cities so often get the flu, pneumonia, and other diseases. It is estimated that pneumonia alone kills 3.5 million children a year.
Tuberculosis. Appearing with the advent of machines, this lung disease still remains incurable, although more than one hundred years have passed since its discovery. Large masses of people who work and live in the same room are most susceptible to infection, because every 5th resident of the city is in the infection zone. Statistics say that more than 3 million people die from tuberculosis caused by a lack of clean air every year.

Every year, new strains of viruses and diseases appear in the world, the number of forests and fields, uncultivated and untouched by man areas of nature is decreasing, tuberculosis affects not only some specific people, very soon this disease will affect the entire Earth. The ongoing tree planting activities are nothing compared to how many are cut down in a day. It will take several years for a young tree to grow, during which it will be affected by drought, strong winds, storms and hurricanes. It is likely that out of hundreds of seedlings planted, only a few will reach the state of mature trees, while thousands and thousands of trees will die during this time.

Never before has a world armed to the teeth with weapons and medical supplies been as close to destruction as it is now. It is worth thinking about why high in the mountains people live for more than a hundred years, and at the same time do not get sick. Probably their secret is not in a special diet, but in remoteness from machines and technological innovations, which gradually shorten a person's days.

Svetlana Kosareva "Bad ecology and diseases of the modern world" especially for the Eco-life website.

Sections: Geography, Ecology

Lesson topic: environmental diseases.

Lesson Objectives:

Give the concept of global environmental pollution, the impact on human health of heavy metals, radiation, biphenyls and emerging environmental diseases. Show ways to solve the problem of global environmental pollution. Give the concept of environmental safety of the population.
Continue developing the skills to prepare messages, analyze, compare, draw conclusions.
Education of respect for health and nature.

Equipment: photos, slides, tables.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizing moment

a) Announcement of the topic of the lesson. ( Application . slide 1)
b) Familiarization with the lesson plan. ( Application . slide 2)

II. Presentation of new material

1. Global environmental pollution.

Teacher: At the beginning of the 21st century, humanity has fully felt the global environmental crisis, which clearly indicates the anthropogenic pollution of our planet. The most dangerous environmental pollutants include many inorganic and organic substances: radionuclides, heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium, lead, zinc), radioactive metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Their constant impact causes serious disturbances in the activity of the basic vital functions of the body. Probably, man has crossed the permissible ecological limits of influence on all components of the biosphere, which ultimately endangered the existence of modern civilization. We can say that a person has approached a limit that cannot be crossed under any circumstances. One careless step and humanity will "fall" into the abyss. One thoughtless move and humanity could disappear from the face of the earth.
(Application . slide 3)
Global environmental pollution has occurred mainly for two reasons:
1) The steady growth of the world's population.
2) A sharp increase in the course of the scientific and technological revolution in the consumption of various energy sources.

Consider the first case: Application . slide 4)

So, if the population in 1900 was 1.7 billion people, then by the end of the twentieth century it reached 6.2 billion people. 1950 - the share of the urban population - 29%, 2000 - 47.5%. Urbanization in Russia - 73%.
(Application . slide 5) Every year 145 million people are born in the world. 3 people appear every second. Every minute - 175 people. Every hour - 10.5 thousand people. Every day - 250 thousand people.

(Application . Slide 5) The largest urban agglomerations are: Tokyo - 26.4 million people. Mexico City - 17 million people New York - 16.6 million people Moscow - 13.4 million people

Urbanization has also affected Russia, where the share of the urban population is about 73%. In large cities, the situation with environmental pollution has become threatening (especially from vehicle emissions, radioactive contamination due to accidents at nuclear power plants).

(Application . Slide 6) A city with a population of 1 million people consumes 2,000 tons of food per day, 625,000 tons of water, thousands of tons of coal, oil, gas and products of their processing.
In one day, a million-strong city throws out 500,000 tons of sewage, 2,000 tons of garbage and hundreds of tons of gaseous substances. All cities of the world annually emit into the environment up to 3 billion tons of solid industrial and domestic waste and about 1 billion tons of various aerosols, over 500 cubic meters. km, industrial and domestic wastewater. (Write in notebook)

Teacher. Let's consider the second case.
Since the middle of the 19th century, as a result of the industrial and then the scientific and technological revolution, mankind has increased the consumption of fossil fuels dozens of times. With the advent of new vehicles (steam locomotives, steamships, automobiles, diesel engines) and the development of thermal power engineering, the consumption of oil and natural gas has increased significantly.
(Application . slide 7)
Over the past 50 years, the consumption of fossil fuels in the world has increased: coal by 2 times, oil by 8 times, gas by 12 times. So, if oil consumption in the world in 1910 amounted to 22 million tons, then in 1998 it reached 3.5 billion tons.
The basis of the socio-economic development of modern civilization is mainly energy production, based mainly on fossil fuels.
On the one hand, oil and gas have become the foundation of the well-being of many countries, and on the other, a powerful source of global pollution of our planet. Every year, more than 9 billion tons of fuel are burned in the world. tons of standard fuel, which leads to the release of more than 20 million tons of fuel into the environment. tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and more than 700 million tons of various compounds. Currently, about 2 billion tons of oil products are burned in cars.
In Russia, the total amount of pollutant emissions from all types of transport is about 17 million tons per year, with more than 80% of all emissions coming from motor vehicles. In addition to carbon monoxide, car emissions contain heavy metals, they enter the air and soil.
Mostly, about 84% carbon monoxide (CO) is emitted into the environment from vehicles. Carbon monoxide prevents the absorption of oxygen by the blood, which weakens the thinking abilities of a person, slows down reflexes, and can cause loss of consciousness and death.
Teacher. Let's move on to the next question.

2. The impact of heavy metals on the human body

A significant amount of heavy metals gets into the air and soil not only from car emissions, but also from abrasion of brake pads and wear of tires. A particular danger from these emissions is that they contain soot, which contributes to the deep penetration of heavy metals into the human body. In addition to vehicles, sources of heavy metals entering the environment are metallurgical enterprises, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, as well as the production of fertilizers and cement.
All heavy metals can be divided into three hazard classes: we write it down in a notebook. ( Application . slide 8)

I class- arsenic, cadmium, mercury, beryllium, selenium, lead, zinc, as well as all radioactive metals;
II class- cobalt, chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, antimony;
III class- vanadium, barium, tungsten, manganese, strontium.

Effects of exposure to heavy metals on human health

Elements	Consequences of exposure to the elements	Sources
	Elevated concentrations
	Nervous disorders (minamata disease). Violation of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, changes in chromosomes.	Pollution of soil, surface and ground waters.
	Cancers of the skin, intonation, peripheral neuritis.	Soil pollution. Pickled grain.
	Destruction of bone tissue, delayed protein synthesis in the blood, impaired nervous system and kidneys.	Polluted soils, surface and ground waters.
	Organic changes in tissues, bone tissue breakdown, hepatitis	Pollution of soils, surface and underground waters.
	cirrhosis of the liver, impaired renal function, proteinuria.	Soil pollution.

The conclusions on the table are made by the student. ( Application . slide 10)

Conclusions: Heavy metals are very dangerous, they have the ability to accumulate in living organisms, increasing their concentration along the food chain, which, ultimately, poses a great danger to humans. Highly toxic and radioactive metals, getting into the human body, cause so-called environmental diseases.

3. Environmental diseases is our next question.

Teacher: Guys, you prepared material on this issue, now we will hear you. In the course of the message, you must fill in the table.

environmental diseases.(Application . slide 11)

Message from the first student. ( Application . Slides 12, 13, 14 (Photos of views of Japan)

In 1953, more than a hundred residents of the town of Minamata in southern Japan fell ill with a strange disease.
Their eyesight and hearing quickly deteriorated, coordination of movements was upset, convulsions and convulsions cramped muscles, speech was disturbed, and serious mental deviations appeared.
The most severe cases ended in complete blindness, paralysis, insanity, death ... In total, 50 people died in Minamata. Not only people, but also domestic animals suffered from this disease - half of the cats died in three years. They began to find out the cause of the disease, it turned out that all the victims ate sea fish caught off the coast, where industrial waste from the enterprises of the Tiso chemical concern was dumped,
containing mercury (minamata disease). ( Application . slide 15)
Minamata disease - disease of humans and animals caused by mercury compounds. It has been established that some aquatic microorganisms are able to convert mercury into highly toxic methylmercury, which increases its concentration along food chains and accumulates in significant quantities in the bodies of predatory fish.
Mercury enters the human body with fish products, in which the mercury content may exceed the norm. Thus, such fish may contain 50 mg/kg of mercury; moreover, when such fish is eaten, it causes mercury poisoning when raw fish contains 10 mg / kg.
The disease manifests itself in the form of nerve disorders, headache, paralysis, weakness, loss of vision, and can even lead to death.

Message from the second student. ( Application . Slide 16 - photo about Japan, slide 17 - "itai-itai" disease).

Itai-tai disease poisoning of people caused by eating rice containing cadmium compounds. This disease has been known since 1955, when cadmium-containing wastewater from the Mitsui Concern entered the irrigation system of rice fields. Cadmium poisoning can cause lethargy, kidney damage, bone softening, and even death in people.
In the human body, cadmium mainly accumulates in the kidneys and liver, and its damaging effect occurs when the concentration of this chemical element in the kidneys reaches 200 µg/g. Signs of this disease are recorded in many regions of the globe, a significant amount of cadmium compounds enters the environment. Sources are: combustion of fossil fuels at thermal power plants, gas emissions from industrial enterprises, production of mineral fertilizers, dyes, catalysts, etc. Assimilation - absorption of water-food cadmium is at the level of 5%, and air up to 80%. For this reason, the content of cadmium in the body of residents of large cities with their polluted atmosphere can be ten times higher than that of rural residents. Typical "cadmium" diseases of citizens include: hypertension, coronary heart disease, kidney failure. For smokers (tobacco strongly accumulates cadmium salts from the soil) or employed in production using cadmium, emphysema is added to lung cancer., And for
non-smokers - bronchitis, pharyngitis and other respiratory diseases.

Message from the third student. ( Application . Slide 18 - photo about Japan, slide 19 - Yusho disease).

Yusho disease - Poisoning of humans by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been known since 1968. In Japan, in a rice oil refinery, befinils from refrigeration units got into the product. The poisoned oil was then marketed as food and animal feed. At first, about 100 thousand chickens died, and soon the first symptoms of poisoning appeared in people. This was reflected in changes in skin color, in particular darkening of the skin in children born to mothers who suffered from PCB poisoning. Later, severe lesions of internal organs (liver, kidneys, spleen) and the development of malignant tumors were discovered.
The use of some types of PCBs in agriculture and public health in some countries to control the vectors of infectious diseases has led to their accumulation in many types of agricultural products, such as rice, cotton, vegetables.
Some PCBs enter the environment with emissions from waste incineration plants, which poses a health hazard to urban residents. Therefore, many countries limit the use of PCBs or use them only in closed systems.

Message 4 student. ( Application . Slides 20-21 - photo about Altai)

Disease "yellow children"- the disease appeared as a result of the destruction of intercontinental ballistic missiles, which led to the release of toxic components of rocket fuel into the environment: UDMH (unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine or gentyl) - the main component of rocket fuel, as well as nitrogen tetroxide (both belong to the first hazard class). These compounds are highly toxic; they enter the human body through the skin, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. As a result, children began to be born with
pronounced signs of jaundice. The incidence of newborns increased by 2-3 times. The number of newborns with lesions of the central nervous system has increased. Infant mortality has risen. Due to the release of these substances, skin “burns” appeared - pustular diseases that can appear after swimming in local rivers, hiking in the forest, direct contact of naked parts of the body with soil, etc. ( Application . Slide 23 - yellow children disease).

Message 5 student. ( Application . Slide 23 - drawing of the Chernobyl accident).

"Chernobyl disease"(Application . Slide 24 - "Chernobyl disease")

April 26, 1986 An explosion occurred at the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The release of radionuclides amounted to 77 kg. (Hiroshima - 740 gr.). 9 million people were affected. The area of pollution was 160 thousand km. sq. The composition of radioactive fallout included about 30 radionuclides such as: krypton - 85, iodine - 131, cesium - 317, plutonium - 239. The most dangerous of them was iodine - 131, with a short half-life. This element enters the human body through the respiratory tract, concentrating in the thyroid gland. The local population had symptoms of the "Chernobyl disease": headache, dry mouth, swollen lymph nodes, oncological tumors of the larynx and thyroid gland. Also, in the areas affected by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the incidence of the cardiovascular system has increased, outbreaks of various infections have become more frequent, and birth rates have significantly decreased. The frequency of mutations among children increased by 2.5 times, anomalies occurred in every fifth newborn, about a third of children were born with mental disorders. Traces of the Chernobyl "event"
in the genetic apparatus of mankind, according to doctors, will disappear only after 40 generations.

(Application . slide 25)

Teacher. How can the impact of industrial pollution on the environment be reduced?

(Application . slide 26)

1. Use of treatment facilities
2. Non-traditional energy sources.
3. Replacing old technologies with new ones.
4. Rational organization of traffic.
5. Prevention of accidents at nuclear power plants and other industrial enterprises.

Teacher. Let's move on to the last question.

4. Environmental safety of the population

Teacher. The issue of environmental safety of the population worries each of us. What is environmental security? We look at the slide, write out the definition and basic laws. ( Application . slide 27)

The ecological safety of the population is the state of protection of the vital ecological interests of a person and, above all, his rights to a favorable environment.

Human health currently also depends on the state of the environment. "You have to pay for everything" says one of Barry Commoner's laws. And we pay with our health for the environmental problems we have created. In recent years, in many countries, due to the increase in the number of environmentally caused diseases, special attention has been paid to the legal issues of environmental protection. Important federal environmental laws have been adopted in our country: “On the Protection of the Environment” (1991), the Water Code of the Russian Federation (1995), “On the Radiation Safety of the Population” (1996), “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population” (1999). The "Concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development" was developed in 1996. In solving environmental problems, international cooperation is of great importance.

Conclusion (Application . slide 28)

Nature has been and always will be stronger than man. She is eternal and endless. If you leave everything as it is, then soon after only 20-50 years, the Earth will respond to humanity with an irresistible blow to destruction!

Reflection(Application . Slides 29, 30 are fun drawings).

III. Fixing the material

(Application . Slides 31-35). Checking the filling of the table "Environmental diseases".

IV. Homework

Learn the material in the table .

Literature:

1. Vovk G.A. Ecology. Textbook for students 10 cells . educational institutions.
Blagoveshchensk: Publishing house of BSPU, 2000.
2. Vronsky V.A. environmental diseases. Journal "Geography at School No. 3, 2003.
3. Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V. Ecology. Rostov n-D: publishing house "Phoenix", 2001.
4. Kuznetsov V.N. Ecology of Russia. Reader. M: JSC "MDS", 1996.
5. Rozanov L.L. Geoecology. Textbook 10 -11 cells. elective courses. Bustard, 2005.

Lesson in the 11th grade "Environmental diseases"

Lesson topic: environmental diseases.

Lesson Objectives:

Give the concept of global environmental pollution, the impact on human health of heavy metals, radiation, biphenyls and emerging environmental diseases. Show ways to solve the problem of global environmental pollution. Give the concept of environmental safety of the population.

Continue developing the skills to prepare messages, analyze, compare, draw conclusions.

Education of respect for health and nature.

Equipment: photos, slides, tables.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizing moment

a) Announcement of the topic of the lesson. ( . slide 1)
b) Familiarization with the lesson plan. ( . slide 2)

II. Presentation of new material

1. Global environmental pollution.

Teacher: At the beginning of the 21st century, humanity has fully felt the global environmental crisis, which clearly indicates the anthropogenic pollution of our planet. The most dangerous environmental pollutants include many inorganic and organic substances: radionuclides, heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium, lead, zinc), radioactive metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Their constant impact causes serious disturbances in the activity of the basic vital functions of the body. Probably, man has crossed the permissible ecological limits of influence on all components of the biosphere, which ultimately endangered the existence of modern civilization. We can say that a person has approached a limit that cannot be crossed under any circumstances. One careless step and humanity will "fall" into the abyss. One thoughtless move and humanity could disappear from the face of the earth.
( . slide 3)
Global environmental pollution has occurred mainly for two reasons:
1) The steady growth of the world's population.
2) A sharp increase in the course of the scientific and technological revolution in the consumption of various energy sources.

Consider the first case: . slide 4)

So, if the population in 1900 was 1.7 billion people, then by the end of the twentieth century it reached 6.2 billion people. 1950 - the share of the urban population - 29%, 2000 - 47.5%. Urbanization in Russia - 73%.
( . slide 5)Every year 145 million people are born in the world. 3 people appear every second. Every minute - 175 people. Every hour - 10.5 thousand people. Every day - 250 thousand people.

( . Slide 5) The largest urban agglomerations are: Tokyo - 26.4 million people. Mexico City - 17 million people New York - 16.6 million people Moscow - 13.4 million people

( . Slide 6) A city with a population of 1 million people consumes 2,000 tons of food per day, 625,000 tons of water, thousands of tons of coal, oil, gas and products of their processing.
In one day, a million-strong city throws out 500,000 tons of sewage, 2,000 tons of garbage and hundreds of tons of gaseous substances. All cities of the world annually emit into the environment up to 3 billion tons of solid industrial and domestic waste and about 1 billion tons of various aerosols, over 500 cubic meters. km, industrial and domestic wastewater.(Write in notebook)

Teacher. Let's consider the second case.
Since the middle of the 19th century, as a result of the industrial and then the scientific and technological revolution, mankind has increased the consumption of fossil fuels dozens of times. With the advent of new vehicles (steam locomotives, steamships, automobiles, diesel engines) and the development of thermal power engineering, the consumption of oil and natural gas has increased significantly.
( . slide 7)
Over the past 50 years, the consumption of fossil fuels in the world has increased: coal by 2 times, oil by 8 times, gas by 12 times. So, if oil consumption in the world in 1910 amounted to 22 million tons, then in 1998 it reached 3.5 billion tons.
The basis of the socio-economic development of modern civilization is mainly energy production, based mainly on fossil fuels.
On the one hand, oil and gas have become the foundation of the well-being of many countries, and on the other, a powerful source of global pollution of our planet. Every year, more than 9 billion tons of fuel are burned in the world. tons of standard fuel, which leads to the release of more than 20 million tons of fuel into the environment. tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and more than 700 million tons of various compounds. Currently, about 2 billion tons of oil products are burned in cars.
In Russia, the total amount of pollutant emissions from all types of transport is about 17 million tons per year, with more than 80% of all emissions coming from motor vehicles. In addition to carbon monoxide, car emissions contain heavy metals, they enter the air and soil.
Mostly, about 84% carbon monoxide (CO) is emitted into the environment from vehicles. Carbon monoxide prevents the absorption of oxygen by the blood, which weakens the thinking abilities of a person, slows down reflexes, and can cause loss of consciousness and death.
Teacher. Let's move on to the next question.

2. The impact of heavy metals on the human body

I class - arsenic, cadmium, mercury, beryllium, selenium, lead, zinc, as well as all radioactive metals;
II class - cobalt, chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, antimony;
III class - vanadium, barium, tungsten, manganese, strontium.

Effects of exposure to heavy metals on human health

Elements

Consequences of exposure to the elements

Sources

Elevated concentrations

Mercury

Nervous disorders (minamata disease).
Violation of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, changes in chromosomes.

Pollution of soil, surface and ground waters.

Arsenic

Cancers of the skin, intonation,
peripheral neuritis.

Soil pollution.
Pickled grain.

Lead

Destruction of bone tissue, delayed protein synthesis in the blood, impaired nervous system and kidneys.

Polluted soils, surface and ground waters.

Copper

Organic changes in tissues, bone tissue breakdown, hepatitis

Pollution of soils, surface and underground waters.

Cadmium

cirrhosis of the liver, impaired renal function,
proteinuria.

Soil pollution.

The conclusions on the table are made by the student. ( . slide 10)

3. Environmental diseases is our next question.

Teacher: Guys, you prepared material on this issue, now we will hear you. In the course of the message, you must fill in the table.

environmental diseases. ( . slide 11)

№ p-p

Disease name

Cause of the disease

How the disease manifests itself

Message from the first student. ( . Slides 12, 13, 14 (Photos of views of Japan)

In 1953, more than a hundred residents of the town of Minamata in southern Japan fell ill with a strange disease.
Their eyesight and hearing quickly deteriorated, coordination of movements was upset, convulsions and convulsions cramped muscles, speech was disturbed, and serious mental deviations appeared.
The most severe cases ended in complete blindness, paralysis, insanity, death ... In total, 50 people died in Minamata. Not only people, but also domestic animals suffered from this disease - half of the cats died in three years. They began to find out the cause of the disease, it turned out that all the victims ate sea fish caught off the coast, where industrial waste from the enterprises of the Tiso chemical concern was dumped,
containing mercury (minamata disease). ( . slide 15)
Minamata disease - disease of humans and animals caused by mercury compounds. It has been established that some aquatic microorganisms are able to convert mercury into highly toxic methylmercury, which increases its concentration along food chains and accumulates in significant quantities in the bodies of predatory fish.
Mercury enters the human body with fish products, in which the mercury content may exceed the norm. Thus, such fish may contain 50 mg/kg of mercury; moreover, when such fish is eaten, it causes mercury poisoning when raw fish contains 10 mg / kg.
The disease manifests itself in the form of nerve disorders, headache, paralysis, weakness, loss of vision, and can even lead to death.

Message from the second student. ( . Slide 16 - photo about Japan, slide 17 - "itai-itai" disease).

Message from the third student. ( . Slide 18 - photo about Japan, slide 19 - Yusho disease).

Message 4 student. ( . Slides 20-21 - photo about Altai)

Disease "yellow children" - the disease appeared as a result of the destruction of intercontinental ballistic missiles, which led to the release of toxic components of rocket fuel into the environment: UDMH (unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine or gentyl) - the main component of rocket fuel, as well as nitrogen tetroxide (both belong to the first hazard class). These compounds are highly toxic; they enter the human body through the skin, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. As a result, children began to be born with
pronounced signs of jaundice. The incidence of newborns increased by 2-3 times. The number of newborns with lesions of the central nervous system has increased. Infant mortality has risen. Due to the release of these substances, skin “burns” appeared - pustular diseases that can appear after swimming in local rivers, hiking in the forest, direct contact of naked parts of the body with soil, etc. ( . Slide 23 - yellow children disease).

Message 5 student. ( . Slide 23 - drawing of the Chernobyl accident).

"Chernobyl disease" ( . Slide 24 - "Chernobyl disease")

( . slide 25)

Teacher. How can the impact of industrial pollution on the environment be reduced?

( . slide 26)

Teacher. Let's move on to the last question.

4. Environmental safety of the population

Teacher. The issue of environmental safety of the population worries each of us. What is environmental security? We look at the slide, write out the definition and basic laws. ( . slide 27)

The ecological safety of the population is the state of protection of the vital ecological interests of a person and, above all, his rights to a favorable environment.

Conclusion ( . slide 28)

Reflection ( . Slides 29, 30 are fun drawings).

III. Fixing the material

( . Slides 31-35). Checking the filling of the table "Environmental diseases".

IV. Homework

Learn the material in the table.

Literature:

1. Vovk G.A. Ecology. Textbook for students 10 cells. educational institutions.
Blagoveshchensk: Publishing house of BSPU, 2000.
2. Vronsky V.A. environmental diseases. Journal "Geography at School No. 3, 2003.
3. Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V. Ecology. Rostov n-D: publishing house "Phoenix", 2001.
4. Kuznetsov V.N. Ecology of Russia. Reader. M: JSC "MDS", 1996.
5. Rozanov L.L. Geoecology. Textbook 10 -11 cells. elective courses. Bustard, 2005.

We list some diseases associated with poor environmental conditions:

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