Small, but remote. Small and daring Little and daring proverb or saying

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One of the characteristic features of German tank building during the Second World War was the desire to maximize the use of resources, even outdated equipment. This was especially true of vehicles that at some point formed the basis of the German tank forces. If a tank was becoming obsolete, in Germany this did not mean at all that it would definitely go to the smelter. Some machines were sent to training units, others were upgraded. Obsolete tanks, especially light ones, were often converted into self-propelled artillery mounts and special vehicles. This fate has not passedPz.Kpfw.I, the firstborn of German tank building, which was obsolete by the beginning of World War II.

Small mechanization of infantry artillery

By the end of the 30s, German infantry units were armed with a wide range of various artillery. In addition to anti-tank guns and mortars, they had at their disposal howitzers and so-called "infantry guns" (Infanteriegeschütz). According to a number of parameters (barrel length, high maximum elevation angles), these guns were close to howitzers, but formally belonged to regimental artillery.

The German infantry used two types of infantry guns - the light 7.5 cm leIG 18 and the heavy 15 cm sIG 33. The heavy gun was especially interesting: nothing like it was in service with other armies in the world. According to some characteristics, it is close to mortars, which is not surprising. The main task of sIG 33 was to fight enemy fortifications. The gun was originally designed to be transported by horse-drawn vehicles, but a version later appeared that was towed by artillery tractors. It is easy to distinguish by the wheels: in the "motorized" version, rubber tires appeared, due to which the permissible speed of transportation increased.

Trophy field gun 15 cm sIG 33 on trials. USSR, 1942

The sIG 33 coped with its tasks quite successfully. The main drawback of the system was a very high weight for an infantry gun - 1786 kilograms in combat position. This was partly offset by the use of tractors, including half-tracks. Another thing is that in the conditions of hostilities, the enemy is unlikely to allow the tractor to drive freely across the battlefield. Manually, seven people of the calculation dragged this tool across the field with difficulty. Meanwhile, often heavy infantry guns had to fire almost point-blank. The first such experience was obtained already during the fighting in Poland in the autumn of 1939.

A completely logical decision, which was ripe by the beginning of 1940, was the mechanization of the sIG 33. In fairness, this was not the first attempt to transfer this gun to self-propelled artillery. The fact is that sIG 33 was produced for some time in the USSR under the designation NM. It was in the Soviet Union that the idea of using this gun as a weapon for a self-propelled artillery mount first arose. The swinging part of the NM was installed on the SU-5, self-propelled guns using the units of the T-26 light tank. The resulting car had the index SU-5-3. For a number of reasons, it was never put into mass production.

In Germany, however, this story had a completely different development.

15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B without cutting sheets. It is very clearly seen how the gun is mounted on amplifiers welded to the wings. In addition, it is clearly visible that the gun hangs over the driver

At the very beginning of 1940, the Alkett (Altmärkische Kettenfabrik) company from Spandau received an assignment to develop a self-propelled gun based on the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B. The choice of this company is by no means accidental: Alkett was a subsidiary of the Rheinmetall-Borsig AG concern, the developer and manufacturer of the sIG 33 gun.

The choice of Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B as a base also looks quite logical. Firstly, after the Polish campaign, there was a fairly large number of repair chassis for these vehicles. Secondly, in the course of the same campaign, it became completely clear that a tank with only machine-gun armament was not suitable for modern warfare. Thirdly, a more powerful engine and a longer base than the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.A made it possible to make self-propelled units based on the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B. As for the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.A, the Germans made ammunition carriers out of them (a total of 51 were built). Also in 1941, 24 Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.A tanks were converted into ZSU 2 cm Flak 38 auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.A. These vehicles, built at the Stöwer factory in Stettin, proved to be quite controversial in terms of design and combat capabilities.

The crew of this self-propelled unit seriously modified their car. The impromptu case collector is clearly visible, and a radio station appeared in the wheelhouse

The self-propelled gun developed by Alkett turned out to be very controversial in design, which received a simple and unpretentious designation 15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B (“15 cm motorized gun sIG 33 based on Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf .B"). Often it is called Sturmpanzer I or Bison, but these names have nothing to do with reality.

The unusual technical task received by Alkett was the reason that the local designers turned out to be a very extraordinary car. The turret box was removed from the tank, and on this, basically, the manufacture of the chassis ended. A completely logical solution could be the installation of a swinging part of the gun in the car, but the terms of reference required the complete preservation of its original design. The gun was simply rolled onto the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B chassis without a turret box and secured. The track width of the sIG 33 was such that it rolled over the wings. Since they were clearly not designed for such a mass, special amplifiers were welded onto the wings, to which the gun wheels were attached.

To protect against small arms fire in front and partly from the sides, the gun received a shield cover. The total height of the vehicle reached 2.7 meters, and the combat weight - 8 tons. At the time of its creation, it was the highest combat tracked vehicle of the Wehrmacht. Her crew consisted of seven people, three of whom rode behind on a Sd.Kfz.10 half-track tractor, which acted as an ammunition carrier. There were only a few shots in the car itself (2-3). She didn't even have a radio station. The problem of communication was solved by using portable radio stations.

Fifth vehicle from s.IG.Kp(Mot.S) 703, June 1940. Judging by the inscription on the shield of the gun, one soldier from the crew of the self-propelled guns died on May 24 of the same year

Such an extraordinary design did not embarrass the German command. With a number of obvious disadvantages, it had one significant plus: the sIG 33 became more mobile on the battlefield, which was what the customer wanted. In February 1940, a batch of 38 self-propelled guns was made. The word “made”, however, in this case is rather conditional: the Alkett enterprise itself, the correspondence court, did not do this. Probably, we are talking about conversions by army workshops.

Especially for the new self-propelled guns, a new type of unit was created - a battery of motorized heavy infantry guns (s.IG.Kp (Mot.S)). According to the state, 6 self-propelled guns hit each battery. The battery consisted of three platoons of 2 SPGs and 4 Sd.Kfz.10 tractors each. In total, in the spring of 1940, 6 such batteries were formed, which were distributed as follows:

s.IG.Kp(Mot.S) 701 - 9th Panzer Division
s.IG.Kp(Mot.S) 702 - 1st Panzer Division
s.IG.Kp(Mot.S) 703 - 2nd Panzer Division
s.IG.Kp(Mot.S) 704 - 5th Panzer Division
s.IG.Kp(Mot.S) 705 - 7th Panzer Division
s.IG.Kp(Mot.S) 706 - 10th Panzer Division

All six batteries were ready for the start of the active phase of the campaign in France. The results of combat use were very controversial. On the one hand, the firepower of the gun was impressive. A hit from one shell could destroy a house. On the other hand, this machine turned out to have a lot of shortcomings. The large dimensions made the 15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B a good target. Only the short duration of the campaign saved the new self-propelled guns from heavy losses.

An equally serious problem was that the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B chassis was overloaded. Breakdowns were quite common on marches. Oddly enough, in this case, the awkward-looking design of the machine helped: a heavy gun could be removed from the chassis and attached to the rear. In this configuration, the load on the chassis turned out to be much less. It is possible that it was then that the idea of the Waffenträger was born in the minds of the German military, that is, a self-propelled chassis with the ability to install a conventional towed gun on it.

Destroyed machine Alter Fritz, the first self-propelled guns of the 703rd battery. Surprisingly, but, judging by the documents, she continues to be listed in the unit in the spring of 1941

During the invasion of Yugoslavia, three batteries were used - 701st, 703rd and 704th. A month later, all self-propelled guns were used in the attack on the Soviet Union. Here, 15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B were often used in the unusual role of tank destroyers. They were clearly not intended for this, although their calculations managed to achieve some success. For example, the 705th battery chalked up 2 tanks, and several more Soviet vehicles were chalked up to the self-propelled guns of the 702nd battery. As in France, for a significant part of the time, the sIG 33 guns were not inside the vehicles, but were towed behind them.

The fifth car of one of the batteries crosses the pontoon ferry. Eastern Front, summer 1941

Despite the fact that the war with the Soviet Union was very different from the war with France, the losses of the batteries of self-propelled guns were not as heavy as one might think. The worst was the 706th battery, which had to be disbanded by the beginning of 1942. The 705th battery lasted a little longer - it died in May 1942. Other batteries fought much longer: the 702nd battery was disbanded in December 1942, and the rest in July 1943. As of the end of this month, the 5th Panzer Division still had one 15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B.

The Voroshilovets tractor is towing a captured self-propelled unit from the 705th battery to the rear. Winter 1942

A number of shortcomings inherent in this self-propelled unit did not scare away the German military. Moreover, for an almost handicraft machine 15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B turned out to be quite good, as evidenced by her rather long career. At the same time, the experience of combat use has shown that the Pz.Kpfw.I chassis is poorly suited for such tasks. This light tank became a much better basis for another self-propelled unit.

A mixture of Rhenish and Bohemian

The idea of a light self-propelled unit designed to fight enemy tanks appeared in Germany back in the mid-20s. The result was the appearance of prototypes Rheinmetall Leichttraktor Selbstfahrlafette and leichte Selbstfahrkanone. The lack of knowledge of the design and other reasons led to the fact that this topic did not receive further development. Later, attempts to create a tank destroyer on a half-tracked chassis followed. Prototypes were built, but work in this direction did not advance far.

47-mm guns PUV vz.36 in service with the German army, 1941

Again, the Germans remembered light tank destroyers at the tank base at the very beginning of 1940. The reason turned out to be prosaic: suddenly the German military discovered that their arsenal of anti-tank weapons capable of fighting the Char B1 bis was extremely limited. The German 3.7 cm Pak was not suitable for this due to insufficient armor penetration, and the 88 mm Flak 18 anti-aircraft gun had not at all outstanding mobility on the battlefield. Therefore, the 47-mm anti-tank guns PUV vz.36, produced by the Škoda factory, became an extremely successful acquisition. These guns went to the Germans in the spring of 1939 after the occupation of the Czech Republic.

At a distance of a kilometer, an armor-piercing projectile PUV vz.36 pierced armor 55 mm thick, set at an angle of 60 degrees. This was quite enough to confidently fight Char B1 bis at medium distances. The gun also had disadvantages - a larger combat weight than the 3.7 cm Pak, as well as wooden wheels, which limited the speed of transportation. The gun was adopted by the Wehrmacht under the designation 4.7 cm PaK 36(t). Its production continued, in 1939 Škoda handed over 200 guns to a new customer. These guns, like later systems of this type for the Czechoslovak army, were already equipped with different wheels - with steel rims and pneumatic tires.

One of the 132 Panzerjager Is produced in the spring of 1940

The order for the development of a self-propelled anti-tank installation based on the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B was received by the same company Alkett. The prototype, which Hitler personally examined, was ready by February 10, 1940. Difficult paths in Spandau were not sought. The roof and stern sheet were cut off from the turret box, instead, a cabin was installed, open at the top, rear and partially from the sides. Unlike the 15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B, where the cabin was assembled with rivets, the tank destroyer's sheets were welded together. Inside the cabin, a oscillating part of the PUV vz.36 was installed along with a converted gun shield.

The crew of the car increased to three people, while in the fighting compartment there was a place for a radio station, and for 84 shots to the cannon (including 74 armor-piercing ones). The combat weight increased slightly - up to 6.4 tons, thanks to which the mobility of the self-propelled guns remained at the level of the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B. The machine received no less simple than 15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B, designation - 4.7 cm Pak (t) (Sfl) auf Pz.Kpfw.I (Sd.Kfz.101 ) ohne Turm, that is, "47-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun on the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B without a turret."

Unlike the assault self-propelled gun, the tank destroyer turned out to be much more successful in design.

Even before the first sample of a self-propelled gun was ready, a struggle broke out in the German military leadership. On the one hand, tankers claimed these vehicles, since the vehicle was made at a tank base. On the other hand, the infantry also wanted to get a highly mobile anti-tank weapon. At first, the tankers won: on February 9, the day before the demonstration of self-propelled guns to Hitler, only 10 out of 132 ordered vehicles were intended for infantry. Everything changed the next day: it was decided that all self-propelled guns would be in units formed from infantry anti-tank battalions.

It is clear that these plans had opponents. Guderian on February 20 pointed out that the infantry units may have problems with the supply of these vehicles with spare parts and repairs. In his opinion, it would be logical to give the fighters to the tank units, and to supply the infantry with anti-tank guns with tractors.

By the way, during these debates, the car was repeatedly called Panzerjäger or Panzerjäger Pz.IB. Later, this designation was transformed into Panzerjäger I, which became official.

The fighting compartment of the Panzerjäger I. You can’t call it spacious, but given the base available to the designers, it turned out quite tolerably

Production of the Panzerjager I was organized at Alkett. According to plans, 40 vehicles were converted from Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B in March of 1940, another 60 in April and 30 in May. The Krupp concern was involved in the release, which was entrusted with the task of manufacturing 60 cuttings. In Krupp correspondence, these vehicles were referred to as La.S.47. Another 72 fellings were produced at the Deutsche Edelstahlwerke AG (DEW) plant in Hannover. Škoda has not been idle either. The plant in Pilsen received an order for the manufacture of guns for a tank destroyer.

The crew of the tank destroyer consisted of three people. Cases when self-propelled gunners were in tank uniform, and the commander in infantry uniform are far from uncommon

According to the plans of the Ordnance Department of March 20, 1940, 132 Panzerjager I were supposed to be distributed as follows. One car was sent to the Wa.Prüf 1 and Wa.Prüf 4 departments, which were responsible, respectively, for ammunition and artillery. By April 1, 36 vehicles were used to complete six batteries for two tank destroyer battalions. Then, by May 1, 54 self-propelled guns were supposed to be sent to recruit three other battalions, and by June 1, another 36 vehicles were to go to the troops. 6 self-propelled units remained in reserve.

In fact, only the 521st tank destroyer battalion received six vehicles in each of the three batteries. It was reformed by April 2, 1940 from a unit armed with towed anti-tank guns. The remaining battalions had a different structure. The 616th, 634th and 670th battalions received three batteries with nine self-propelled guns each. By May 31, another battalion with 18 vehicles began to form, one self-propelled gun was in reserve. In reality, the last two cars built remained at Alkett for a long time. The fact is that Škoda has traditionally thwarted the plan to produce guns. The penultimate Panzerjager I was delivered in September 1940, and the last one even later, in July 1941.

Self-propelled installations in ambush. The relatively low silhouette was noted in their reports by the commanders of the battalions with which the Panzerjäger I was equipped.

Self-propelled anti-tank battalions were formed in a hurry. This did not allow the crews to fully master the machines. Nevertheless, in the campaign of May-June 1940, Panzerjager I proved to be quite worthy. The vehicle was quite low, and breakdowns did not follow it as often as it happened with the 15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B. There were some problems with the supply of spare parts, but they were quickly resolved. The Panzerjäger I self-propelled gun proved to be an effective means of dealing with French tanks and emplacements.

Self-propelled unit crosses the bridge. France, spring 1940

Of course, the self-propelled gun was far from one of the advantages. Crews complained about poor visibility and a cramped fighting compartment. The composition of the ammunition was considered unsuccessful, it was proposed to increase the proportion of high-explosive fragmentation shells to 50%. Reservation of a self-propelled unit was recognized as completely insufficient. However, despite all the shortcomings, the Panzerjäger I was recognized as a much more effective weapon than conventional anti-tank guns.

Panzerjager I of the second production series from the 605th Fighter Battalion. The car from this battalion, which had tail number 32, has survived to this day.

Such results served as the basis for thinking about the release of an additional series of self-propelled units. On September 19, 1940, a contract was signed with Krupp for the manufacture of a batch of 70 cuttings. Machines of the second series differed in the shape of the felling, which received additional side sheets.

Initially, it was assumed that Alkett would be involved in the conversion of the Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B into the Panzerjager I, but on October 15, plans changed. The fact is that Alkett was busy manufacturing StuG III Ausf.B self-propelled guns. As a result, only 10 cars were converted in Spandau. The Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz enterprise was chosen as a spare production site. This company, which included Magirus, is better known for trucks. Nevertheless, it was here that from December 1940 to February 1941, 60 tanks were converted into Panzerjager I.

The manufactured installations went to equip the 529th and 605th battalions, 27 pieces each. Another recipient was the SS division "Leibstandarte", for which a battery of nine Panzerjager I was allocated. The remaining vehicles ended up in the 900th training brigade. It was training, however, only nominally: already in July 1941, the brigade participated in hostilities against the USSR.

This installation was lost in 1941. Judging by the patch on the front sheet, it was not the first time it was disabled

In the fighting on the Eastern Front, all units armed with Panzerjager I were used, except for the 605th Fighter Battalion. Here they often had to deal with completely uncharacteristic tasks. For example, the 529th Battalion was called upon to fill the role normally filled by the StuG III. Not having such armor as an assault self-propelled gun, an anti-tank self-propelled gun turned out to be more vulnerable, which led to large losses. The Panzerjäger I was also plagued by mechanical problems. First of all, this concerned road wheels, which often could not withstand long marches.

Captured Panzerjäger I of the first production series at an exhibition in Moscow. Summer 1943

The capabilities of the 47-mm gun were quite enough to fight the Soviet T-34 tanks. In addition, in 1941, the production of Pz.Gr.40 sub-caliber shells began, which made it possible to confidently fight the KV-1. Nevertheless, 140 Panzerjager Is were lost in 1941. But the SPGs that remained in service continued to fight until the beginning of 1943. They lasted the longest as part of the 521st Fighter Battalion, which shared the fate of the 6th Army near Stalingrad.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the fate of the 605th fighter battalion. In March 1941, he was sent to Libya, where he became subordinate to the 5th Light Division. During 1941, the battalion lost 13 vehicles. This mainly happened in November 1941, when the British carried out Operation Crusader. One of the opponents of the German tank destroyers was the British infantry tanks Matilda. At a distance of 600-800 meters, armor-piercing shells did not penetrate the British car, although secondary fragments formed from the inside, which crippled the crews. Confidently, Matilda made its way only with sub-caliber shells. The crews of German anti-tank self-propelled guns complained that there were few such shells.

Including reinforcements, by October 1942, when the Battle of El Alamein began, 11 Panzerjäger Is were still in the 605th Fighter Battalion. During this battle, the British were able to capture three self-propelled guns. One of them, tail number 32, they handed over to the Americans. For a long time this car was at the Aberdeen Proving Ground. In the early 80s, the car was returned to Germany, where it was restored. It is currently the only surviving Panzerjäger I in the world.

Unlike the 15 cm sIG 33 (mot S) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B, the first mass-produced German tank destroyer turned out to be quite a successful vehicle. Despite a number of shortcomings, largely related to the base, Panzerjäger I as a whole lived up to the expectations placed on it. In addition, when criticizing the Pz.Kpfw.I base, one should not forget that it was far from the worst. Suffice it to recall, for example, the 4.7 cm Pak (t) (Sfl) auf Fgst.Pz.Kpfw.35 R 731 (f) self-propelled gun, similar in concept, whose combat career lasted less than two weeks in the summer of 1941.

Abandoned on the march self-propelled gun based on the Panzerjager I. Berlin, May 1945

Finally, it is worth mentioning another self-propelled mount, which was converted from a Panzerjager I. During the battles for Berlin in April 1945, the Germans used a vehicle in which a 75-mm StuK 40 L / 48 gun was installed. About who and when built this self-propelled unit is unknown. It is only known that this machine was used in Berlin, and that the Germans abandoned it.

Sources and literature:

Materials of TsAMO RF
Materials RGAKFD
Panzer Tracts 7–1 Panzerjaeger 3.7cm Tak to Pz.Sfl.Ic development and employment from 1927 to 1941, Thomas L. Jentz, Hilary Louis Doyle, 2004, ISBN 0–9744862–3-X
Panzer Tracts No.10 Artillerie Selbstfahrlafetten, Thomas L. Jentz, Hilary L. Doyle, 2002, ISBN 0–9708407–5–6
NUTS & BOLTS 07 Panzerjager I 4,7 cm Pak(T) Auf Pz.I Ausf.B (Sd.Kfz. 101), Heiner F Duske, Tony Greenland, Frank Schulz, NUTS & BOLTS GrB, 1997
NUTS & BOLTS 19 15cm sIG33 (Sf) auf PzKpfw 1 Ausf B & 15cm sIG33 towed, Jürgen Wilhelm, NUTS & BOLTS GrB, 2005
Photo archive of the author

Small towns have felt the least protected during the transformations of the post-Soviet period in the past two and a half decades. At this time, the mass migration of the population to large cities increased, and the deep infrastructural decline intensified. In many cases, the causal relationship between these processes and the disappearance of original regional productions is quite obvious. However, despite all the difficulties, small towns survived and gradually begin to develop. There are separate municipal programs aimed at the development of territories, and there are examples of talented enthusiasts with their successfully implemented entrepreneurial projects that should be replicated.

Under these conditions, the decision of Russian President Vladimir Putin to provide additional funds for the development of small towns and historical settlements, announced at the Forum of Small Towns and Historical Settlements in Kolomna, as well as in the President's message to the Federal Assembly, is a positive shift in solving many problems.

Within the framework of the project for the development of territories during 2018-2020, 25 billion rubles will be allocated annually from the federal budget to solve priority problems in housing and communal services, develop the social sphere, and create a comfortable environment for life. The large-scale program for Russia's spatial development, which includes the development of human settlements, mentioned in the President's address to the Federal Assembly, calls for a doubling of spending for this purpose over the next six years.

In Kazan, Vladivostok, Sochi, we can observe the successful experience of updating the urban environment and infrastructure, improving the quality of life of citizens. However, it should be noted that the development of these cities was carried out within the framework of federal projects. And the difficulties in the development of small towns and, in particular, historical towns, are of a systemic nature. The most painful aspect in small towns is the lack of opportunities for rapid economic growth. In fact, entire economic systems need to be created from scratch, and this can be done only with an integrated approach to the problem.

You can spend huge amounts of money to meet the social needs of local residents, the introduction of advanced technologies in construction, transport and public utilities, but do not forget that business is the locomotive for the development of territories. Often, small and medium-sized businesses in the regions practically do not develop. This happens both due to the underdevelopment of the market, and for many other reasons, ranging from administrative barriers at the local level to the lack of qualified personnel.

The President's message speaks of the need to disperse an active and dynamic life from large metropolitan areas throughout the country. The problem of depopulation, the migration of the young population and the indifference of residents to the development of their cities is associated not only with the availability of work and wages, but also with social and cultural life. Residents of large metropolitan areas are accustomed to the fact that dozens of cultural events are held in cities every day, ranging from cinema and theater to fairs and thematic festivals. Most small towns do not have this. To remedy the situation, it is necessary to develop comprehensive socio-cultural initiatives through the mechanisms of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Education.

It is obvious that each region, including small towns, and especially historical settlements, has its own competitive advantages - the "highlights" mentioned by the President. Often they are built around the service sector - primarily tourism, art, crafts. However, here we are faced with, if I may say so, "the problem of the chicken and the egg." Suppose the city has a rich history, some valuable architectural monuments, or even preserved historical buildings; near - a picturesque landscape, clean air. However, tourists do not go to the city due to the fact that there is one decent hotel in the city and that one is on the outskirts, two normal restaurants and a canteen in the city center. It would seem that investors could invest in the development of tourism infrastructure, but ... the tourist flow is too small. That is, no infrastructure - no tourism; no tourism - no infrastructure.

Comprehensive programs for the development of small towns and historical settlements, taking into account all the features of the functioning of such territories as socio-economic systems, could become a way out of the situation. In particular, the Ministry of Culture is currently preparing for the implementation of the Concept for the Development of Historical Settlements, Support and Popularization of Cultural and Tourism Opportunities, Development of the Cultural Heritage Economy. This concept is aimed at increasing the sustainability of urban development and the socio-economic growth of small historical settlements through the integrated development of their territory and infrastructure. Its key feature was the wide attraction of third-party investors through the mechanism of municipal-private partnership, which will allow not only the restoration of the historical and urban environment, but also the improvement, repair of engineering communications, and so on.

Now my university colleagues and I are developing both an economic model for the implementation of these concepts and special educational programs. Indeed, to successfully solve the problem of developing small towns, it is necessary to train a large number of professionals in the field of urban planning, cost-effective management of cultural resources, and historical heritage. And, finally, active popularization of these settlements as centers of culture and tourism is needed - often we ourselves do not know what amazing things are hiding right next to us!

Small and daring. Small spool, but expensive (heavy). The spool is small, but the gold is weighed; great camel, but carry water. Wed Petite cloche, grand son. Wed Klein, aberfein. Wed Corporis exigui vires contemnere noli: Ingenio pollet, cui vim natura… …

The spool is small, but expensive (heavy). The spool is small, but the gold weighs; the camel is great, but it carries water. Wed Petite cloche, grand son. Wed Klein, aberfein. Wed Corporis exigui vires contemnere noli: Ingenio pollet, cui vim natura negavit. Don't despise strength...

- (bath and wardrobe broom). See YARD HOUSE HOUSE ...

Velikohonek, but poor, but also small, but smart. The matting is wide, but its price is worthless. Wed Fedora is great and a fool, but Ivan is small and daring: they would have to wait until he entered the narrow gates of the palace, and seize from behind, but they, without looking at the holy calendar, yes ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary

Fedora is great, but a fool: and Ivan is small, but daring. Velikohonek, but poor, but also small, but smart. The matting is wide, but its price is worthless. Wed Fedora is great and a fool, and Ivan is small and bold: they would have to wait until he enters the narrow gate ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

Fedora is great, but a fool, and Ivan is small, but daring. See MUCH LITTLE… IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

See Velikonek, yes dikonek ... IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

See Small, yes remote ... IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

Rarely, yes. Once, yes much. There is a parable shorter than a bird's nose (and good). And one eye, but a vigilant one, you don't need forty. And one cow, yes eat healthy. The river is shallow, but the banks are steep. The flow is not wide, but it holds. Not great, but the caftan is short. ... ... IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

SMALL, compare: smaller, excellent: the smallest. app. the least, sowing. small; small, small; short, low; narrow, cramped; young, undersized; unfit for its shortness; b.h. use little. Small children, small child; little flock... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

Kind word, Vladimir Goldfeld. V. Goldfeld is a famous Soviet playwright. He works a lot and fruitfully in one of the most difficult types of drama - in the field of fairy tales. For many years, the plays have enjoyed the same…
Fairy meadow. Russian folk tales, . The book contains twenty-three Russian folk tales in modern literary processing for children of preschool and primary school age, richly illustrated by numerous ...

SMALL, YES REMOTE

Parallel to the noisy and elegant Shabolovka and the more modest Donskaya streets, almost along the western borders of the capital's South Administrative District, along Leninsky Prospekt, a narrow, quiet street stretched out, on which not only rumbling and burning cars are rare, but also ordinary passers-by. Malaya Kaluga street. And for sure, not every inhabitant of the region knows how wonderful and interesting this modest corner of old Moscow, which once remained even outside its main limits ...
On the right side of Mal.Kaluzhskaya Street, there are the rear boundaries of the sections of B.Kaluzhskaya Street, which began to be actively built up in the second half of the 19th century. Previously, there was a large field here, which reached the walls of the Donskoy Monastery and was called “black” by the locals. after the construction of a foundry nearby in 1880, slag, cinders and other waste from factory production were exported here. For the workers of the surrounding factories, this field was "both a canteen, and a club, and a place for drinking, fighting and card games ..."
Left side of Mal.Kaluzhskaya st. Starts the Textile Institute, located here since the 1920s. His buildings, built by the architect G. Tsytovich, were repeatedly criticized mercilessly by colleagues for "unfortunate proportions and articulations, sketchy composition ...".
On the site of the site occupied today by houses 19-21, there was once a spacious, more than three and a half hectares, the estate of A.E. Engeld, which was rented by S.N. Turgenev in 1833. “I was then sixteen years old. It happened in Moscow,” his son, Ivan Sergeevich, later wrote. – “I lived then in Moscow with my parents. They rented a dacha near the Kaluga outpost opposite the Neskuchny Garden...” I.S. Turgenev will describe one of the events that took place here in the story “First Love”. “I always reread one story with pleasure - this is“ First Love ”. She is probably my favorite piece. For the rest, everything is at least a little, but invented, but in “First Love” what really happened is described without the slightest embellishment, and when re-reading the characters stand up as if alive in front of me. The prototype of the story was Princess Ekaterina Shakhovskaya, whose mother's house was located next to the estate occupied by the Turgenevs. The estate had a one-story house with a mezzanine, “decorated with a six-columned portico, behind the house there was a garden or, rather, a park with a grotto and various undertakings; “... I had a habit of wandering around our garden every evening,” says the hero of the story. Describing the estate, Turgenev also recalls a small wallpaper factory in the wing: “I went there more than once to watch how a dozen thin and disheveled boys in greasy dressing gowns and with exhausted faces continually jumped up on wooden levers that pressed the quadrangular stumps of the press, and thus, with the weight of their frail bodies, they squeezed out the colorful patterns of the wallpaper. According to the surviving documents, the outbuildings of the Engeld estate were indeed rented out "for the establishment of oilcloth and wallpaper craftsmanship in them."
Malaya Kaduzhskaya Street is connected to Donskaya by Mal Kaluzhsky (Bakhmetevsky - by the name of one of the former homeowners) lane. At the intersection of the street and lane of the same name, the site of the former factory of the Bromley brothers begins, which later became the Krasny Proletarian machine-tool plant. The half-empty buildings of the plant, handed over for various kinds of offices, offices and warehouses, are still here today. But it was in their place, long before the Bromley enterprise, that the picturesque estate of the Vizard family was located. In this house of twenty-eight-year-old poet Apollon Grigoriev, already burdened by marriage, for the first time saw the young Leonida Vizard, the daughter of the owners of the estate, who was then not even sixteen. For seven long years, he unsuccessfully sought reciprocity from her, and after her very dubious marriage and departure to the province, until his last days he suffered from unrequited, perhaps the only true love in his life. A young student of the Faculty of Medicine, the future world luminary Sechenov, was a direct witness to this unfortunate affair. A large cycle of magnificent poems was dedicated to Leonida Vizard, among which are such masterpieces as “Gypsy Hungarian” (“Two guitars, ringing, plaintively whined ...”) and “Oh, talk to me at least, seven-string friend! ..”
The brothers Fedor and Eduard Bromley started their business in 1857 with a repair shop, originally located on Shchipka, and then transferred to Kaluzhskaya Street. Here, their production quickly began to expand and soon, by the end of the 19th century, it became the largest in Moscow, which manufactured steam engines, boilers, pumps, diesel engines and machine tools. The products of the Bromley factory have been repeatedly awarded prestigious awards at the largest exhibitions. So, in 1882, the Bromley brothers' firm received the honorable right to put the state emblem on their products "... for the wide and independent development of machine-building with the exclusive use in production of the forces of Russian craftsmen and engineers who received technical education in Russian educational institutions." After the revolution, the Bromley factory was nationalized and began to specialize exclusively in the production of machine tools, with a limited assortment, instantly losing its significance, its scope and originality.
Between the buildings of the plant, without penetrating its territory, you can see a kind of "terem", with a porch with funny "pot-bellied" columns and peaked roofs. The tower stands on the territory of the estate (in Soviet times it became part of the factory site), which once belonged to the Sherwood family, Russified immigrants from England. The Sherwoods became known in Russia “thanks to” the activities of Ivan Vasilyevich, one of the sons of the first of the Russian branch of the Sherwoods, who actively collaborated with the tsarist secret police and repeatedly denounced his fellow Decembrists. After another, this time a false denunciation, he was removed from service and, in turn, he was taken under police supervision. But in Russian art, the Sherwoods left a much more significant mark. Descendants of another son of Vasily Yakovlevich, Joseph (Osip): architect and artist Vladimir Sherwood, author of the building of the Historical Museum on Red Square, the monument to Pirogov and the Heroes of Plevna, and his grandchildren: architect Vladimir Sherwood and sculptor Lev Sherwood. The estate near Kaluga Street was acquired by the Sherwoods in 1816. Almost a hundred years later, in 1911, on the site of an old wooden house, that very wonderful “teremok” was built, “where all its details taken from the arsenal of ancient Russian architecture seem exaggerated, and even grotesque.” The architects of the fabulous house were N. D.Butusov. Now one serious financial and commercial organization is located in it.
Such is the far from complete story of a modest and inconspicuous street, lost in the depths of the Donskoy district between its large and noisy neighbors: Leninsky Prospekt, Donskaya Street and Shabolovka.

Small and daring

The spool is small, but expensive (heavy).

The spool is small, but the gold weighs; the camel is great, but it carries water.

Wed Petite cloche, grand son.

Wed Klein, aberfein.

Wed Corporis exigui vires contemnere noli:

Ingenio pollet, cui vim natura negavit.

Do not despise the (bodily) strength of the little man,

Mind takes, to whom nature has denied strength.

Cato. 2, 9.

Cm. Fedora is great, but a fool .

Russian thought and speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of figurative words and parables. T.T. 1-2. Walking and well-aimed words. Collection of Russian and foreign quotations, proverbs, sayings, proverbial expressions and individual words. SPb., type. Ak. Sciences.. M. I. Mikhelson. 1896-1912.

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- (bath and wardrobe broom). See YARD HOUSE HOUSE ... IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

Fedora is great, but a fool, and Ivan is small, but daring. See MUCH LITTLE… IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

See Velikonek, yes dikonek ... IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

See Small, yes remote ... IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

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Fairy meadow. Russian folk tales, . The book contains twenty-three Russian folk tales in modern literary processing for children of preschool and primary school age, richly illustrated by numerous ...

Small mechanization of infantry artillery

A mixture of Rhenish and Bohemian

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