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Nuclear energy MOU gymnasium No. 1 - the city of Galich, Kostroma region © Naneva Yulia Vladimirovna - teacher of physics

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People have long thought about how to make rivers work. Already in ancient times - in Egypt, China, India - water mills for grinding grain appeared long before windmills - in the state of Urartu (on the territory of present-day Armenia), but were known as early as the 13th century. BC e. One of the first power plants were "Hydroelectric power plants". These power plants were built on mountain rivers where there is a fairly strong current. The construction of the hydroelectric power station made it possible to make many rivers navigable, since the construction of the dams raised the water level and flooded the river rapids, which prevented the free passage of river vessels. hydroelectric power plants

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A dam is needed to create water pressure. However, hydroelectric dams worsen the habitat conditions for aquatic fauna. Damped rivers, having slowed down, bloom, vast areas of arable land go under water. Settlements (in the case of the construction of a dam) will be flooded, the damage that will be inflicted is incomparable with the benefits of building a hydroelectric power station. In addition, a system of locks is needed for the passage of ships and fish passage or water intake structures for irrigating fields and water supply. And although hydroelectric power plants have considerable advantages over thermal and nuclear power plants, since they do not need fuel and therefore generate cheaper electricity. Conclusions:

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Thermal power plants At thermal power plants, the source of energy is fuel: coal, gas, oil, fuel oil, oil shale. The efficiency of TPP reaches 40%. Most of the energy is lost along with hot steam emissions. From an environmental point of view, thermal power plants are the most polluting. The activity of thermal power plants is inherently associated with the combustion of a huge amount of oxygen and the formation of carbon dioxide and oxides of other chemical elements. In combination with water molecules, they form acids, which fall on our heads in the form of acid rain. Let's not forget about the "greenhouse effect" - its impact on climate change is already being observed!

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Nuclear power plant Reserves of energy sources are limited. According to various estimates, coal deposits in Russia, at the current level of its production, remain for 400-500 years, and even less gas - for 30-60. This is where nuclear energy comes into play. Nuclear power plants are beginning to play an increasingly important role in the energy sector. Currently, nuclear power plants in our country provide about 15.7% of electricity. A nuclear power plant is the basis of the energy industry using nuclear energy for the purposes of electrification and heating.

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Nuclear energy is based on the fission of heavy nuclei by neutrons with the formation of two nuclei from each - fragments and several neutrons. In this case, enormous energy is released, which is subsequently spent on heating the steam. The operation of any plant or machine, in general, any human activity is associated with the possibility of a risk to human health and the environment. As a rule, people are more wary of new technologies, especially if they have heard about possible accidents. And nuclear power plants are no exception. Conclusions:

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For a very long time, seeing what destruction storms and hurricanes can bring, a person thought about whether it was possible to use wind energy. Wind energy is very high. This energy can be obtained without polluting the environment. But the wind has two significant drawbacks: the energy is highly dispersed in space and the wind is unpredictable - it often changes direction, suddenly calms down even in the windiest regions of the globe, and sometimes reaches such strength that it breaks windmills. To obtain wind energy, a variety of designs are used: from multi-blade "chamomile" and propellers like aircraft propellers with three, two, and even one blade to vertical rotors. Vertical structures are good because they catch the wind of any direction; the rest have to turn with the wind. wind farms

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The construction, maintenance and repair of wind turbines operating around the clock in the open air in any weather are not cheap. Wind farms of the same capacity as a hydroelectric power plant, thermal power plant or nuclear power plant, in comparison, must occupy a very large area in order to somehow compensate for the variability of the wind. Windmills are placed so that they do not block each other. Therefore, huge "wind farms" are being built, in which wind turbines stand in rows over a vast area and work for a single network. In calm weather, such a power plant can use water collected at night. The placement of windmills and reservoirs require large areas that are used for plowing. In addition, wind farms are not harmless: they interfere with the flights of birds and insects, make noise, reflect radio waves with rotating blades, interfering with TV reception in nearby settlements. Conclusions:

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In the heat balance of the Earth, solar radiation plays a decisive role. The power of the radiation incident on the Earth determines the maximum power that can be generated on the Earth without a significant violation of the heat balance. The intensity of solar radiation and the duration of sunshine in the southern regions of the country make it possible with the help of solar panels to obtain a sufficiently high temperature of the working fluid for its use in thermal installations. Solar power plants

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The large dispersion of energy and the instability of its supply are the disadvantages of solar energy. These shortcomings are partially offset by the use of storage devices, but still the Earth's atmosphere prevents the receipt and use of "clean" solar energy. To increase the power of the solar power plant, it is necessary to install a large number of mirrors and solar batteries - heliostats, which must be equipped with an automatic tracking system for the position of the sun. The transformation of one type of energy into another is inevitably accompanied by the release of heat, which leads to overheating of the earth's atmosphere. Conclusions:

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Geothermal energy About 4% of all water reserves on our planet are concentrated underground - in the rock masses. Waters whose temperature exceeds 20 degrees Celsius are called thermal. Groundwater is heated as a result of radioactive processes occurring in the bowels of the earth. People have learned to use the deep heat of the Earth for economic purposes. In countries where thermal waters come close to the surface of the earth, geothermal power plants (geoTPPs) are being built. Geothermal power plants are relatively simple: there is no boiler room, fuel supply equipment, ash collectors and many other devices necessary for thermal power plants. Since the fuel at such power plants is free, the cost of electricity generated is low.

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Nuclear power The branch of energy that uses nuclear energy for electrification and heating; The field of science and technology that develops methods and means for converting nuclear energy into electrical and thermal energy. The basis of nuclear energy is nuclear power plants. The first nuclear power plant (5 MW), which marked the beginning of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, was launched in the USSR in 1954. By the beginning of the 90s. more than 430 nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of about 340 GW were operating in 27 countries of the world. According to experts' forecasts, the share of nuclear energy in the overall structure of electricity generation in the world will continuously increase, provided that the basic principles of the concept of safety of nuclear power plants are implemented.

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The development of nuclear energy 1942 in the USA under the leadership of Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor was built FERMI (Fermi) Enrico (1901-54), Italian physicist, one of the founders of nuclear and neutron physics, founder of scientific schools in Italy and the USA, foreign member correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929). In 1938 he emigrated to the USA. Developed quantum statistics (Fermi-Dirac statistics; 1925), the theory of beta decay (1934). Opened (with collaborators) artificial radioactivity caused by neutrons, moderation of neutrons in matter (1934). He built the first nuclear reactor and was the first to carry out a nuclear chain reaction in it (12/2/1942). Nobel Prize (1938).

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1946 in the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov, the first European reactor was created. Development of nuclear power Igor Vasilievich KURCHATOV (1902/03-1960), Russian physicist, organizer and leader of work on atomic science and technology in the USSR, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1943), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Researched ferroelectrics. Together with his collaborators, he discovered nuclear isomerism. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, the first domestic cyclotron was built (1939), spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei was discovered (1940), mine protection for ships was developed, the first nuclear reactor in Europe (1946), the first atomic bomb in the USSR (1949), the world's first thermonuclear bomb ( 1953) and NPP (1954). Founder and first director of the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1943, since 1960 - named after Kurchatov).

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significant modernization of modern nuclear reactors strengthening measures to protect the population and the environment from harmful man-made impact training of highly qualified personnel for nuclear power plants development of reliable storage facilities for radioactive waste, etc. The main principles of the concept of safety of nuclear power plants:

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Problems of nuclear energy Promoting the proliferation of nuclear weapons; radioactive waste; The possibility of an accident.

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Ozersk Ozersk, a city in the Chelyabinsk region The date of foundation of Ozersk is November 9, 1945, when it was decided to begin construction of a plant for the production of weapons-grade plutonium between the cities of Kasli and Kyshtym. The new enterprise received the code name Base-10, later it became known as the Mayak plant. B.G. was appointed director of Base-10. Muzrukov, chief engineer - E.P. Slavsky. Supervised the construction of the plant B.L. Vannikov and A.P. Zavenyagin. The scientific management of the nuclear project was carried out by I.V. Kurchatov. In connection with the construction of the plant on the banks of the Irtyash, a working settlement with the code name Chelyabinsk-40 was founded. On June 19, 1948, the first industrial nuclear reactor in the USSR was built. In 1949, Baza-10 began shipping weapons-grade plutonium. In 1950-1952, five new reactors were put into operation.

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In 1957, a container with radioactive waste exploded at the Mayak plant, resulting in the formation of the East Ural radioactive trail 5-10 km wide and 300 km long with a population of 270 thousand people. Production at the Mayak association: weapons-grade plutonium radioactive isotopes Application: in medicine (radiation therapy), in industry (defectoscopy and monitoring of technological processes), in space research (for the manufacture of atomic sources of thermal and electrical energy), in radiation technologies ( labeled atoms). Chelyabinsk-40

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Nuclear power in Russia Nuclear power, which accounts for 16% of electricity generation, is a relatively young branch of the Russian industry. What is 6 decades in terms of history? But this short and eventful period of time played an important role in the development of the electric power industry.

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History The date of August 20, 1945 can be considered the official start of the "atomic project" of the Soviet Union. On this day, a resolution of the State Defense Committee of the USSR was signed. In 1954, the very first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk - the first not only in our country, but throughout the world. The station had a capacity of only 5 MW, worked for 50 years in an accident-free mode and was closed only in 2002.

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Within the framework of the federal target program "Development of the Russian nuclear power industry complex for 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015", it is planned to build three power units at the Balakovo, Volgodonsk and Kalinin nuclear power plants. In general, 40 power units should be built before 2030. At the same time, the capacity of Russian nuclear power plants should increase annually by 2 GW from 2012, and by 3 GW from 2014, and the total capacity of Russian nuclear power plants by 2020 should reach 40 GW.

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Beloyarsk NPP Located in the city of Zarechny, in the Sverdlovsk region, the second industrial nuclear power plant in the country (after the Siberian one). Three power units were built at the station: two with thermal neutron reactors and one with a fast neutron reactor. At present, the only operating power unit is the 3rd power unit with a BN-600 reactor with an electric power of 600 MW, put into operation in April 1980 - the world's first industrial-scale power unit with a fast neutron reactor. It is also the largest fast neutron reactor in the world.

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Smolensk NPP Smolensk NPP is the largest enterprise in the North-West region of Russia. The nuclear power plant generates eight times more electricity than other power plants in the region combined. Commissioned in 1976

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Smolensk NPP It is located near the city of Desnogorsk, Smolensk Region. The station consists of three power units, with RBMK-1000 type reactors, which were put into operation in 1982, 1985 and 1990. Each power unit includes: one reactor with a thermal power of 3200 MW and two turbogenerators with an electric power of 500 MW each.

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Novovoronezh NPP Novovoronezh NPP is located on the banks of the Don, 5 km from Novovoronezh, a city of power engineers, and 45 km south of Voronezh. The station provides 85% of the needs of the Voronezh region in electricity, and also provides heat for half of Novovoronezh. Commissioned in 1957.

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Leningrad NPP Leningrad NPP is located 80 km west of St. Petersburg. On the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, it supplies electricity to about half of the Leningrad region. Commissioned in 1967.

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NPPs under construction 1 Baltic NPP 2 Beloyarsk NPP-2 3 Leningrad NPP-2 4 Novovoronezh NPP-2 5 Rostov NPP 6 Akademik Lomonosov floating NPP 7 Other

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Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant is an unfinished nuclear power plant located near the town of Agidel in Bashkortostan at the confluence of the Belaya and Kama rivers. In 1990, under public pressure, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the construction of the Bashkir nuclear power plant was stopped. She repeated the fate of the unfinished Tatar and Crimean nuclear power plants of the same type.

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History At the end of 1991, there were 28 power units operating in the Russian Federation with a total nominal capacity of 20,242 MW. Since 1991, 5 new power units with a total nominal capacity of 5,000 MW have been connected to the grid. As of the end of 2012, 8 more power units are under construction, not counting the units of the Low Power Floating Nuclear Power Plant. In 2007, the federal authorities initiated the creation of a single state holding Atomenergoprom, which would unite the companies Rosenergoatom, TVEL, Techsnabexport and Atomstroyexport. 100% of JSC Atomenergoprom's shares were transferred to the simultaneously established State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.

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Electricity generation In 2012, Russian nuclear power plants generated 177.3 billion kWh, which accounted for 17.1% of the total generation in the Unified Energy System of Russia. The volume of supplied electricity amounted to 165.727 billion kWh. The share of nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia is about 18%. Nuclear energy is of high importance in the European part of Russia and especially in the north-west, where the output at nuclear power plants reaches 42%. After the launch of the second power unit of the Volgodonsk NPP in 2010, Prime Minister of Russia V.V. Putin announced plans to increase nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia from 16% to 20-30% electricity at nuclear power plants by 4 times.

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Nuclear power in the world In today's rapidly developing world, the issue of energy consumption is very acute. The non-renewability of such resources as oil, gas, coal makes us think about alternative sources of electricity, the most realistic of which today is nuclear energy. Its share in world electricity generation is 16%. More than half of these 16% are in the USA (103 power units), France and Japan (59 and 54 power units, respectively). In total (as of the end of 2006) there are 439 nuclear power units in the world, 29 more are in various stages of construction.

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Nuclear power in the world According to TsNIATOMINFORM, by the end of 2030, about 570 GW of nuclear power plants will be put into operation in the world (in the first months of 2007, this figure was about 367 GW). At the moment, the leader in the construction of new units is China, which is building 6 power units. It is followed by India with 5 new blocks. Russia closes the top three - 3 blocks. Intentions to build new power units are also expressed by other countries, including those from the former USSR and the socialist bloc: Ukraine, Poland, Belarus. This is understandable, because one nuclear power unit will save such an amount of gas in a year, the cost of which is equivalent to 350 million US dollars.

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Lessons from Chernobyl What happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 20 years ago? Due to the actions of the employees of the nuclear power plant, the reactor of the 4th power unit got out of control. His power increased dramatically. The graphite masonry was white-hot and deformed. The rods of the control and protection system could not enter the reactor and stop the temperature rise. The cooling channels collapsed, water pouring out of them onto the red-hot graphite. The pressure in the reactor increased and led to the destruction of the reactor and the building of the power unit. Upon contact with air, hundreds of tons of red-hot graphite caught fire. The rods, which contained fuel and radioactive waste, melted, and radioactive substances poured into the atmosphere.

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Lessons from Chernobyl. Putting out the reactor itself was not at all easy. This could not be done by conventional means. Due to high radiation and terrible destruction, it was impossible to even get close to the reactor. A multi-ton graphite masonry was burning. The nuclear fuel continued to release heat, and the cooling system was completely destroyed by the explosion. The temperature of the fuel after the explosion reached 1500 degrees or more. The materials from which the reactor was made were sintered with concrete and nuclear fuel at this temperature, forming previously unknown minerals. It was necessary to stop the nuclear reaction, lower the temperature of the debris and stop the release of radioactive substances into the environment. To do this, the reactor shaft was bombarded with heat-removing and filtering materials from helicopters. This began to be done on the second day after the explosion, April 27th. Only 10 days later, on May 6, it was possible to significantly reduce, but not completely stop radioactive emissions.

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Lessons from Chernobyl During this time, a huge amount of radioactive substances ejected from the reactor was carried by winds many hundreds and thousands of kilometers from Chernobyl. Where radioactive substances fell to the surface of the earth, zones of radioactive contamination were formed. People received large doses of radiation, got sick and died. Firefighters were the first to die from acute radiation sickness. Helicopters suffered and died. Residents of neighboring villages and even remote areas, where the wind brought radiation, were forced to leave their homes and become refugees. Vast areas became unsuitable for habitation and agriculture. The forest, the river, the field, everything became radioactive, everything hid an invisible danger.

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Hydroelectric power stationsPeople have long thought about how to make rivers work. Already in ancient times - in Egypt, China, India - water mills for grinding grain appeared long before windmills - in the state of Urartu (on the territory of present-day Armenia), but were known as early as the 13th century. BC e. One of the first power plants were "Hydroelectric". These power plants were built on mountain rivers where there is a fairly strong current. The construction of the hydroelectric power station made it possible to make many rivers navigable, since the construction of the dams raised the water level and flooded the river rapids, which prevented the free passage of river vessels.

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Conclusions: To create a pressure of water, a dam is needed. However, hydroelectric dams worsen the habitat conditions for aquatic fauna. Damped rivers, having slowed down, bloom, vast areas of arable land go under water. Settlements (in the case of the construction of a dam) will be flooded, the damage that will be inflicted is incomparable with the benefits of building a hydroelectric power station. In addition, a system of locks is needed for the passage of ships and fish passage or water intake structures for irrigating fields and water supply. And although hydroelectric power plants have considerable advantages over thermal and nuclear power plants, since they do not need fuel and therefore generate cheaper electricity

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Thermal power plants At thermal power plants, the source of energy is fuel: coal, gas, oil, fuel oil, oil shale. The efficiency of TPP reaches 40%. Most of the energy is lost along with hot steam emissions. From an environmental point of view, thermal power plants are the most polluting. The activity of thermal power plants is inherently associated with the combustion of a huge amount of oxygen and the formation of carbon dioxide and oxides of other chemical elements. In combination with water molecules, they form acids, which fall on our heads in the form of acid rain. Let's not forget about the "greenhouse effect" - its impact on climate change is already being observed!

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Nuclear power plantReserves of energy sources are limited. According to various estimates, coal deposits in Russia, at the current level of its production, remain for 400-500 years, and even less gas - for 30-60. This is where nuclear energy comes into play. Nuclear power plants are beginning to play an increasingly important role in the energy sector. Currently, nuclear power plants in our country provide about 15.7% of electricity. A nuclear power plant is the basis of the energy industry using nuclear energy for the purposes of electrification and heating.

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Conclusions: Nuclear energy is based on the fission of heavy nuclei by neutrons with the formation of two nuclei from each - fragments and several neutrons. In this case, enormous energy is released, which is subsequently spent on heating the steam. The operation of any plant or machine, in general, any human activity is associated with the possibility of a risk to human health and the environment. As a rule, people are more wary of new technologies, especially if they have heard about possible accidents. And nuclear power plants are no exception.

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Wind farms For a very long time, seeing what destruction storms and hurricanes can bring, people thought about whether it was possible to use wind energy. Wind energy is very high. This energy can be obtained without polluting the environment. But the wind has two significant drawbacks: the energy is highly dispersed in space and the wind is unpredictable - it often changes direction, suddenly calms down even in the windiest regions of the globe, and sometimes reaches such strength that it breaks windmills. To obtain wind energy, a variety of designs are used: from multi-blade "chamomile" and propellers like aircraft propellers with three, two, and even one blade to vertical rotors. Vertical structures are good because they catch the wind of any direction; the rest have to turn with the wind.

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Conclusions: The construction, maintenance and repair of wind turbines operating around the clock in the open air in any weather are not cheap. Wind farms of the same capacity as a hydroelectric power plant, thermal power plant or nuclear power plant, in comparison, must occupy a very large area in order to somehow compensate for the variability of the wind. Windmills are placed so that they do not block each other. Therefore, huge "wind farms" are being built, in which wind turbines stand in rows over a vast area and work for a single network. In calm weather, such a power plant can use water collected at night. The placement of windmills and reservoirs require large areas that are used for plowing. In addition, wind farms are not harmless: they interfere with the flights of birds and insects, make noise, reflect radio waves with rotating blades, interfering with TV reception in nearby settlements.

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Solar power plants In the heat balance of the Earth, solar radiation plays a decisive role. The power of the radiation incident on the Earth determines the maximum power that can be generated on the Earth without a significant violation of the heat balance. The intensity of solar radiation and the duration of sunshine in the southern regions of the country make it possible with the help of solar panels to obtain a sufficiently high temperature of the working fluid for its use in thermal installations.

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Conclusions: Large dispersion of energy and instability of its receipt are the disadvantages of solar energy. These shortcomings are partially offset by the use of storage devices, but still the Earth's atmosphere prevents the receipt and use of "clean" solar energy. To increase the power of the solar power plant, it is necessary to install a large number of mirrors and solar batteries - heliostats, which must be equipped with an automatic tracking system for the position of the sun. The transformation of one type of energy into another is inevitably accompanied by the release of heat, which leads to overheating of the earth's atmosphere.

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Geothermal energy About 4% of all water reserves on our planet are concentrated underground - in the rock masses. Waters whose temperature exceeds 20 degrees Celsius are called thermal. Groundwater is heated as a result of radioactive processes occurring in the bowels of the earth. People have learned to use the deep heat of the Earth for economic purposes. In countries where thermal waters come close to the surface of the earth, geothermal power plants (geoTPPs) are being built. Geothermal power plants are relatively simple: there is no boiler room, fuel supply equipment, ash collectors and many other devices necessary for thermal power plants. Since the fuel at such power plants is free, the cost of electricity generated is low.

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Nuclear power The branch of energy that uses nuclear energy for electrification and heating; The field of science and technology that develops methods and means for converting nuclear energy into electrical and thermal energy. The basis of nuclear energy is nuclear power plants. The first nuclear power plant (5 MW), which marked the beginning of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, was launched in the USSR in 1954. By the beginning of the 90s. more than 430 nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of about 340 GW were operating in 27 countries of the world. According to experts' forecasts, the share of nuclear energy in the overall structure of electricity generation in the world will continuously increase, provided that the basic principles of the concept of safety of nuclear power plants are implemented.

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Development of nuclear energy 1942 in the USA under the leadership of Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor was built FERMI (Fermi) Enrico (1901-54), Italian physicist, one of the founders of nuclear and neutron physics, founder of scientific schools in Italy and the USA, foreign corresponding member Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929). In 1938 he emigrated to the USA. Developed quantum statistics (Fermi-Dirac statistics; 1925), the theory of beta decay (1934). Opened (with collaborators) artificial radioactivity caused by neutrons, moderation of neutrons in matter (1934). He built the first nuclear reactor and was the first to carry out a nuclear chain reaction in it (12/2/1942). Nobel Prize (1938).

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Development of Nuclear Energy In 1946, the first European reactor was created in the Soviet Union under the leadership of Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov. KURCHATOV Igor Vasilievich (1902/03-1960), Russian physicist, organizer and leader of work on atomic science and technology in the USSR, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1943), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Investigated ferroelectrics. Together with his collaborators, he discovered nuclear isomerism. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, the first domestic cyclotron was built (1939), spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei was discovered (1940), mine protection for ships was developed, the first nuclear reactor in Europe (1946), the first atomic bomb in the USSR (1949), the world's first thermonuclear bomb ( 1953) and NPP (1954). Founder and first director of the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1943, since 1960 - named after Kurchatov).