European states of the 16th-18th centuries. Presentation on the topic "European states in the 16th-18th centuries" European states in the 16th and 18th centuries presentation

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to form generalized ideas about the prerequisites, essence and significance of the formation of absolutist states in Europe, the signs of absolutism, the main directions of the evolution of the political system in the early modern period.

Planned results:

Students will learn about:

• modern scientific ideas about the reasons for the formation and essence of absolutism;
• the role of the English Revolution of the 17th century. in European and world history;
• the essence of enlightened absolutism and scientific disputes about its historical mission.

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Skill development:

• identify periods in the development of historical processes and phenomena;
• show the sequence of occurrence and development of historical phenomena;
• correlate individual historical facts and general phenomena;
• look for the necessary information in one or more sources;
• characterize the positions and views of the author (compiler) of the source;
• compare data from different sources, identify their similarities and differences;
• explain the meaning and significance of the most important historical concepts;
• compare historical events and phenomena, identify commonalities and differences in them;
• compare proposed historical assessments, express judgments about the approaches (criteria) underlying individual assessments, determine and explain your attitude to these approaches.

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Basic knowledge:

• Louis XIV
• Charles I
• O. Cromwell
• Frederick II
• Joseph II
• Peter I
• Catherine II
• Absolutism
• Absolutist forms of government
• Bureaucracy
• Republic
• Parliamentarism
• Enlightened absolutism.
• figures:
• concepts:

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• 1566-1609 - revolution in the Netherlands, creation of the Republic of the United Provinces;
• mid-17th century - English revolution;
• 1643-1715 - the reign of Louis XIV in France, the rise of French absolutism;
• middle and second half of the 18th century. - enlightened absolutism in a number of European countries. dates and events:

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1. Formation of absolutism.

XVI – XVII centuries – Formation of ABSOLUTISM

Tudors: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Elizabeth I.

Henry IV, Louis XIV.

Elizabeth I

ABSOLUTISM (absolute monarchy), a form of feudal state in which the monarch has unlimited supreme power. Under absolutism, the state reaches the highest degree of centralization, an extensive bureaucratic apparatus, a standing army and police are created; the activities of class representation bodies, as a rule, cease. The heyday of absolutism in Western European countries occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries.

In Russia, absolutism existed in the 18th and early 20th centuries.

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What does it mean to say that legislative, executive and judicial powers are concentrated in the hands of the monarch?

Why is it specifically stated that the monarch’s power also becomes unlimited in relation to the old, hereditary aristocracy?

What features are inherent in bureaucracy as a system that developed precisely under absolutism?

Explain the meaning of the words “centralization”, “unification” and “regulation” in this context.

What is a regular army?

Louis XIV

(1643-1715) - “The State is me!”

Read in &28 (item 1) the key features of an absolute monarchy and answer ??

BUREAUCRACY

(literally - the dominance of the office, from the French bureau - bureau, office), initially - power, influence of leaders and officials of the government apparatus;

in the future - the designation of a layer of employees in large organizations that have arisen in various spheres of society.

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Complete the educational task in &28 (item 1)

Write down in your notebook all the meanings of the term “absolutism” indicated by the French historian F. Blush.

Using the materials from task No. 1 after the paragraph, argue for the understanding of the term “absolutism” that seems to you the most accurate from the point of view of modern historical science.

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Fill out the table “PREREQUISITES OF ABSOLUTISM” cm &28 (p. 1)

ABSOLUTISM (absolute monarchy), a form of feudal state in which the monarch has unlimited supreme power.

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2. Holland - the first European republic of modern times.3. English revolution of the 17th century:

towards parliamentarism and civil society.

Make a thesis plan “THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DUTCH 1566 – 1609. and ENGLISH 1640 – 1660. REVOLUTIONS FOR THE MODERNIZATION PROCESS.” see&28 (item 2,3)

Charles I - English king (1625-1646)

Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector (1653 - 1660) of the English Republic

Execution of Charles I January 1649

• REPUBLIC (lat. respublica, lit. - public matter), a form of government in which the head of state (for example, the president) is elected by the population or by a special electoral college. Legislative power belongs to an elected representative body (parliament).
• PARLIAMENTARISM, a system of political organization of the state, in which the functions of the legislative and executive powers are clearly differentiated with a privileged position of parliament.

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4. enlightened absolutism.

• Frederick II the Great - King of Prussia 1712 - 1786.
• Catherine II the Great - Empress of Russia 1762 - 1796.
• Maria TheresaQueen of Hungary 1740 – 1780 and Bohemia from 1743, Holy Roman Empress from 1745.
• Joseph II in 1765-1780 co-ruler of Maria Theresa (his mother), Holy Roman Emperor from 1765. and etc.

What is characteristic of their policy? cm &28 (clause 4 paragraph 3)

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4. Enlightened absolutism.

Fill the table

“Opinions of historians on the essence of enlightened absolutism” see &28 (item 4)

ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM,

designation of the policy of absolutism in a number of European countries in the 2nd half. 18th century, which was expressed in the transformation of the most outdated social institutions (abolition of some class privileges, subordination of the church to the state, reforms - peasant, judicial, school education, softening of censorship, etc.). Representatives of enlightened absolutism (Joseph II in Austria, Frederick II in Prussia, Catherine II in Russia - until the early 70s of the 18th century, etc.), using the popularity of the ideas of the French Enlightenment, portrayed their activities as “a union of philosophers and sovereigns.” Enlightened absolutism was aimed mainly at strengthening the nobility, although some reforms contributed to the development of the capitalist system.

MEANING

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Homework:

And task No. 2 p.247-248

View all slides

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Lesson plan: 1. Causes of international conflicts 2. Thirty Years' War. 3. Peace of Westphalia. 4. The largest wars of the 18th century in Europe.

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Lesson assignment: Do you think the Thirty Years' War was a war for the “purity of faith” or did its goals go beyond purely religious goals?

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Lesson assignment: Historians say the Thirty Years' War “ended an entire era.” What era do you think we are talking about?

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1. Causes of international conflicts Since the beginning of the 16th century in the international life of Europe, there have been 2 different points of view on what its political structure should be. 1. There must be a single empire uniting most European countries, and in the future all of Europe. The Austrian Habsburgs who ruled the Holy Roman Empire 2. There should be independent states in Europe. England, France

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2. Thirty Years' War. In 1618, the Thirty Years' War began in Europe. It began as a confrontation between Catholics and Protestants within the Holy Roman Empire. Then Denmark, Sweden, France, Holland, and Spain joined it. In 1618, Czech nobles, outraged by religious persecution, threw the royal governor out of the window. Thirty Years' War in Europe.

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2. Thirty Years' War. In response, an uprising broke out. Frederick of the Palatinate, a protégé of the Protestant League, was proclaimed king. In 1620, the Czech Republic was occupied by troops of the Catholic League. The Protestants were supported by Sweden, Denmark, France, and England, who dreamed of weakening the Habsburgs and annexing their lands. Frederick of the Palatinate

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2. Thirty Years' War. Albrecht Wallenstein became the leader of the Catholics. Having recruited mercenaries, he defeated Denmark, but was removed as a result of intrigue. “Albrecht von Wallenstein is the most famous of the military leaders who turned war into a pursuit of prey” Albrecht Wallenstein

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2. Thirty Years' War. Soon the Swedes invaded Germany and in 1632 Gustav Adolf II defeated the Catholics, but he himself died. In 1634 Wallenstein was killed by conspirators. France soon intervened in the war. Gustav Adolf II

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2. Thirty Years' War. Richelieu provided financial assistance to the German princes. In 1642-46, the allies won a series of victories over the Austrians and Spaniards, and on October 24, 1648, the Peace of Westphalia was signed in Munster. It ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Cardinal Richelieu

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He laid the foundations for international relations in Europe. Catholics and Protestants were given equal rights and the principle was established: “Whose power is his faith.” Holland and Switzerland were recognized as independent states. There was a redrawing of borders. 3. Peace of Westphalia. Westphalian system.

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At the end of the war, Sweden and France became the most powerful states. All European monarchs imitated the French king. Versailles became a model of palace and park architecture. France constantly participated in wars, but they exhausted it. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1740), the Austrians reached Versailles and Louis XIV was saved by a miracle. Louis XIV inspects Versailles 4. France and Sweden after the war.

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Defeat in the war meant the end of French hegemony in Europe. Sweden in the 2nd half of the 17th century controlled the Baltic basin. France and Türkiye were its allies. In the 17th century The Northern Union emerged - Russia, Denmark, Poland, Saxony. During the Northern War (1700-21), Sweden was defeated, lost part of its possessions in the Baltic and lost its influence on European affairs. Gustav Adolf II and Charles XII. The power of Sweden. 4.France and Sweden after the war.

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Task 1. Historical portrait of Frederick II

Friedrich was born in Berlin on January 24, 1712, and received the name Karl-Friedrich at baptism. His father is King Frederick William I of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, his mother is Sophia Dorothea of ​​Hanover, daughter of King George I of England. Frederick was the third and eldest (his two older brothers died in infancy) child in this large royal family, where only 14 children were born. The little prince's greatest favor and friendship was enjoyed by his elder sister Wilhelmina, the future Margravess of Bayreuth.

His first teacher was the French emigrant Mademoiselle de Rocoul, who instilled in him a love for French literature. In his seventh year, Frederick was placed under the supervision of teacher Dugan, who further strengthened his disposition to everything French. His father sought to raise Frederick as a warrior, but the prince was interested in music, philosophy and dancing. As a result, Friedrich Wilhelm considered him a worthless heir and for a long time sought to transfer the throne to his youngest son, August Wilhelm, who more suited his tastes.

The conflict with his oppressive father resulted in an attempt to escape to England at the age of eighteen, which he decided on together with Lieutenant Hans Hermann von Katte. The attempt failed, Friedrich and Katte were imprisoned in a fortress (Friedrich in Küstrin), after which Friedrich Wilhelm expressed his intention to try both for desertion and execute them. However, Frederick was promised forgiveness on the condition of renouncing his rights to the throne, which he did not accept. Catte was indeed tried and beheaded, but in relation to Frederick, his father faced sharp opposition to his intention, first in the person of the court (which refused to try the crown prince), and then the Military Council; Added to this was diplomatic pressure from other European courts. In the end, Frederick was released, but spent some time in exile in Küstrin, being appointed a member of the military judicial council of the Neumark district (but with only an advisory vote). The imprisonment and exile lasted more than two years (August 1730 - November 1732), after which Frederick was finally forgiven and appointed chief of the infantry regiment.

At the age of 21, by the will of his parents, he married Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick and received a baptism of fire in the War of the Polish Succession (1733-1735), serving under the command of the famous commander Eugene of Savoy, whose praise he received.

In his youth, Friedrich wrote the political treatise “Anti-Machiavelli”, in which, from the position of enlightened absolutism, he criticizes the cynicism of N. Machiavelli’s famous work “The Prince”. The treatise was edited and published (anonymously) by Voltaire, with whom Frederick was already in active correspondence.

After the death of the king-father on May 31, 1740, 28-year-old Frederick received not just the crown of Prussia, but a strong army and a treasury not wasted on empty court entertainment.

First of all, Frederick began to reorganize Prussia on the principles of the Enlightenment, inviting philosophers: first Christian Wolff (1740), and then Voltaire (1750). Subsequently, he outlined the reform program as follows: “A well-functioning government must represent a system as firmly connected as the system of concepts in philosophy. All his decisions should be well justified; economic, foreign and military policies must contribute to a single goal - consolidating the power of the state and increasing its power." This rational approach earned Frederick the nickname of the philosopher king, in contrast to his father's nickname as the soldier king.

One of his significant innovations was the abolition of censorship. He made it clear to his ministers that "Berlin newspaper writers should be given unlimited freedom to write without prior censorship on all news in the capital." Frederick demanded that “interesting newspapers should not be hindered.” Deceased censors, as a rule, were not replaced by new ones - these positions remained vacant during his reign. Under him, it became possible for the first time to provide a legislative basis for freedom of the press on German soil.

Frederick distinguished himself as a patron of the sciences and arts. He established the Royal Opera House in 1742, for which the architect Knobelsdorff built the building. The opening (premiere production of the opera “Cleopatra and Caesar” by K. G. Graun) of the Royal Opera took place in an unfinished building on December 7, 1742. In addition, the king himself was musically gifted, played the flute and composed music (about 100 sonatas and 4 symphonies , flute concertos composed by Frederick II are still included in the repertoire of performers on this instrument). In the field of music, Frederick II also became famous for inviting Johann Sebastian Bach to Potsdam in 1747. The result of this meeting was Bach's Musical Offering - a cycle of several plays written on the same theme, composed and offered to Bach by the king. The son of Johann Sebastian Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel, also lived at the king's court. capitalism frederick the commonwealth

In 1744, Frederick, on the basis of the Berlin Scientific Society, created the Berlin Academy of Sciences, where he invited the best scientists from all over Europe, including Maupertuis (president) and Leonhard Euler (director of the mathematical class). In 1775, Friedrich opened the first public library in Berlin.

In 1747, Frederick laid the foundation of the Sans Souci palace and park complex in Potsdam, which became his summer residence and received the unofficial name of the “Prussian Versailles.” In 1763, during the respite between the wars, he founded the New Palace in Sanssouci.

Having come to power, the first thing Frederick did was to abolish torture (ordinance of July 3, 1740). He then guaranteed the property rights of his subjects, centralized legal proceedings and separated them from the executive branch in the spirit of Montesquieu's ideas. In 1749, Samuel von Coczei completed and entered into force a new set of laws, “Corpus juris Fridericianum”. This codified legal act collected all the current laws of Prussia, which were supplemented by new current norms. In 1781, Frederick, together with leading Prussian jurists, in particular von Karmer, developed new laws: “Universal Civil Law” and “General Procedure of Legal Proceedings.”

Prussia was created as a Lutheran state, but Frederick’s predecessors already stood on general Protestant positions, giving refuge to Huguenots, Mennonites and Waldenses (later this laid the foundations of the Prussian Union). Jews also felt free. However, Frederick's religious tolerance surpassed everyone. Upon ascending the throne he declared:

All religions are equal and good if their adherents are honest people. And if Turks and pagans arrived and wanted to live in our country, we would build mosques and prayer houses for them too

The foundation stone of the Catholic Cathedral of St. Hedwig in Berlin in 1747 was unheard of for a Protestant country that had experienced bloody religious wars.

During the reign of Frederick the Great, the territory of Prussia doubled. He made the first and most important acquisition already in the first year of his reign. Upon news of the death of Emperor Charles VI, who left no male descendants, Frederick refused to recognize the Pragmatic Sanction, which allowed the transfer of the imperial throne through the female line, and, under the pretext of the old Hohenzollern rights to several Silesian counties, in December 1740 he invaded Silesia and occupied it all , thus giving the signal for the beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession (specifically, Frederick’s wars with Austria for Silesia are known in German historiography as the Silesian Wars). The capture of Silesia was secured by the victory at Mollwitz, Frederick’s first victory, which he owed, however, entirely to Field Marshal Schwerin: after the weak Prussian cavalry was defeated at the beginning of the battle and the Prussian right flank was crushed, Schwerin, anticipating the possible death and capture of the army, persuaded Frederick to flee so as not to be captured himself. However, in the absence of Frederick, he managed to correct the situation and eventually launch a counterattack. As a result, Frederick, secretly from his allies, concluded an oral agreement with the Austrian commander-in-chief Neuperg in Klein-Schellendorf, according to which Lower and Middle Silesia was assigned to him. However, new successes of the anti-Austrian coalition (primarily the occupation of Prague by the French) forced him in 1742 to break this truce and intervene again. The Battle of Schottusitz on May 17, 1742 ended in Frederick's victory, despite the fact that the Austrians managed to occupy and burn the city of Schottusitz and plunder the Prussian convoy. Following this, Frederick signed a separate peace with Austria in Breslau (June 11), which gave him all of Silesia (including Upper) and the county of Glatz. Austria's successes in the next two years worried Frederick, and in 1744 he violated this treaty and again joined the anti-Austrian coalition, this time trying to capture Bohemia. However, the campaign in Bohemia, after the first successes, ended in complete failure; as a result, Frederick had to again defend Silesia and even Berlin (to which the Austro-Saxon troops were moving) in 1745, which he did brilliantly, winning victories over the Austrians at Hohenfriedberg and Soor, and over the Saxons a victory at Kesseldorf, after which he occupied Saxony. As a result, on December 25, 1745, a new peace was signed in Dresden, which confirmed the articles of the Treaty of Breslau on the annexation of the province of Silesia and the county of Glatz to Prussia, while Frederick, for his part, recognized Maria Theresa’s husband, Franz I, as emperor. The acquisition of populous and industrialized Silesia dramatically strengthened Prussia, giving it the status of a great European power.

Frederick's second acquisition was West Prussia - the territory of Poland that divided Brandenburg with East Prussia. It was obtained peacefully in 1772 as a result of the first partition of Poland, taking advantage of a diplomatic alliance with Russia.

In 1756, Frederick attacked Austrian Saxony and conquered Dresden. He justified his actions as a “preventive strike,” arguing that a Russian-Austrian coalition had formed against Prussia, which was ready for aggression. This was followed by the bloody Battle of Lobozicka, in which Frederick was victorious. In May 1757, Frederick took Prague, but then on June 18, 1757 he was defeated at the Battle of Kolin. From this moment on, a “black streak” began in Friedrich’s life. His generals are losing battles on all fronts. In October 1757, the Austrians briefly captured the Prussian capital, Berlin. However, Frederick found the strength to counterattack: on November 5, at the Battle of Rossbach, he defeated the French, and on December 5, at Leuthen, he defeated the Austrians.

The Battle of Zorndorf on August 25, 1758 ended in victory for the Russians (according to the unwritten laws of that time, the winner was the one who had the battlefield left; the battlefield of Zorndorf remained with the Russians, the Battle of Kunersdorf in 1759 dealt a moral blow to Frederick. The Austrians occupied Dresden, and the Russians Berlin. Some a respite was provided by the victory at the Battle of Liegnitz, but Frederick was completely exhausted. Only the contradictions between the Austrian and Russian generals kept him from final collapse.

The sudden death of the Russian Empress Elizabeth in 1761 brought unexpected relief. The new Russian Tsar Peter III turned out to be a great admirer of Frederick's talent, with whom he concluded a truce. Empress Catherine II, who gained power as a result of a palace coup, did not dare to involve Russia in the war again and withdrew all Russian troops from the occupied territories. Over the next decades, she maintained friendly relations with Frederick in line with the policy of the so-called Northern Accord.

On the initiative of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, peace negotiations took place in the Saxon castle of Hubertusburg in 1763, which resulted in the “zero option”.

At the end of the 70s. Conflict was brewing again in Europe. With the death of Elector Maximilian, the Bavarian ruling family was cut short, and Maria Theresa's co-ruler, her son Joseph II, decided to take advantage of the opportunity: he forced the new Elector Karl Theodor to cede Lower Bavaria to him in exchange for the Austrian Netherlands. In addition, Joseph dreamed of returning Silesia to Austria. The European public was outraged by this act of Vienna.

Frederick was a very unhealthy and tired man, but he also decided to take part in curbing the “aggressor.” With maneuvers alone, without general battles, he brought Austria to the brink of defeat.

In 1779, the Austrian cabinet asked for peace. First, a truce was concluded with Prussia, and then, at the congress in Teschen, the Austrians abandoned Bavaria in exchange for territories along the right bank of the Inn. Prussia did not gain any benefit from this war, but Frederick always maintained that he acted "on principle" to protect the peaceful coexistence of the German states.

In the last years of his life, Frederick wrote a lot. At this time, the following were written: “Letters of Love for the Fatherland”, “Discourses on Various Types of Government and the Duties of Sovereigns”, “History of the Partition of Poland”.

Having buried all his friends and military generals, the king became withdrawn and sad. The following phrase is attributed to him: “I have long become the history of myself.”

Gradually, the king’s strength began to leave him. He suffered from insomnia, hemorrhoids and asthma. Gout had plagued him for a long time. The King of Prussia died in Potsdam in his bed on the night of August 16-17, 1786. At the moment of his death, the clock in the bedroom stopped. Subsequently, this watch ended up with Napoleon Bonaparte. It was them that he took with him to the island of St. Helena.

Frederick the Great bequeathed to be buried in his beloved Sans Souci. However, his nephew and successor Friedrich Wilhelm II did not carry out his will and ordered to be buried in the Potsdam Garrison Church, next to his father, the Soldier King Friedrich Wilhelm I. Almost 160 years later, during the Second World War, Wehrmacht soldiers removed the coffins, saving them from possible destruction (Potsdam Garrison Church was destroyed in 1945). First, in March 1943, they were placed in an underground bunker in the Potsdam district of Eiche, in March 1945 they were transported to a salt mine in the Thuringian Bernterode, from where, at the end of the war, they were sent by American soldiers to the Hessian Marburg. There, the remains of the Prussian kings were in the local church of St. Elizabeth, and in August 1952 transported to Hohenzollern Castle near Hechingen in Baden-Württemberg. Frederick the Great's will was executed on August 17, 1991, exactly 205 years after his death. Frederick's remains, accompanied by a Bundeswehr honor guard, were installed for a solemn farewell in the front courtyard of Sanssouci, and the burial itself took place at night, as the Prussian king indicated in his will.

The reign of Frederick II is characterized by extreme aggressiveness and desire for territorial conquests. The king considered the army to be the main instrument of his policy, the strengthening of which was his main concern throughout his reign. He created the strongest and considered the best army in Western Europe, the permanent composition of which reached 200 thousand people, on the maintenance of which about two-thirds of the state budget was spent.

Under Frederick II, Prussia was actually turned into a military camp, where the majority of the population worked for the army. The recruitment of troops was carried out through forced recruitment in combination with the forced supply of recruits by peasants. Over a third of the army were foreign mercenaries, including prisoners of war. The officers were exclusively nobles. The training and education of the army of Frederick II was based on the principles of blind obedience and mechanical execution of orders, the most severe discipline and drill.

In domestic politics, Frederick II, who advertised his closeness with the French enlighteners (Voltaire), carried out a number of reforms in the spirit of enlightened absolutism. Torture was abolished, legal proceedings were simplified, and primary education was expanded. Interested in attracting settlers, the Prussian king Frederick II pursued a policy of religious tolerance. However, many events were ostentatious.

Posing himself as a supporter of free thought, Frederick II in 1740 declared freedom of the press, but in fact introduced the strictest censorship. The king made attempts to stop the displacement of peasants from the land, as this resulted in a reduction in tax revenues and a decrease in conscription contingents. Frederick II pursued a mercantilist and protectionist economic policy, which promoted the development of manufacturing production, but at the same time shackled the initiative of entrepreneurs with petty state tutelage.

A combat-ready army allowed Prussia, as a result of the First Silesian War of 1740-1742 and the Second Silesian War of 1744-1745 (as part of the War of the Austrian Succession), to capture from Austria most of Silesia, which had important economic and strategic importance. Having entered into an alliance with England and attacking Saxony, Frederick II unleashed the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, during which he inflicted a number of defeats on the Austrian and French troops. But these successes were negated by the victories of the Russian troops - only due to favorable political circumstances for Prussia did it avoid complete defeat.

Frederick II persistently sought the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and as a result of the first partition in 1772, Prussia annexed the lands along the lower Vistula.

Under Frederick II, Prussia established itself as Austria's main rival in the struggle for dominance in Germany, became one of the great powers, and its territory expanded significantly. However, the administrative-bureaucratic regime of Frederick II, based on the inviolability of noble privileges, was backward and fragile. This was discovered soon after the death of Frederick II the Great, during the wars of Prussia with revolutionary and then Napoleonic France.

Frederick the Great is revered as one of the three all-German national heroes, along with Bismarck and Adenauer. Good memory is consistent with the opinion of historians, who note that it was Frederick the Great who, in just 20 years, transformed Prussia from a small principality into one of the strongest powers in Europe.

Task 2. Names in the political history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the 17th century

1. Who was the organizer of False Dmitry’s campaign in Russia?

Answer options: a) Senator Yuri Mnishak, b) K. Astrozhsky, c) L. Sapieha.

2. Who among the most famous Polish Jesuits of the 17th century was tortured by the Cossacks in Polesie in 1657?

Possible answers: a) Andrey Bobola, b) Michal Boym, c) Bohdan Khmelnitsky.

3. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth turned the unsuccessful course of the war in its favor and ended it with the moderately beneficial Peace of Yam-Zapolsky thanks to the military reform carried out by which king?

Answer options: a) John II Casimir, b) Stefan Batory,

c) Sigismund III.

4. The Sejm of 1633, with the full consent of which monarch, took a number of steps towards the return of religious tolerance, adopting laws that ensured the rights of Protestants, Orthodox and Uniates?

Answer options: a) John III Sobieski b) Władysław IV, c) Stanisław August.

5. During what period did the armed Cossack-peasant uprising take place on the lands of the Naddniepryan region of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the leadership of B. Khmelnitsky?

Answer options: a) from 1649 to 1655, b) from 1649 to 1654, c) from 1648 to 1654

Task 3. Quiz “What? Where? When?" on the topic “Craft and trade in Belarusian cities in the 16th-18th centuries”

1. All cities of Belarus in the XVI-XVIII centuries. can be divided into two groups according to affiliation. What, name some of them?

Answer: Royal and privately owned, owned by magnates and made up over 40% of Belarusian cities. Of these: Slutsk, Bykhov, Gorki, Nesvizh, David-Gorodok, Kletsk, Turov, Shklov, Molodechno, Kopyl, etc.

2. How many cities were there on the territory of Belarus by the middle of the 17th century?

Answer: 39 cities

3. How many craft professions were there in Slutsk in the 16th century, in the first half of the 17th century?

Answer: 20 craft professions, 46.

4. In what year’s document is the pharmacy in Slutsk mentioned for the first time?

Answer: 1621

5. In what document of that time can one find information about the number of craft professions and artisans in Slutsk in the 16th century? ? Name some of them.

Answer: in the tax register of 1648 there are 79 bakers and resellers, 182 “all kinds of artisans,” 19 butchers and 14 buffoons and dudars.

6. Craft professions of townspeople in the 16th - first half of the 17th centuries. can be divided into 7 large groups, which ones?

Answer: 1. Leather and fur production.. A total of 15 professions.

2. Manufacturing of yarn, clothing, weaving, processing of fibrous raw materials. There are 13 professions in total.

3. Metal processing and weapons production. There are 20 professions in total.

4. Woodworking, processing of mineral and animal raw materials, construction. There are 30 professions in total.

5. Manufacturing and processing of food and beverages. There are 17 professions in total.

6. Transport professions. There are 5 professions in total.

7. Other professions: icon painters, artists, doctors, barbers, valmistras, buffoons, dudari, musicians, pharmacists, navvies, bloodletters, organists, hunters, bath attendants, teachers, draftsmen, architects, shepherds, trumpeters, farriers, watchmen, hired workers, singers There are 23 professions in total.

7. How many professions were there in privately owned cities, how many were there in the cities of Belarus in the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries?

Answer: The total number of professions in privately owned cities is 123, there were significantly fewer of them than in the cities of Belarus as a whole during this period - about 200.

8. In terms of the structure of craft production, the privately owned cities of Belarus differed from each other, but they also had in common the distribution of artisans by type of craft. In which types of crafts were more professions represented?

Answer: in such types of crafts as woodworking, processing of mineral raw materials (potters, wheelwrights, screen-makers, coopers, tar workers), construction (up to 13 different professions in Shklov and Kopys), metal processing and weapons making (up to 10-12 professions) in Slutsk, Nesvizh and Kletsk), food manufacturing (7--9 professions in all 5 big cities), leather and fur production (up to 7--8 in Slutsk, Kopys and Kletsk). Other crafts were widely represented in Nesvizh and Slutsk.

9. All artisans united into workshops. Each workshop had its own rules, its own charter, to which amendments, clarifications, and clarifications were made to the regulations of the workshop rules and charters. Who made such amendments?

Answer: such clarifications and amendments were made by the owner of the city or his governors, the city magistrate.

10. Craftsmen were obliged to produce good products, “so that the work would be correct and good.” A craftsman who produced low-quality products was deprived of the right to practice his craft, and letters about him were sent to workshops in other cities. In small towns (Kletsk), such a master was punished by a fine of four pounds of wax and had to correct the damaged product at his own expense. In this regard, the statutes reflected the requirement. Which?

Answer: in this regard, the charters reflected the requirements for masters to hire the most qualified apprentices.

Task 4. Bibliography