Presentation of the earth, its development as a planet. Presentation "Stages of development of life on Earth" Structure and evolution of the earth presentation

The origin of life on Earth. (3790 downloads)

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The emergence and development of life on Earth (903 downloads)

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Archaeologists discovered traces of living organisms at the beginning of the Archean era, which is limited to 3 billion years ago.

Initial organic compounds were formed as a result of reactions involving atoms of various metals, hydrogen and ammonia at very high temperatures.

The first amino acid was obtained by combining aldehydes and hydrogen cyanide in an ammonia environment.

From hydrogen cyanide, which predominated in the primary atmosphere, the remaining components of nucleic acids arise. At the same time, the formation of the main components of DNA and RNA occurred in the aquatic environment.

Gradually, small molecules combine into larger ones, thereby giving rise to proteins and nucleic acids as they are known today.

After some time, microscopic clots develop rudimentary metabolism, which can be called a prerequisite for the circulation of substances in nature.

However, real life did not yet exist; its beginning can be considered the appearance of cells and the simplest organisms consisting of them.

First, the simplest anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria were formed, consisting of a single cell without a nucleus.

Gradually there is a transition to nutrition through photosynthesis. Chlorophyll appears and, subsequently, oxygen. With the participation of oxygen, the structure of unicellular organisms becomes more complex. The nucleus, DNA and chromosomes appear.

The next stage of evolution can be called the division of single-celled living organisms into plants and animals. It took place in the Proterozoic era.

Subsequently, sexual reproduction appeared. This happened 900 million years ago.

Further evolution follows the path of multicellularity. Scientists suggest its formation as a result of unfinished cell division, as a result of which the new one did not move away from the mother one.

Gradually, cells begin to perform different functions, and organisms become more and more complex.

The first multicellular organisms were arthropods and coelenterates.

The nervous system of the inhabitants of the Earth is becoming more and more complex.

After a long time, living organisms begin to populate various parts of the earth, leaving their usual aquatic habitat and increasingly increasing species diversity.

Natural selection occurs, forcing some living beings to give way to others, more adapted to changing environmental conditions.

Development of life on Earth (672 downloads)

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The original atmosphere did not contain oxygen, and this is called one of the reasons for the emergence of life itself. Gradually, amino acids and other organic substances begin to form in the waters of the primary ocean. This cannot yet be called life, but quite the beginnings of it.

According to recent studies, the approximate age of the oldest bacterial remains that have been discovered in the earth is from 3 to 4 billion years. These organisms could absorb sunlight and thus transform inorganic substances.

Gradually, some algae acquire the ability to break down water molecules. The atmosphere is filled with oxygen, giving a powerful impetus to the further development of more complex organisms.

A nucleus appears in the cells, facilitating the occurrence of sexual reproduction. Evolution is now moving at a faster pace. The waters of the oceans are inhabited by invertebrates - flatworms, a number of jellyfish and polyps.

An important step was the appearance of animals whose body was covered with a shell or protected by a shell. The beginning of the next Paleozoic era is associated with this circumstance.

In one of the initial periods of the Paleozoic, cyclostomes became the first predators, setting a new branch of evolution.

At the same time, plants begin to fill the shores of the seas, spreading more and more over land. These were ferns, mosses and horsetails, providing suitable habitat for the ancestors of modern insects.

Over time, plants become more and more complex. Now these are forests growing on swampy soils, which existed until the beginning of the Mesozoic era and the cooling that came with it.

Aquatic animals, and in this period these were mollusks and ammonites, evolve into reptiles, which become the most common in most areas. In parallel with them, a new branch is developing - mammals.

The Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era can be called the time of the appearance of the first birds. Archeopteryx had many similarities with reptiles, but it is considered the ancestor of most modern birds.

As the temperature drops, huge dinosaurs cannot feed themselves, so they gradually die out and other animals take their place.

This significant period was the beginning of a new era, which continues to this day - the Cenozoic. At this time, the main species of birds and mammals, as well as most plants, appeared in their modern form or as close as possible to it.

Development of life on Earth. A journey into the past of Earth's history. (179 downloads)

Earth Development
like planetsPart 1 Lesson No. 4
“LITHOSPHERE OF THE EARTH”

The Universe is the entire material world

Origin of the Earth and Solar System

The question of how the Earth came into being has occupied the minds of people for more than one millennium. Depending on the level of knowledge about the Universe, it was answered differently. At first these were legends about the creation of the flat world. Then, in the constructions of scientists, the Earth acquired the shape of a ball in the center of the Universe. The next step was the revolutionary theory of Copernicus, which reduced the Earth to the position of an ordinary planet revolving around the Sun. Nicolaus Copernicus opened the way for a scientific solution to the problem of “the creation of the world,” which, nevertheless, has not been fully resolved to this day.
Currently, there are several hypotheses, each of which has strengths and weaknesses, each in its own way interprets the development of the Universe, the origin of our planet and its position in the solar system.

Structure of the Solar System

Mercury

Structure of the solar system

Earth -
“younger sister of the Sun” The first, truly serious from a scientific point of view, attempt to recreate a picture of how the Solar system originated and developed was made by the French mathematician Pierre Laplace and the German philosopher Immanuel Kant at the end of the 18th century. They drew attention to that the fact that all the planets revolve around the Sun almost in circles in the same direction and in the same plane.

Moreover, the Sun is many times larger than all the planets and is the only hot cosmic body in the system.
Kant and Laplace were the first to put forward the ideas of evolutionary, consistent development of nature. They believed that the solar system did not exist forever. Its progenitor was a gas nebula, shaped like a flattened ball and slowly...

The hypothesis of the origin of the Earth by Immanuel Kant and Pierre Laplace

... rotating around a dense core at the center. Subsequently, the nebula, under the influence of the forces of mutual attraction of its constituent particles, began to flatten at the poles, along the axis of rotation, and turn into a huge disk. Its density was not uniform, so separation into separate gas rings occurred in the disk. Each ring contained its own condensation of matter, which gradually began to attract the rest of the ring’s substance to itself, until it turned into a single gas clump rotating around its own axis. This ball of gas, in turn, repeated, as if in miniature, the path that the nebula as a whole had traversed: at first, a dense core surrounded by rings emerged in it. Subsequently, the nuclei cooled and turned into planets, and the rings around them into satellites.

Immanuel Kant

Pierre Laplace

Hypothesis of the origin of the Earth
Immanuel Kant and Pierre LaplaceThe main part of this nebula concentrated in the center and became the Sun. Thus, if we apply degrees of kinship to celestial bodies, according to the Kant-Laplace hypothesis, the Earth is the “younger sister of the Sun.”

The Earth is a “captive of the Sun”

The Soviet geophysicist Otto Yulievich Schmidt imagined the development of the solar system somewhat differently.

In the 20s of the twentieth century, he proposed the following hypothesis: The Sun, traveling through our Galaxy, passed through a cloud of gas and dust and carried part of it along with it. The material of the initial nebula around the hot gas core of the system was not hot. Clots of matter in orbits, which appeared as a result of the sticking together of solid particles of the cloud and subsequently became planets, were also initially cold. Their heating occurred later, as a result of compression and

solar energy receipts. At the same time, the small “embryos” of the planets were unable to retain the gases that were released when they were heated. The largest planets retained their atmosphere and even replenished it by capturing gases from nearby outer space. The Earth, according to this hypothesis, can be considered “captured” by the Sun.

Earth - “daughter of the Sun”

Not everyone accepted the evolutionary scenario of the origin of planets around the Sun. Back in the 18th century, the French naturalist Georges Buffon suggested, later developed by the American physicists Chamberlain and Multon, that once in the vicinity of the Sun there was still

lonely, another star flashed by. Its gravity caused a huge tidal wave on the Sun, stretching into space for hundreds of millions of kilometers. Having come off, this “tongue” of solar matter began to swirl around the Sun and disintegrate into drops, each of which formed a planet. In this case, the Earth could be considered the “daughter” of the Sun.

Slide No. 10

The Earth is “the niece of the Sun”

Another hypothesis was proposed by English astrophysicist Fred Hoyle in the mid-20th century.

According to it, the Sun had a twin star that exploded as a supernova. Most of the fragments were carried into outer space, a smaller part remained in the orbit of the Sun and formed planetary systems (that is, planets with satellites). In this scenario, the Earth is the Sun's “niece.”

Fred Hoyle
1915-2001

Slide No. 11

No matter how various hypotheses interpret the origin of the solar system and the “family” connections between the Earth and the Sun, they agree that all the planets were formed from a single clump of matter. Then the fate of each of them developed differently. The Earth had to travel a path of almost 5 billion years and undergo a series of amazing transformations before appearing before us in its modern form.
Occupying a middle position among the planets in size and mass, the Earth at the same time turned out to be unique as a refuge for future life. Having “freed” itself from some of the supervolatile gases (such as hydrogen and helium), it retained the rest just enough to create an air screen capable of protecting the inhabitants of the planet from deadly cosmic radiation and countless meteorites that burn up every second in the upper layers of the atmosphere. At the same time, the atmosphere is not so dense as to completely shield the Earth from the life-giving rays of the Sun.
The air envelope of the Earth was formed by gases coming from its depths during volcanic eruptions. The same is the origin of all waters: oceans, rivers, glaciers, which were also once contained in the earth’s firmament. Various hypotheses

“Paleozoic period” - Geography and climate Fauna Flora. The first amphibians also appeared in the Late Devonian. Ichthyostega. Checking homework. The first reptiles appeared. Platilikhas. Dipter. Lanthanosuchus. Devonian system: The first hard-bodied animals appeared; trilobites and brachiopods dominated the seas.

"Mesozoic" - The Next Era. Anthropocene. Representatives of Dinosaurs. Paleogene. Divided into Pleistocene and Holocene. Mesozoic era. Disappearance of coal forests. Man appeared in the Anthropocene. Neogene. To watch photos. Phillips in 1841. Dinosaurs. Triassic. Palaeozoic. Cephalopods predominated among invertebrates.

“The Development of Life in the Mesozoic” - The development of life in the Mesozoic era. 7. External ear 8. Sweat glands 9. Differentiated teeth 10. Diaphragm 11. Colonization of all land, seas, adaptation to flight. Feeding cubs with milk 12. What is aromorphosis? Idioadaptations of birds (adaptation to flight). Hypotheses for the extinction of dinosaurs. Small-leaved shrubs or small trees.

“Eras of the development of life” - Goals: Eras are divided into periods, periods into epochs, epochs into centuries. Study the causes and consequences of the development of life on Earth. Development of life on earth. "The origin and development of life on earth." Study the development of life on Earth in different eras and periods. F. Engels, “Anti-Dühring” (1878). Steady state theory - life has always existed.

"Paleozoic era" - To the spread of algae. Fertilization requires water; an adult plant develops from the zygote. Palaeozoic. Development of life on Earth. Objectives: To characterize the evolution of flora and fauna in the Paleozoic era. Devonian. Paleozoic era: Carboniferous, Permian. Seed ferns gave rise to the development of gymnosperms.

“Mesozoic era” - Archean era (began 3.5 - 4 billion years ago). Foraminifera. Proterozoic era. Triceratops. Catarchaean era (began over 4 billion years ago). Palaeozoic. Periods: Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous (Carboniferous) Permian. Hesperornis. Limestone deposits. Evolution of life on Earth.

There are a total of 27 presentations in the topic

Lesson topic:

"Stages of the development of life on Earth."

What science studies the history of living organisms from preserved remains?

Paleontology.

Development of life on Earth.

Eons

cryptozoic

Phanerozoic

manifest life

hidden life

Paleozoic

Cenozoic

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Archaea

Main events

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Main events

Archean era

Age of prokaryotes: bacteria And cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis appears, and as a result, oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere.

from 3.5 to 2.5

billion years ago

Stromatolites

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Main events

Proterozoic era

Formation of the ozone layer. Appear first eukaryotes – unicellular algae And protozoa. The process of soil formation has begun. The sexual process and multicellularity appeared.

End of an era - eukaryotic diversity (protozoa, jellyfish, algae, sponges, corals, annelids.

from 2.5 billion to 534 million years ago

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Main events

Palaeozoic

appeared on Earth trilobites , as well as organisms with mineral skeletons (foraminifera, mollusks).

from 534 to 248 million years ago

foraminifera

mollusk

trilobites

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Main events

Palaeozoic

Appear Cancerscorpios , echinoderms , first true vertebrates . The most important event is the emergence of plants, fungi and animals onto land.

from 534 to 248 million years ago

echinoderms

cancerscorpio

armored fish

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Main events

Palaeozoic

In the middle of an era dominate cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays), the first ones appear bony fish , dipnoi , which gave rise to amphibians .

from 534 to 248 million years ago

Stegocephalus

Coelacanth

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Main events

Palaeozoic

Appeared mosses, horsetails, mosses, ferns (at the end of the Paleozoic they died out, forming coal deposits). At the end of an era appear reptiles, insects And gymnosperms.

from 534 to 248 million years ago

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Main events

Mesozoic era

Appear crocodiles And turtles , first mammals (oviparous, marsupials).

from 248 to 65 million years ago

Echidna

Platypus

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Main events

Mesozoic era

Appear Archeopteryx (ancestors of birds). At the end of an era appear higher mammals , real birds , angiosperms. Almost all reptiles die out at the end of the Mesozoic.

from 248 to 65 million years ago

Getteria

Gorgonopsid

Cynodont

Archeopteryx

Development of life on Earth.

Duration

Main events

Cenozoic era

Dominate mammals , birds , insects And angiosperms .

Appear first apes , species of plants and animals close to modern ones are formed.

End of an era - emergence person .

from 65 million years to the present

Homework:

“How life arose on Earth” - Theories of the origin of life. F.Redi. Biogenesis concept. L. Spallanzani. Microorganisms. Creationism. Life in the Earth. Vitalism. Steady state theory. Natural origin of life. Changes in the Earth's atmosphere. L. Pasteur. Van Helmont. The emergence of life on Earth. Experience of S. Miller. Theory A.I. Oparina. Spontaneous generation of life. Panspermia. Atmosphere of the Earth. Theory of biochemical evolution.

“The problem of the origin and essence of life” - The virus has a very complex internal structure. Viruses. Biopolymers. Substrate approach to the definition of life. Symposiums on the problem of the origin of life. Criticism of the ideas of the spontaneous origin of life. Basic provisions. Anaxagoras. The main merit of Oparin. The concept of biochemical evolution. The body of a person weighing 70 kg contains 45.5 kg of oxygen. Creationism. The concept of spontaneous origin of life.

“The history of the origin of life on Earth” - Science. Creationism hypothesis. Hypotheses of spontaneous generation and stationary state. Panspermia hypothesis. Materials. Hypothesis of biochemical evolution. The emergence of life. The emergence of life on Earth. Spontaneous generation hypothesis. Scientists. Steady State Hypothesis.

“Theories of the origin of life on Earth” - Creationism Hypothesis. Definition of the life of M. Wolkenstein. The experience of Louis Pasteur. Video fragment. Spallatsani. Everything is living from living things. Experience of S. Fox. Basic properties of living organisms. Living things arise from non-living things. Steady State Hypothesis. Spontaneous generation hypothesis. Pluralism. Think about it. Hypotheses of the origin of life. Definition of the life of F. Engels. Panspermia hypothesis. Formation of coacervates. Chemical hypothesis.

“Hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth” - Water is the basis of life. Spontaneous generation of life. 2 mutually exclusive points of view. Stationary state of life. The essence of abiogenesis. Francesco Redi. Hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth. The creationism hypothesis is outside the field of scientific research. Louis Pasteur. Biochemical hypothesis. Panspermia hypothesis. Coacervate drops. Creationism hypothesis. There are several hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth.

“Concepts of the origin of life on Earth” - What is life. Reverse directed panspermia. Beliefs in the spontaneous generation of living beings. Steady state theory. Cell. Living content of the cell. Molecular composition of the cell. Panspermia theory. Soviet biochemist. Significant regression. Scientists. Formation of biopolymers. Polypeptides. The emergence of life on Earth. A modern view of the origin of life. Creationism. Concept. Panspermia hypothesis.