MBOU "Istimis Secondary School" of Klyuchevsky District, Altai Territory

• "Medieval Knighthood"

• Knightly armor included up to 200 parts, and the total weight of military equipment reached
• 90 kg; Over time, their complexity and price increased.

• Knight

• barons

• The knight came from small feudal lords and closed the hierarchical ladder of feudal high society. The knights were given land plots for their service to the king - the supreme lord.

• bishops

• graphs

• dukes

• king

• supreme liege king

• Weapons of knights

• The main shrine of a knight is a sword

• The knight had 2-3 horses: an ordinary one and a fighting one, in armor. Such a horse could only be hit in the belly. The horse's head was covered with a metal or leather headpiece, the chest with iron plaques, and the sides with leather. In addition, the horse was covered with a blanket or saddle cloth made of velvet or other expensive material with embroidered coats of arms of knights. Horses “armed” in this way were called “plated”.

• In order to become a real warrior-knight, it took a lot of time and effort. Knights prepared for military service from childhood. At the age of seven, boys became pages (personal servants) of noble feudal lords or the king. Then - squires. They learned fencing, wrestling, horse riding, and javelin throwing. And only after this the ceremony of knighting them was finally performed.

• Knighting symbolized entry into a privileged class, its introduction to rights and responsibilities, and was accompanied by a special ceremony called an accolade.

• http://meteleva.ucoz.ru
• http:// www.medieval-wars.com
• http:// gelfrad.narod.ru
• http:// alterego.tut.by
• http:// manger.ru/vsem
• http://allcastles.ru
• http://ancient-castles.org.ua/
• http://www.vizitvangliyu.ru/screens/zamok/69.jpg
• http://www.denastur.ru/cms/pict.php?img=files/picture_858.jpg
• http://www.excurs.ru/history/Castle.jpg
• http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/20/dymba2-5.3/0_d623_36703109_XL

Knights in the Middle Ages

In 3rd grade we began to get acquainted with such a subject as history. I liked the medieval theme. I especially enjoyed learning about the knights. Reading about them, I imagined myself in their place. And in order to summarize my knowledge, I decided to speak at a school conference on this topic.

The purpose of my work I set out to get acquainted with the literature on this topic and make my own presentation to make it more interesting to tell the children.

I set myself the following tasks:

Who are knights and what do they look like?

Who can become a knight?

Where they lived?

Did they have distinctive signs?

Are there knights in the modern world?

Hypothesis: I think that knights are warriors who differ from all other warriors in their uniform and have their own insignia. Knight (from German Ritter, "reitar" originally - "horseman") is a medieval noble honorary title in Europe. Knights could only be people of “noble” origin, rich enough to purchase a horse and weapons - a sword, shield, armor. In the 10th century, a set of knight’s weapons cost 45 cows or 15 mares, and this is the size of a herd or herd of an entire village. A knight would not be a knight without a faithful horse. He fought on horseback, participated in tournaments, and hunted. War horses were very expensive. To participate in wars, horses of special breeds were selected, which were distinguished by their strong build and could gallop quickly. These qualities developed through constant training. War horses from Italy, France and Spain were especially valued. Boys from knightly families were taught to wear armor from childhood. In order to be able to use weapons, constant tedious training was needed from a very young age. Different countries had similar systems for educating knights. The boy was taught horse riding, fencing, hunting, playing checkers, writing and singing poems in honor of his lady love, wielding weapons - primarily a sword and a pike, as well as wrestling and swimming. The future knight was also taught hunting techniques. Hunting was considered the second occupation worthy of a knight after war. The ability to read and write was not considered mandatory for a knight. When the young man turned 15 years old, he entered the service of a knight and became a squire. His duties included caring for the knight's horses and dogs. During the campaign, the squire carried the knight’s equipment, and during the battle he had to be behind the knight in order to give him a spare weapon at the right time. And only after a few years of service, squires who distinguished themselves in battle were knighted. For this purpose, a dedication day was appointed. Such a squire prepared for several days to be knighted; he observed strict fasting and repented of his sins. After confession, he was dressed in linen clothes as white as snow. After that, he went to church in this robe, where he had to spend the whole night and pray. Then everyone gathered for the initiation ritual. The knighted person had to kneel before the most noble of the guests. He struck the future knight with his palm on the back of the head or cheek (or with a sword blade on the back). This was the only blow in his life that the knight could receive without returning. The knight girded himself with a sword and put on spurs, signs of knightly dignity. Then he had to show his dexterity - jump on his horse and pierce the target with his spear. Thus a new knight appeared. Knights had rules of behavior called the “code of chivalry.” A knight was expected to treat his captive as an honored guest, even if they were bitter enemies. A knight could not attack another without declaring war. In addition to the knighting ceremony, there was also a procedure for depriving knighthood. During the ceremony, not only the armor was removed from the knight, but also, for example, which was an attribute of knightly dignity. Special knightly tournaments were organized. In the 11th-13th centuries. The rules of knightly duels were developed. So, their participants had to use the same weapons. Most often, at first the rivals rushed at each other with a spear at the ready. If the spears broke, they took up the swords, then the mace. Tournament weapons were blunt, and the knights only tried to knock their opponents out of the saddle.

Armament of knights Knights wore heavy armor and had various weapons.

Helmet Even in ancient times, a helmet was used to protect a warrior’s head from blows. (View slides “Helmets of the Masters of the Middle Ages”) Putting on armor and getting rid of it was a rather difficult task. Defensive knight armor -shell or armor. At first, armor was made of leather and covered with metal rings. Then chain mail appeared, woven from steel rings, sometimes in 2-3 layers. The chain mail resembled a mesh tunic, hung down to the knees and had ranks in front and back for convenience when riding. From the middle of the 14th century. the armor became completely closed. Such equipment weighed 35 kg or more, and one had to have great physical strength to carry it and participate in the battle. Other clothing parts were also attached to the shell: gloves and metal pants, a breastplate and chin pad, as well as parts that protected the face. The knight was armed with a shield, spear and sword. For protection, the knight wore a shield. The main weapons of a knight were a sword and a spear. But the knights also owned a throwing spear and a bow.

Rich knights lived in castles, surrounded by thick walls, and often also deep ditches. Simple knights lived in ordinary stone houses and protected them with narrow ditches filled with water. Since castles were supposed to provide reliable defense, they were built on a mountain, near a lake or river. On flat terrain, the castle was surrounded by one or more ditches filled with water. A self-respecting knight had a family coat of arms and family motto.Coats of arms go back to very ancient times. coats of arms distinguished the noble from the ignoble, the noble from the ignorant. These were the distinctive features of each knight, it was a unique language, which for many was more understandable even than ordinary literacy, because in those days even half of the lords and seigneurs were not taught to read and write. There are a lot of coats of arms and each sign has its own symbolic meaning. But the image for the coat of arms was not taken just like that. Triangular - Norman, oval - Italian, square with a roundness at the bottom - Spanish. The image on the coat of arms told about the personality of the knight. The coat of arms is a distinctive sign of the family. A motto is a short saying explaining the meaning of the coat of arms. Symbolism of flowers on coats of arms: red – “courage”; blue – “greatness”; green – “freedom, hope”; black – “sadness, modesty”; silver – “nobility”; gold - “wealth, strength, loyalty,” “nobility.” Symbolism of images on shields: Leo - courage, strength; lily - flourishing and success; unicorn - invincibility; wolf - anger, greed; peacock - boasting, etc. The motto was placed at the bottom of the shield. The motto on the coat of arms was written either in Latin or in the national language. Mottos: Win or die. Honor is above all. Strength is not justice, justice is true strength, etc. During the Crusades, began to arise spiritual knightly orders with strict regulations. The most famous were: the Order of the Templars, the Order of the Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Order. Templars- The symbol of the order was a white cloak with a red eight-pointed cross. The purpose of this order was to take care of the roads, and especially the protection of pilgrims. The charter prohibited any secular entertainment, laughter, and singing. Discipline was strict. By the 12th century. The Templars became the owners of unheard-of wealth and owned not only lands, but also had a powerful fleet. They were the first to introduce accounting documents and bank checks. In the 15th century, King Philip IV the Fair of France decided to get rid of them. He ordered the secret arrest of all Templars in the kingdom. The remnants of this order could no longer unite. Hospitallers- The symbol of the order was an eight-pointed white cross. Initially, the main task of the order was caring for the sick and wounded. The knights distributed free aid to the poor and organized free lunches for them 3 times a week. From the middle of the 12th century, the main responsibility of the knights became the war against infidels and the protection of pilgrims. They had almost no land in Europe. The Emperor of the Roman Empire, Charles V, offered the Maltese archipelago for residence. Therefore, the Knights Hospitaller began to be called the Order of the Knights of Malta. They fought against the Turks and sea pirates. By the mid-19th century, the Order of Malta transformed from a military one into a spiritual and charitable one, which it remains to this day. The residence of the Knights of Malta is now located in Rome. The Order issues its own passports, prints its own currency, stamps, and even issues license plates. Teutons. Founded at the end of the 12th century during the Crusades. The symbol of the order is a white cloak and a simple black cross. Unlike other orders, whose knights were of different nationalities, the Teutonic Order was mainly composed of German knights. The order was dissolved during the Napoleonic Wars. Restoration took place in the 19th century. and began to engage in charity work, helping the sick. The residence is now located in Vienna. There are also the order's treasury and a library storing historical archives. The order itself consists mainly of sisters who serve hospitals and private sanatoriums. Conclusion.I thought about: are there knights in the modern world? Maybe they look like this? (slide 30) I want there to be more men like “knights”: noble, loyal, honest! After all, even now there are so many people who are capable of dying for their family, for their country. But there are also those who are not even able to give up their seat on public transport to an elderly person. For many, it becomes common to hit the weak and offend a child. But a knight would not allow this to happen to himself or others... “Knightly” behavior would serve as a good example for many and teach nobility. This is why I believe that knights are needed in our time! I got a little creative and came up with a coat of arms and motto for myself if I lived in the Middle Ages. It would look like this:

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Objectives: Find out: Who is a knight and WHAT PERIOD OF HISTORY IS CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES? What is the code of honor for knights? What is the initiation of knights? How were knights punished? Draw a conclusion.

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Who is a knight? Knights were heavily armed mounted warriors who fought for the interests of the king or wealthy feudal lords. At first, anyone could become a knight, but gradually the honor began to be given to rich people. Only they could afford to buy armor, a sword and a war horse.

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WHAT PERIOD OF HISTORY IS CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES? The Middle Ages was a period in the history of Europe and the Middle East that lasted 1000 years, from 500 to 1500. Things and concepts dating back to that period are called medieval.

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Code of honor. 1. A knight must be courageous - cowardice is the heaviest charge. 2. The knight must respect the enemy, not attack him from behind and not use his weakness to achieve victory. Killing an unarmed enemy will forever cover the knight with shame. 3. Knights should not engage in unequal battles, therefore, they should not go several against one, and should avoid all deception and lies. 4. A knight must be generous. 5. The knight obeys the commanders and commanders placed over them; and lives fraternally with his equals. .

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What is knighting? .Knighting is a great event in the life of a medieval person. It was both a symbolic and a legal act. Symbolic - because it denoted the passage of initiation, initiation into the glorious traditions of chivalry and ideas about moral duty. It is no coincidence that in the late Middle Ages the standard age for knighting was considered the age of majority - 21 years. Legal - because it meant a person’s entry into the knightly class and the enjoyment of all his rights and responsibilities.

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Punishment of knights The rights and privileges given to knights also implied greater responsibility for failure to fulfill oaths and violation of the code of honor. Misdeeds were followed by severe punishment, including the death penalty. A warrior convicted of treason or other grave and unworthy of his rank sin was subject to demotion and shameful expulsion from noble society and the country, if he survived at all.. The shame that the demoted and damned knight brought upon himself spread over several generations of his family.

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Burguignot A type of medieval European helmet. It was characterized by a strongly elongated rounded body, equipped with a rigid or movable back plate. The front was equipped with a visor pointing upward. They were attached to the ears on the sides with hinges, according to the type of which burgignots can be classified: Open type. The ears are connected with chin straps. Closed type. A chinrest is formed over the ears; it could be supplemented with a folding chinrest, forming something like a visor. The top of the helmet was usually complemented by a crest; early burgignots had three of them. At the back of the head, under the crest, a sleeve for the plume was often installed. Brigantine Armor made of plates riveted under a cloth base. The cloth base of knightly brigantines was often covered with velvet, often with coats of arms, and the rivets were given a decorative shape. In the 13th-14th centuries, the brigantine was a typical knight's armor, and in the 15th century it was a typical infantry armor.

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Bouviger An element of a helmet or a separate element of head protection, in the form of a half collar, which also covers part of the chest, the face from below to the chin and sometimes the shoulders. As a rule, it was used with helmets of the salade or chapelle type, with which it could form a single structure. Aventail An element of a helmet in the form of a chain mail mesh, framing the helmet along the lower edge. Covered the neck, shoulders, back of the head and sides of the head; in some cases the chest and lower face. Aventail was found mainly in Rus' or in eastern countries. The aventail can be open or cover the bottom of the face (in this case, the part that covered the face was unfastened on one or both sides).

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Bascinet: View of the dome of a 14th-century helmet with a chainmail aventail. The bascinet appears in 1330-1340, representing a hemispherical helmet. Bascinets are distinguished by the type of visor: the visor of the “Hundsgugel” type (German: “dog muzzle”) is a cone-shaped visor strongly extended forward. Hauberk Type of armor. It consisted of chain mail with a hood and mittens (the hood and mittens could be made either separately or combined with the chain mail). Also complemented with chain mail stockings.

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Chausses Leg protection, usually made of chain mail. Shosses could be knee-length, or cover the entire length of the leg. They were the standard metal leg armor throughout much of the European Middle Ages. They provided flexible protection for the legs and were effective against cutting blows, but practically did not protect against crushing blows. Starting from the 13th century, highways began to be strengthened with plate plates. One of the first places protected by plate elements was the knee. Chausses fell out of use in the 14th century with the advent of plate armor. Woolen stockings were also called shossa, as part of civilian clothing. Barbute Italian infantry helmet of the 15th century, largely covering the face due to developed cheekpieces. The Y-shaped neckline of some 15th-century barbutes imitates ancient hoplite helmets. There are two explanations for this name, which literally means "bearded": a helmet "with a beard", that is, with ridges covering the cheeks, and a "helmet from which the wearer's beard protrudes." Barbutes were forged in different shapes - from completely opening the face to completely covering it.

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Armet Closed cavalry helmet of the 15th-16th centuries. The characteristic features of this helmet are: A spherical dome (before this, cavalry helmets had a spheroconic dome); A chinrest consisting of two drop-down halves, connected by a pin in the closed position; The second visor folds back to the back of the head; The helmet fit tightly around the owner's head and neck. Most armets (except for the early ones) were equipped with protection for the neck and collarbones. Topfhelm European cavalry helmet, which appeared around the end of the 12th century during the Crusades. The shape is cylindrical, pot-shaped, barrel-shaped or in the shape of a truncated cone, completely hiding the face of the owner. Below the eye slits, small holes were often drilled to improve ventilation.

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Chapelle A type of steel helmet shaped like a hat. The only common element of the designs was the wide brim of the helmet, which provided additional protection to the owner. The wide brim gave good protection against attacks from above, such as cavalry sabers, and was very useful during a siege, since the wide brim protected the wearer from shots or throws from above. The first chapels were made in England around 1011. Cervelier European medieval helmet. Used in the XII-XIV centuries. It was an iron hemispherical helmet, tightly fitting the head, similar to a helmet. He did not have any elements of facial protection, except for rare helmets supplemented with nose guards. Could be worn over a chain mail hood by lowly warriors. Cerveliers could be equipped with linings made of rows of fabric, between which there was shock-absorbing material.

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Rondel A disc attached to a plate shoulder pad and covering the front armpit. The convenience of its use was that when a heavy cavalryman went on the attack, the rondel did not interfere with placing the spear on the rest: it simply moved to the side, and then during hand-to-hand combat returned to its place, without leaving the hand vulnerable. If in early Gothic the discs were simply made flat, then in later examples the disc, like the entire armor, was forged in a figured shape and decorated, including notching and engraving. Leggings A piece of armor that protects the front of the leg from the knee to the ankle. The greaves were part of Goliath's armor during his battle with David. They became widespread in the ancient world. They were used, in particular, by ancient Greek warriors (hoplites), as well as Roman legionnaires during the republic. Buturlyk (Batarlyg) - leg armor in Rus', which protected the shin and upper part of the rider’s foot in battles with infantry. The pad was a leg armor that protected the thigh from the waist to the knee.

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Plate armor The general name for plate armor. Depending on the era and region, the plates could be made not of metal, but of bone, fangs, horns, boiled leather and even wood. Shoulders Shoulders are pieces of plate armor worn on the shoulders. Shoulders appeared during the Middle Ages, and were used until the Renaissance, when the popularity of plate armor began to decline. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the shoulder guard appeared as a small concave plate at the top of the shoulder, and several plates attached to it and running down the arm. As a consequence of the desire for increased protection, the size of the shoulder pads increased to protect the armpits, as well as to protect part of the back and chest.

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Maximilian armor German armor of the first third of the 16th century, named after Emperor Maximilian I, as well as with a hint of maximum protection. The armor is characterized by an armet and a closed helmet with a corrugated visor, fine fan-shaped and parallel corrugations often covering most of the armor, engraving, a sharply thinned cuirass, and square sabatons. Salad A group of helmets, originating from bascinets, varying in shape (from similar to a helmet to similar to a hat), but having as a common feature the presence of a backplate (especially long in German sallads), as well as a longitudinal stiffener rib.

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Gothic armor German armor of the second half of the 15th century, a characteristic feature of which are sharp corners, especially noticeable on the elbow pads, sabatons (plate shoes) and gloves, as well as a salad helmet, in versions without a crest, very similar in outline to the German helmet. In addition, as a rule, this type of armor had conspicuous corrugations and corrugations, which increased the strength of the armor as stiffening ribs. Another feature of the armor that is not striking was that this armor was designed to provide maximum freedom of movement, for example, the cuirass was designed to allow free bending and unbending. The only exceptions were half-gloves - half-mittens of some armor, better protecting the fingers than a glove, but more mobile than a mitten, in which the large phalanges of the four fingers of the hand consisted of one relief plate, while the remaining phalanges could move freely.

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Plate armor Protecting the chest and lower limbs, was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, but fell into disuse after the collapse of the Roman Empire due to the cost and labor required to produce lorica segmentata or similar plate armor. Full plate armor was very expensive to produce, and was mainly used only by the upper classes; lavishly decorated armor remained fashionable among 18th-century nobles and generals long after it lost its military importance on the battlefield with the advent of muskets.

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Plate Skirt The plate skirt was part of the armor. It was used in ancient Greece and Rome, in the form of leather strips descending from the cuirass. In the Middle Ages, plate skirts were first used on brigantines, then they became part of white armor. It is a continuation of the cuirass and, as it were, part of it. Kulet Kulet is a piece of plate armor consisting of small horizontal plates to protect the lower back and buttocks. The plates of the culet were usually connected by hinges, which gave the armor a certain mobility.

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CuirassThe general name for armor consisting of one solid or several interconnected metal plates to protect the torso. A product with a complex shape, such as a helmet, was easier to cast than to forge. Bronze armor, including solid cuirasses, was used in Rome until the beginning of our era, while helmets in Europe were made of bronze in the 19th century. The disadvantage of bronze, however, was its high cost. Copper, necessary for the manufacture of bronze, is found much less frequently than iron, and tin was an extremely scarce material even in ancient times.

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Full helmet This is a military helmet worn by knights and other combatants in the late medieval era and early Renaissance. It had a visor that swiveled and completely covered the head and neck. The full-face helmet was used in battle, but was also popular in tournaments, where sometimes the visor was not solid, but had more slits that reduced protection but improved visibility. Full-face tournament helmets were heavier, weighing up to 5.5 kg, while full-face helmets for regular combat were lighter, weighing approximately 3.5 kg.

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Gorget Originally a steel collar to protect the neck and throat. The gorget was part of ancient armor and was intended to protect against swords and other types of bladed weapons. Most medieval gorgets were simple neck guards worn under the breastplate and backplate. These plates supported the weight of the armor worn on them and were often equipped with straps to attach other pieces of armor. Chain mail Armor woven from iron rings, a metal network for protection against damage from cold weapons. It had different names depending on the variety: chain mail, shell, baidana, yacerin. Different types of chain mail were used - from a chain mail shirt, which covered only the torso and shoulders, to full hauberks, which covered the entire body, from head to toe.

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The work was completed by Andrey Shashkov, a student of 6th grade

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Objectives: Find out who the knight is? What does his weapon consist of? How did the knights fight? Where did the knights live?

Purpose of the work: to study the lifestyle of knights of the Middle Ages.

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Introduction

A knight is a professional warrior. But not just any warrior. Knight, Reiter, Chevalier, etc. in all languages ​​it means “horseman”. But not just any horseman, but a horseman in a helmet, armor, with a shield, spear and sword. A knight is a real fearless warrior who gave rise to a culture called chivalry.

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Everything knightly was very expensive; anyone who had enough money to buy a war horse, weapons and armor could become a knight. A complete set of the simplest knightly weapons was very expensive - at least 45 cows or 15 mares had to be paid for it. And this is the size of a herd or herd of an entire village. Only the son of a knight could become a knight and must undergo the initiation rite.

The history of chivalry

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Knighting ritual

The future knight was struck on the back of the head or cheek (or with a sword blade on the back). This was the only blow that the knight could receive without returning

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Knight Equipment

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Knight armor

For protection, the knight wore a shield. The main weapons of a knight were a sword and a spear. Attached to the shell were: gloves and metal pants, a breastplate and chin guard, as well as parts that protected the face.

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The knight wore a chainmail hood or a forged iron helmet of a pointed shape with plates to protect the cheeks and nose. The helmet is the most responsible and important element of the armor: if you lose your arm, you can still sit in the saddle, but if you lose your head...

1 - Italian 2 - German 3 - French 4 - French 1310 5 - German 1318 6 - French 1340 7 - German 8, 9, 10 - French 1370 11 - English 12 - Flemish 13 - French 1380 14 - Bishop's Helmet 15 - French 1400

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Leather armor

The armor of the first European knights was leather. The positive features of leather armor are its accessibility and lightness. But in general, it often did not justify itself - the level of protection it provided did not pay for the reduction in mobility. They were of little help from arrows and spear blows, but, being hard, they effectively prevented the cutting of armor.

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Chainmail

Leather armor was replaced by chain mail with sleeves and a hood, equipped with additional chain mail stockings. The armor completely covered the body, weighed about 10 kg and almost did not restrict movement. However, the protection he gave was very dubious. Chain mail armor was easily cut with a saber, pierced with a spear and chopped with an ax.

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The standard, hand-carried means of protecting a warrior from various enemy weapons was a shield. The original shields were made of light wood and sometimes covered with fur, usually wolf fur.

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Plate armor

Full articulated armor not only provided a high level of protection in hand-to-hand combat. The main thing is that they served as a kind of exoskeleton, and thereby sharply increased the survivability of the warrior.

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Well, how did the knights fight? Before the battle, the knight gathered an army of squires and foot soldiers. When the army found itself on the battlefield, the knights began to form, there were about 5 knights in the first row, then 7 knights stood in the next row and with each row their number increased. After the formation of the knights, the formation of the cavalry took place. The battle itself consisted of hundreds, or even thousands of fights and could last for hours, without a break.

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Knight Tournament

Military skills were honed in tournaments-competitions of knights in strength and dexterity. Thanks to tournaments, knights, in peacetime, could gain high authority in the eyes of representatives of their class.

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Chivalric code of honor

The knightly code of honor is certain rules of behavior in one’s class. The knight is the hope of the weak and humiliated. The knight had to be generous. The knight had to be alien to cunning. The knight had to be gallant with the ladies, and he had to be faithful to the lady of his heart until the end of his days.

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Heraldry

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The knight had his own coat of arms - a distinctive sign of the family and a motto - a short saying that explained the meaning of the coat of arms. The coat of arms and motto were located on the shield and were the calling card of the knight.

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The motto of all knights was: “God, woman and king”; they were real defenders of the fatherland. This motto shone at the luxurious and warlike festivities of knights, in their military games, in solemn gatherings of daredevils and beauties, in magnificent tournaments.

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Knight's Punishment

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If a knight boasted about his exploits, but in fact did nothing, then such a braggart was punished as follows: the right side of the head of the coat of arms on his shield was shortened. If any knight dared to kill a prisoner of war, then for this they also shortened the head of the coat of arms on the shield, rounding it at the bottom. If a knight lied, flattered and made false reports in order to drag his sovereign into war, then the head of the coat of arms on his shield was covered with red, erasing the signs that were there. If a knight was convicted of perjury or drunkenness, then two black purses were drawn on both sides of his coat of arms. If a knight was convicted of cowardice, then his coat of arms was stained on the left side.