All case endings. Declension of nouns

Spelling of noun endings depends on what type of declension these nouns belong to. Mistakes in choosing endings -e or -And do not appear in all case forms, but only in the forms of three cases: genitive, dative and prepositional.

Nouns I declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in genitive forms have ending –s (s) , and in the forms of the dative and prepositional - e:

2. Nouns ending in -and I(army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of the declension, in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have an ending -And :

These words should not be confused with nouns in -ya, (Maria, Natalia, Sophia) which are declined according to the general rule and have the ending in the dative and prepositional cases -e: Marya, Natalia, Sophia, But: Mary, Natalia, Sofia; (o) Marya, (o) Natalya, (o) Sophia, But: (o) Maria, (o) Natalia, (o) Sophia.

3.Nouns II declension in the form of a prepositional case have an ending -e: (in) a house, (on) a horse, (on) a table, (o) heat, (in) hoarfrost.

4. Nouns III declension (sadness, night, rye, silence) in the genitive, dative and prepositional forms have an ending -And:

5. Word path, as well as ten nouns on -mya (banner, flame, tribe, stirrup etc.) are inconsistent and in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have an ending -:

6. Proper names, naming settlements, such as Kashin, Kalinin, Borodino form a special form of the instrumental case of the singular following the model of nouns of the second declension and have ending -ohm : Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin. These words should not be confused with proper names that call Russian surnames (Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin), which in the instrumental form have the ending th: Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin.

7. Type Nouns sentry, canteen, ice cream, worker, formed from adjectives and participles change in the same way as qualitative adjectives. Type nouns forester, draw, third -y- (like foxes, wolf). Surname type Smirnova, Orlova, Golubeva- modeled on possessive adjectives with a suffix -oh- (type sisters, fathers).

Case forms of nouns in -i, -i, -i

1. Nouns with a non-monosyllabic stem masculine and neuter -th And -s in the feminine prepositional -and I in the dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have in an unstressed position, in derogation from the general rule, the ending -And , but not -e , For example: genius - about genius, sodium - about sodium, radium - about radium, Vasily - about Vasily, Yuri - about Yuri, department - in department, return - upon return, assistance - with assistance; army - to the army, about the army; line - along the line, on the line; station - to the station, at the station; Bulgaria - in Bulgaria, in Bulgaria; Mary - to Mary, about Mary.

If there are options for -s And -e, -and I And -ya these case forms have different endings - -e; for example: variant pairs like about skill - about skill, in flowering - in flowering, about verbosity - about verbosity, about Natalia - about Natalya, to Mary - to Marya.

In artistic, especially poetic, speech, it is allowed to write preposition forms. n. nouns environments, gender on -e (usually with the preposition V) with the ending -And , For example: In silence, you walked alone with a great thought(P.); There is a feat in the battle, / There is a feat in the struggle. / The highest feat is in patience, / In love and prayer(Hom.); And the snow competed in zeal / With twilight death(B. Past.); "Enchanted"(title of the poem by I. Severyanin); Birds are crying in the skies, / The heart is beating in the hypochondria(V. Valley). Under stress, the end of the preposition. P. -And only one word per -e: oblivion - in oblivion?.

2. Few nouns on -y, -iya with a monosyllabic stem in the indicated cases in an unstressed position, as a general rule, the ending -e. List of such words: serpent - oh serpent, cue - oh ki-e(option: about cue-), cue(Legendary founder of Kyiv) – about Kya, whose(plant) - about chie, "Viy" - in "Bue", Pius - about Pius, under Pope Pius; hriya(term of rhetoric) - by hrie, o hrie; Biya(river) - along Biya, on Biya; Oia, Leah, Via(female names) - to Ye, o Leah, o Bue; Gia(male name) - to Gia, oh Gia.

Few nouns have -s, -and I having an accent on the ending, the indicated case forms end in And on either e , for example: judge - to judge, about judge, lithium - in lithium-, litany - in litany, being - about being, living - about living, in living, But: tip - on the tip, on the tip, Ziya, Aliya, Zulfiya(personal names) - about Ziya, about Aliya, to Zulfiya, Kyzyl-Kiya-(city) - in Kyzyl-Kiya.

Case endings of plural nouns

1. For masculine nouns in the nominative plural, forms on ы(и) and a(я) are possible: courses, gardens, nails, banks, edges.

Forms ending in -а(-я) are used:

1) for many monosyllabic words: running - running, sides, sides, centuries (but: forever and ever, for once), eyes, houses, forests, meadows, horns, snow, varieties, haystacks, silks;

2) for words with singular stress on the first syllable: address - addresses, boats, buffers (and buffers), fans, bills, evenings, heaps, voices, doctors, snipes, huntsmen, gutters, pearls, millstones, boats, shakos, tunics, bells, domes, coachmen, ploughshares, masters, seine (and nets), numbers, hams, districts, warrants, islands, farming (and farming), cold cut, farm, skull, best man, stamp (and stamps), fitting (and fittings), sharper (and sharpers), also some other words like director, cuff, professor, sleeve;

3) for some homonymous words (the choice of a form for a (i) or for s (u) depends on the meaning): hogs("male pig") - hog("part of the chimney"), buildings("torso of a person or animal") - corps("building", "military unit"), camps("socio-political groups") - camps("temporary parking"), furs("mechanism for forcing air", "tank for wine") - fur("dressed animal skin"), images("generalized representation") - image(same as icon) orders("an organization with a specific charter") - orders("Mark of distinction"), passes("something missed, overlooked") - passes("document for the right to enter somewhere"), sable("furry animal") - sable(sable fur"), currents("movement of electric charge in a conductor") - current("a place for the display of birds", "a platform for threshing"), tones("musical sound") - tones("hue of color by brightness, color"), brakes(trans. "an obstacle in the development of something") - brakes("device for slowing down or stopping movement"), teachers("Head of Doctrine") - teachers("teacher"), loaves("product baked from flour") - of bread("cereals on the vine"), flowers("flowering plant") - colors("colour, light tone").

The semantic role of the endings -ы (-и) and -а (-я) is performed in the following words: teeth - teeth, roots - roots, hooks - hooks, sheets - leaves, men - husbands, sons - sons, shreds - shreds.

Many masculine nouns in the genitive plural form have a zero ending, i.e. end in a consonant stem. These include words that refer to:

1) paired items: (no) boot, felt boots, epaulette, stocking(But: socks), epaulet(But: rails);

2) some nationalities (for most words, the stem ends in -н and -р): (lifestyle) English, Armenians, Bashkir, Bulgarians, Buryat, Georgian, Lezghins, Ossetians, Romanians, Turkmens, Turks, Khazars, Gypsies; But: Bedouins, Kalmyks, Kirghiz, Koryaks, Mongols, Negroes, Orochs, Tajiks, Tungus, Uzbeks, Khakasses, Croats, Chukchis, Yakuts;

3) military associations: (detachment) partisans, soldiers; in the names of the former military branches, forms with a zero ending and -ov are used differentially, depending on the meaning: with a collective meaning (with indefinite quantitative nouns army, detachment, army, group, etc.), a form with a zero ending is used: ( detachment) grenadier, hussar, dragoon, cuirassier, reiter("medieval warrior") lancer, and when denoting individuals (or a specific quantity called numerals) - the form in -ov: (five) hussars, cuirassiers; forms midshipman - midshipmen equally common; in the names of modern military branches, as a rule, the full form is used: (group) miners, sappers, Also midshipmen ;

4) some units of measurement: (multiple) ampere, watt, volt, arshin, hertz, grain, oersted; fluctuations of the following counting forms are observed: micron - microns, ohm - ohms, x-ray - x-rays, gram - grams, kilogram - kilograms, carat - carats; as well as forms on ov: pendants(And pendant), Newtonian(And newton), ergs(and erg), dinars, hectares .

The following forms in ov are used as normative in the language: oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes; But: eggplant - eggplant.

2. For feminine nouns ending in -a, in the genitive case after hissing ь is not written: barges (barge), thefts (theft), skis (ski), groves (grove), clouds (cloud), thousand (thousand).

Feminine nouns in -and I (army, line) and on -ya (if the stress does not fall on the ending: singer songwriter, laughter -th (this is the stem suffix, and the ending is zero): armies, audiences, parodies, surnames, excursions, guests(But: guests from guest), witches, fritters (fritter), songstress, dancers, jumpers, bustlers, minxes, squadrons.

Nouns with stressed -ya (bench) in the genitive case ends in -to her (the end is also zero): tub (tub), rooks, Artemisia, pigs, families, articles; Also judges (judge). Forms are normative shares, skittles, fines, handfuls, sakley, candles.

For feminine nouns -nya (cherry, bedroom) in the genitive case, ь is not written (the ending is zero): slaughterhouse (slaughter), cherries, belfries, baths, bedrooms.

Exceptions: young ladies, young ladies, villages, kitchens, and apple trees(from Apple tree); But: apple tree(from apple trees).

The normative forms of the genitive plural are: waffles, domain, poker, roofing, nannies, shafts (and shafts), sheets (and sheets), rods, weddings, gossip, estates (and estates).

Neutral nouns ending in -i ( edition, astonishment) and on -e ( necklace, foothills) in the genitive plural end in -y (the ending is zero): conquests, experiences, invitations, claims, disappointments, contests, formations; nomadic (nomadic), tombstones, coasts, suburbs, lands.

Nouns in -yo in the genitive plural they end in her (the ending is zero): guns(gun), drink- low use ( drink).

Exception: copies (a spear).

Nouns door, daughter, horse in the instrumental case end in -ми: doors, daughters, horses(form on -ami - obsolete). Nouns bone, whip in the instrumental case end in -ami : bones, lashes(form on -mi occurs only in stable combinations lie down bones).

Nouns that are used only in the plural form (such as rake, scissors), have the normative form of the genitive case: frosts, clavichords, clips, rags, antlers; attacks, scissors, pantaloons, darkness, twilight, harem pants; weekdays (less often weekdays), firewood, nursery; see also: frills, rake(less often rake), leggings.

Noun endings after suffixes

After the suffix -isch- for masculine and neuter nouns in the singular, the ending -e is written, and for feminine nouns - the ending -a: watermelon-seek-e, bass, giant, she-wolf, ancient settlement, rain, friend, piano, shoe, mind, swamp, log, wine; beards, heads, strengths, bores, shoes (shoes). In the plural, masculine and feminine nouns with this suffix have the ending -And , and nouns of the middle gender - ending -A : fences, boots, palms, corns; swamps, logs, windows .

After the suffixes -ushk-, -yushk-, -yshk-, -ishk- in the nominative case singular is written:

1) ending -A for feminine nouns and for animate masculine nouns: dum-ushk-a, zimushka, volushka, passion, talker, thief, sorceress, merchant, starling, coward;

2) ending -O for neuter nouns and for inanimate masculine nouns: mountain-yushk-o, healthy, milky, little coat, little voice, little town, rublishko, shed, little fence.

After the suffix -l- in the nominative singular of animate masculine and general nouns, the ending is written -A , for neuter nouns - ending -O : verzi-l-a, bigwig, ringleader, muff; bast, whetstone, sail, chisel.

After the suffix -its- neuter nouns have an ending -e : jam-its-e, health, estate, armchair, oil, estate (cf .: coat, gun).

In the third grade, students are introduced to the concept of "case" and learn that nouns change by case. Despite the fact that only 6 cases are studied in the school curriculum, for children this topic is one of the most difficult topics to study in elementary school. Children will have to learn cases and case questions, learn to ask the right questions in order to correctly determine the case of a noun in the text. Why define case? So that in the future, based on the case and declension of the noun, it is correct to write the endings of words.

case- This fickle sign of nouns, i.e. nouns change (decline) according to cases. Changing by cases means changing nouns by questions. There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and answers a specific question. When a word is changed by cases, its ending changes.

Cases clarify the role of nouns and their relationship with other words in a sentence.

List of cases

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

It is very difficult for a child to remember dry names of cases. He needs associations. Therefore, the child's acquaintance with cases can begin with a fairy tale.

Tale about cases

There lived the Case.
He had not yet been born, but they were already thinking about what name to give him and decided to name him - Nominative.
Born - became Genitive. He liked this name even more.
He was a baby, they gave him food and toys, and he became a Dative.
But he was a big mischief-maker, he was blamed for all sorts of tricks, and he became accusatory.
Then he grew up, began to do good deeds, and they called him Creative.
He began to offer his help to everyone, soon everyone started talking about him and now called him Prepositional.
They said exactly that when they remembered him, they even sang a song:
nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, Prepositional.

To remember the order of the pages, use the mnemonic phrase:

Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag the diaper.

Table of cases of the Russian language

Please note that in almost all cases, the first letters can be used to recall the key word.

Genitive - parents
Dative - gave
Accusative - I see, I blame
Creative - I create

Prepositions of cases and semantic questions

Nominative case - no prepositions. Meaningful questions: who? What?

Genitive case: y, from, before, for, from, without, after, near (y), near (y), against, from under, because of. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases: p. Meaningful questions: where? where? whose? whose? whose?

Dative case: to, to. Meaningful questions: where? How?

Accusative case: about, through. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on, for. Meaningful questions: where? Where?

Instrumental case: over, between, before. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - under, for, with. Meaningful questions: where? How?

Prepositional case: o, o, at. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on. Meaningful questions: where?

Cases are divided into direct and indirect

direct case- is nominative. In a sentence, only a noun in the nominative case can be the subject.

Indirect cases- all others, except for the nominative. In a sentence, words in oblique cases are secondary members of the sentence.

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you must:

1. Find in the sentence the word to which the noun refers, put a question from it;
2. By question and pretext (if any), find out the case.

Seagulls circled over the waves. Circled (above what?) above the waves (T. p.)

There is a technique that allows you to accurately determine the case only by asking questions. We formulate both questions. If we have an inanimate noun, we replace it in the sentence with a suitable animate one and pose a question. For two questions, we accurately determine the case.

I caught (who?) a cat. We replace the cat with an inanimate object: I caught (what?) A feather. Whom? What? - Accusative.

I couldn't reach (who?) the cat. Replace with inanimate: I couldn't reach the (what?) branch. Whom? What? - Genitive

To correctly determine the case ending of a noun, you need to determine its case and declension.

Detailed table of cases and case endings of nouns 1,2,3 declensions

How to distinguish cases in words with the same endings, forms or prepositions

How to distinguish nominative and accusative cases:

A noun in the nominative case is the subject of the sentence and does not have a preposition. And the noun in the accusative case is a minor member of the sentence, it can be with or without a preposition.

Mom (I. p.) puts cucumbers (V. p.) in the salad (V. p.).

How to distinguish genitive and accusative cases:

If the questions in R. p. and V. p. (whom?) coincide, cases are distinguished by the endings of words: in R. p. endings -a (ya) / -s (and). In V. p. endings -y (y).

Paw (of whom?) martens - R.p. / I see (who?) a marten - V. p.

If both questions and endings are the same, it is necessary to substitute any feminine word with the ending -а(я)- instead of words. Then in R. p. the ending will be -s (u), and in V. p. the ending will be -y (u).

Paw (whom?) Of a bear - I see (whom?) A bear.

We check:

Paw (who?) (foxes) of a bear - R. p. - I see (who?) (a fox) a bear - V. p.

How to distinguish the genitive and instrumental cases with the preposition "s":

If the preposition “with” coincides with R. p. and Tv. n. distinguish them by case and semantic questions (from where? at R. p. and with what? at Tv. p.) and the endings of words in these cases.

Raised (from where?) From the ground - R. p. / Raised a box (with what?) With the ground - V. p.

How to distinguish dative and genitive cases that are the same in pronunciation:

A word without a preposition in D. p. will coincide in pronunciation with a word in R. p. (they have different endings in writing). To distinguish them, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase with this word.

D. p. - wrote a letter to grandmother Natasha [and] - grandmother's name is Natasha

R. p. - wrote a letter to Natasha's grandmother [and] - this is Natasha's grandmother

How to distinguish the dative and prepositional cases if they have the same endings and semantic questions:

In this case, you need to pay attention to the prepositions that are different in these cases.

D. p. - floats (where?) On the sea - prepositions to, by

P. p. - located (where?) In the sea - prepositions in, in, on

How to distinguish instrumental and accusative cases when semantic questions and prepositions coincide:

In case of coincidence of semantic questions and prepositions, TV. p. and v. p. you need to focus on case questions and endings.

Tv. p. - hid (where ?, for what?) Behind the chest of drawers

V. p. - hid (where ?, for what?) behind the chest of drawers

How to distinguish accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide:

If the prepositions of V. p. and P. p. coincide, it is necessary to focus on questions.

V. p. - climbed (where ?, on what?) On the pedestal

P. p. - stood (where ?, on what?) on a pedestal

Poems about cases

I am the nominative case,
And there are no other people's clothes on me.
Everyone can easily recognize me
And in the subject name.
I do not like pretexts since childhood,
I can't stand being around me.
My questions are WHO? So what?
Nobody messes with anything.

And I'm Genitive
My character is sociable.
WHOM? WHAT? And here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends.
Prepositions are often my friends.
I look accusatory
I am sometimes
But in the text you can tell
Always two cases.

I'm called Dative,
I work diligently.
TO whom to give? What to call for?
Only I can say.

And I am the accusative case,
And I blame the ignorant for everything.
But I love excellent students
For them, "five" I catch.
Who to name, what to play,
Ready for advice guys.
Do not mind making friends with suggestions,
But I can live without them.

And I am instrumental
I am filled with every hope.
Create! - How? Create! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!

And I'm a prepositional case,
My case is complicated.
The world is not nice to me without pretexts.
ABOUT COM? ABOUT WHAT? I told?
Oh yes, I need suggestions.
Without them, I have no way.
Then I can tell
What is the dream about.

nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, prepositional…
It's hard to remember them all.
You always keep in mind
Names. These are cases.

Nominative

He is a beginner
Questions - WHO? So what?
In it - mom, dad, elephant, arena,
And school, and coat.

Genitive

Questions: No WHOM? WHAT?
I don't have a brother
And hamsters - not a single one ...
It's all mom's fault!

Dative

It's an apple, tell me
I will give to WHOM? WHAT?
Maybe Lena? Or Vite?
No, probably no one...

Accusative

Oh! The toys are a mess!
I don't understand myself:
Blame WHO? So what?
Doll? Cubes? Lotto?

Instrumental

I want to write songs.
WITH WHOM? WITH WHAT should I study music?
Write to me with a pen or pen,
Or colored pencil?

Prepositional

Who am I thinking? ABOUT WHAT?
About school, about verbs.
Come on, I'm thinking about
How tired of school...

But now all cases
I learned hard.
Try to teach like this too
After all, knowledge is POWER!

Polak Frida

The nominative is you
picking flowers,
and the parent is for you
the trill and clicking of a nightingale.
If the dative is all for you,
happiness, named in fate,
then accusative ... No, wait,
I'm not easy in grammar
you want new cases
offer you? - Suggest!
- Conversative is a case,
recognition is a case,
loving, affectionate,
kissing is a case.
But they are not the same...
expectant and weary,
parting and painful,
and jealous is a case.
I have a hundred thousand of them
and only six in grammar!

Kirsanov Semyon

The NOMINAL exclaimed:
- My birthday is THAT,
Which is amazing
Learn science!
- TOGO, - said the GENENT, -
I deny who
Can't live without parents
Put on your coat.
- THAT, - answered DATIVE, -
Bad name ladies
Who didn't love diligently
Do the lessons yourself.
- TOGO, - said the accusatory, -
I will blame
Who book expressively
Can't read.
- WITH THAT, - said the CREATIVE, -
I'm just fine
Who is very respectful
Relates to work.
- ABOUT THAT, - said the PROPOSITIONAL, -
I'll offer a story
Who in life can do
Useful for us.

Tetivkin A.

Spring cases

Everything has awakened from sleep:
SPRING is sweeping the world.

It's like we're blooming
Feeling the arrival of SPRING.

And I wanted to get out
Towards the young SPRING.

I'll drown in the green leaves
And I blame VESNA for this.

Nature breathes only one
Unique SPRING.

A starling perched on a pine tree
Bawling songs ABOUT SPRING.

Tell others about it
And you repeat the cases.

Klyuchkina N.

Genitive

I ran away from home
I walked until evening
I dived from a tree into a snowdrift,
I dreamed of living without lessons.
For collection of snowflakes
I collected with my tongue.
Dancing around the fire
And jumped around the yard.
Do I need to do lessons?
I didn't care!
Here I stand at the blackboard
And I sigh in anguish.
But the genitive
I won't forget, at least slaughter. (T. Rick)

Dative

If I had names
He gave cases
I would then gift
DATALY called!
And how I dream
Santa Claus dress up
And I bring gifts to everyone:
Brother, sister, dog.
And who else? WHAT?
Chick, horse, catfish,
Cat, hare, hippo,
Crocodile and elephant!
I'm in a hurry to the steam locomotive,
I'm flying on the ground, I'm rushing!
I will bring gifts to everyone
And then I'll be back home! (T. Rick)

Accusative

I am accusative
I blame everyone everywhere.
I don't have any hope
That I won't make a mistake.
Substitute the word "see"
And define me.
- "If you want to know a lot,
Hurry up and learn to read!"
To remember the accusatory
I learned ... to fly!
How to fly up to the ceiling
Let me wave over the threshold,
I fly out the window
I am heading for the meadow.
I hate to blame
I will list everything.
WHAT I SEE AND WHO -
I'll name one!
I see a river, I see a garden
I name everything!
I see a cherry, I see a plum.
How beautiful all around!
Building a club nearby
Painting a boat in the sand...
Enough, I'm going back to school
I fly light into class. (T. Rick)

Instrumental case

To keep up with everyone
To sound smart
Gotta understand now
In the CREATIVE case.
What is there to say for a long time.
So I decided ... to create!
Pencil, take paper
And I painted the landscape.
I am an artist, I am a creator!
Wow, what a great guy I am!
In front of the castle the bush blooms,
A snake lives under a snag,
A falcon flies over the road
Behind the fence, the horse neighs.
I create with a pencil
On a big sheet.
I decorated the view with difficulty
Forest, cloud over the pond.
Come on, I'll turn the leaf
And I'll start creating again.
My hero goes to war
He wants to rule the country
Hit enemies with an arrow
Pour pitch from the tower.
Stop! Think with your head
Why go to war!
It's better to end things peacefully!
I will close my album (T. Rick)

Prepositional

I'm bored in class.
Well, I better dream.
I really love to dream!
If only I could become a princess!
I dream of a crown
I will sit on the throne in it.
I dream of an elephant
To ride in the moonlight.
I dream of earrings
I dream about boots.
Evenings in the semi-darkness
I dream of an eagle
I will fly freely with him.
I will go to school...
Oh, I'm already dreaming...
About the PREPOSITIONAL case! (T. Rick)

All existing cases of the Russian language

1) Nominative case - who ?, what?
2) Genitive case - no one ?, what?
3) The dative case - to give to whom ?, to what ?, determines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative case - I see whom ?, what ?, denotes the immediate object of the action;
5) Instrumental case - I create by whom ?, with what ?, determines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging (at night);
6) Prepositional case - think about whom ?, about what?

7) Vocative case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case, we only have the word “God!” (well, Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimon, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by “cutting off” the ending or a specially added ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out!

8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions "At", "In" and "On". Descriptive question: Where? At what? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) - but what about in Holy Rus', in Ukraine?

9) Separative case. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lies a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set heat (not heat), Add move (not move), Young man, no spark there?

10) Counting case - found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not a step).

11) Deferent case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From the house. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; there was severe frost.

12) Deprivative case - used exclusively with negative verbs: I do not want to know the truth (not the truth), I cannot have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separative case - similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set heat (instead of heat), add a move (instead of add a move).

14) Waiting case - He is also a genitive-accusative case: Wait (for whom? What?) Letters (not a letter), Wait (for whom? What?) Mom (not mom), Wait by the sea for weather (not weather).

15) Transformative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (to whom? to what?). It is used exclusively in turns of speech like: Go to the pilots, Run for deputies, Marry, Become sons.

In this article, we will analyze spelling of unstressed case endings nouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension.

So, what unstressed endings should be checked, and which ones should just be remembered. It is necessary to check unstressed endings -e, -and in genitive, dative, and prepositional nouns. Remember unstressed endings in nouns in the instrumental case.

1st declension: th (s) memo Ouch, village to her.

2nd declension: -om (-em) year ohm, field em.

To check the correct definition of an unstressed noun ending, you should determine the case (see how to determine). Then determine the declination (see how to determine). Next, we recall the ending of the noun of a certain declension in the required case.

In the summer the children swam in the lake.

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) In the lake, so this prepositional.

lakes O (it, mine) - a neuter noun, has an ending -o, which means it belongs to the second declension. The noun of the second declension in the prepositional case has the ending -e. So, we write:

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) PP 2nd fold., -e) in lakes e .

Another way to check the ending of a noun is to replace a noun with an unstressed ending, substitute a noun of the same declension and in the same case, but with a stressed ending: the guys swam in the river, in the lake .

Now let's analyze the spelling of unstressed noun endings in all cases.

The declension of a noun is determined by nominative case and we talked about this in .

Genitive

A noun in the genitive case answers questions whom? what? (from where? where?) . Suggestions used: from, to, from, without, at, for, about, with.

Endings:

1st declension: -i, -s.

2nd declension: -а, -я.

3rd declension: -i.

Example: Sheep have soft long wool . → Wool(who?) sheep s - 1st declension.

Dative

Noun in the dative case answers questions to whom? what? (where? where?) . Suggestions used: to, by.

Endings:

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -y, -yu.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a minor member in the sentence.

Example: The boy ran to the lake . → fled(where? to what?) to the lakes at - 2nd declension.

IN genitive case nouns of the first declension have the ending -i, in the dative - the ending -e.

Nouns of the third meaning in both cases have the ending -i.

Accusative

A noun in the accusative case answers questions whom? What? (where? where?) . Suggestions used: in, on, for, through, about .

Endings:

1st declension: -y, -yu.

2nd declension: -а, -я.

Example: Herons can often be found in swamps . → Meet(whom?) heron Yu - 1st declension.

Nouns in the genitive and accusative cases can be distinguished by prepositions. In the first declension, nouns in these cases differ in endings.

Instrumental case.

A noun in the instrumental case answers questions by whom? how? (where? where?) . Suggestions used: with, behind, under, over, between .

1st declension: -oh (-s).

2nd declension: -om (-em).

3rd declension: -yu.

It plays the role of a minor member in the sentence.

Example: Fish are caught with a rod . → Catch(how?) fishing rod Ouch - 1st declension.

Prepositional

Noun in the prepositional case answers questions about whom? about what? (Where?) . Suggestions used: about (about), in, on, at.

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -e.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a minor member in the sentence.

Example: We talked about autumn . → We talked(about what?) about autumn And - 3rd declension.

In the next article we will talk about the declension of nouns in the plural.

Case is a variable characteristic of a word, which is inherent only in nouns, adjectives, numerals or pronouns. Given the above, we can determine the meaning of the term "case".

case- this is a characteristic denoting the form in which the noun is located, denoting its relationship with another object or person, determining its action, state or attribute.

A more complex concept of case sounds like this:

case- a changing characteristic of the grammar of the Russian language, which corresponds to a noun, pronoun, numeral or adjective, as well as their hybrids, which determines their meaning in a sentence in relation to the semantic or syntactic position.

Cases help connect parts of speech with each other, endowing a sentence or phrase with a certain thought. Visually, it is expressed with the help of the text through the transformation of the form of the word. For clarity, you can compare:

• month, sheep, yellow, face, sun, clear;

The moon hides behind the barns its yellow face from the blazing sun.

In the first case, a set of words is used that are not connected in any way and therefore represent a meaningless enumeration. In the second - parts of speech are changed, the idea is stated clearly and clearly, this was facilitated by cases.

In total there are 6 cases, which are characterized by a certain ending. One or another case can be determined by asking the appropriate question, or recognized by the presence of certain prepositions. The presented table shows all existing cases, defining their questions and the corresponding prepositions, if any.

Case table

Cases in Russian (table with questions and endings)

Before analyzing each case separately using the example of specific words, let's recall the terminology of this word once again and correlate it with the noun.

case- this is a form of a noun that changes it and reveals its relation to another object, person, action or event, creating a semantic connection in a sentence or phrase.

Cases of nouns. Case prepositions

Nominative

Nominative is the base or initial form of the item's name. Used to denote an object, in the nominative case the word will always express the answer to a question Who? or What?

• Who? mom-a, hare_, doctor_;
• What? pen-a, sun-e, pond_, silence.

Prepositions are not used when using the word in the nominative case. It belongs to the category of direct case (the rest are called indirect). In a sentence, a noun in the nominative case is the subject or part of the predicate.

• I really liked this book. (« book" in the nominative case, is the subject)
• A dog is man's best friend. (« Friend"- part of the predicate)

Genitive

Denotes the attraction or belonging of an object to another object or person, answers questions whom? what?

• (no) who? mom-s, hare-a, doctor-a;
• (no) what? pen-i, sun-a, pond-a, quiet-i.

This case belongs to the category of indirect and can be used both with and without prepositions. Example:

• (nothing?) handles - broke off at (what?) handles.

Prepositions are used to more accurately connect the meaning of a noun with another word. If the noun is in the genitive case, then the prepositions will correspond to it without, from, around, with, about, at, after, from, for, before.

• walk without a hat;
• learn from a book
• walk around the building;
• ask a passerby;
• move away from the entrance;
• reach for the shoulder.

Dative

Used in combination with verbs that denote an action in relation to a given subject, it corresponds to questions: to whom? or what?

• I give (to whom?) mom-e, hare-y, doctor-y;
• I give (to what?) pen-e, sun-y, pond-y, quiet-y.

This case (which is also indirect) corresponds to the prepositions to (ko), according to, in spite of, after, like.

• Run up to your sister;
• act according to conviction;
• go towards the train;
• do against the advice.

Accusative

The noun in the accusative case indicates the object of the action, is used in combination with the verb, it corresponds to questions: whom? or What?

• I blame (who?) mom-y, hare-a, doctor-a;
• blame (what?) pen-y, sun-e, pond-d, quiet.

Prepositions used with a noun in the accusative case: with (with), through, in (in), about (about), on, through, under, about, through, by, for.

• Carry through the years;
• talk about yourself;
• peek through glass
• dance to the music
• avenged his father.

Some of these suggestions on, under, for, in) specify the direction of the action performed on the subject:

• hid (into what?) in a box;
• put (for what?) on the box;
• put (for what?) per box;
• adjusted (under what?) under the box.

Instrumental case

A noun in the instrumental case denotes an object that acts on another object, it is determined by questions: by whom? or how?

• Satisfied (with whom?) mom-oh, hare-eat, doctor-ohm;
• satisfied (what?) pen-oh, sun-eat, pond-ohm, silence-th.

Prepositions used with a noun in the instrumental case: for, with (co), between, under, over, before, together with, in connection with, according to

• Speak with pride;
• fly over the earth;
• think before buying;
• look after the child;
• laugh with grandma
• stand between the trees;
• stop due to the rules.

Prepositional

Standing in the prepositional case, the noun answers questions about whom? about what?

• I think (about whom?) about mom-e, hare-e, doctor-e;
• Think about what?) about the pen, about the sun, about the pond, about silence.

Prepositions used if the noun is in the prepositional case: by, on, about (about), in, at.

• Establish at the department;
• walk in the museum;
• sit on a bench;
• talk about the movie
• swim on a boat.

"Term case, like the names of most cases, is a tracing paper from Greek and Latin (other Greek. πτῶσις - fall, lat. case from cadere- fall). Allocate straight case (nominative and sometimes accusative) and indirect cases (others). This terminology is connected with the ancient idea of ​​"declension" (declinatio) as "deviations", "falling away" from the correct, "direct" form of the word..."

Declension of nouns is the change of nouns in cases.

1st declension- all feminine and masculine words ending in "-a" or "-ya" (mom, dad, wall, history, aunt, uncle):

• For nouns of the first declension of the singular in the dative and prepositional cases, the ending “-e” is written, for example: to mother, about aunt. But if the noun ends in "-iya", then in the same cases the ending "-i" is written, for example: to history, about the party. When writing name endings own on "-iya" it is necessary to adhere to the same rule, for example: about France, to Mary.

2nd declension- all other masculine and neuter words (lacquer, gel, bug, horse, field, window):

In the second declension, the form of the accusative case in most cases coincides with the form of the nominative (window, field) or genitive (bug, horse).

• In nouns numbers of the second declension of the masculine or neuter gender in the prepositional case, the ending “-e” is written, for example: about the field, about the window. But if the noun ends in "-i" or "-i", then in the same case the ending "-i" is written, for example: about sympathy, about knowledge, about difference.

3rd declension- all other feminine words (night, cloth):

In the third declension, in most cases, the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular coincide.

• After hissing at feminine nouns of the third declension, “b” is written at the end, for example: mouse, night. And for masculine nouns of the second declension, “b” is not written, for example: knife, hut.

Here I also accidentally met in forums about cases in Russian:

Wolliger Mensch:

... (for languages ​​with a nominative structure):

Nominative - subject case
genitive - case of nominal definition
dative - case of indirect object, addressee
accusative - case of direct object
instrumental - case of an action instrument, an actor in a passive construction
predicative - case of nominal predicate

These are the main syntactic cases. There are many more semantic cases...