The rule of address in the Russian language is commas. Proposals with appeals

home / Former

Appeal is a combination of word forms that express the name and title of the subject, to which the speech is directed.

They are, as a rule, nouns in the nominative cases. They can be paired with a dependent word, or without them. Appeals can be anything. As emphasized in writing, we will find out other aspects further.

There are no specific, defined positions for these literary structures. They can be located anywhere in a sentence.

In contact with

Examples

Start of sentence:

Ivanov, Doesn't it bother you that you have such a standard surname?
Teacher, can I ask your colleague for help?
Mr Jones, do you know how a revolver differs from a pistol?

Appeal in the middle offers:

It confuses me my dear friend, communicate with those who care about surnames.
Let's read a little more Darling, because we don’t need to get up early tomorrow.
To be honest, in my opinion, Doctor Stavropolsky, black lemonade cannot be tasty...
If you were a bird dog, would you miss the owners?

At the end offers:

I was reading the letter, and what, do you think I didn’t notice how you blushed? Smirnov?!
I won’t repeat it three times, march to the board, double student!

Appeals and subjects

What part of the sentence can the word form in be?

You can often hear the statement that the address is subject.

In fact, this is a misconception, although there are reasons to think so. The subject is also expressed in the same form, so it seems quite logical to confuse them. Nevertheless should be remembered:

When the subject is a noun, the predicate must be in the third person. Examples: Stepan Vasilyevich knows important things about all the residents of the house. Marinochka leaves after seven o'clock in the direction of the second tram.
When there are appeals in sentences, it is, as a rule, one-part, and it contains a predicate verb in the second person form. Examples: Stepan Vasilyevich, do you know important things about all the residents of the house? Marinochka, are you leaving after seven o’clock in the direction of the second tram?
When addresses are pronounced with special vocative intonations, for example, there are increased stresses or pauses. Examples: Children, come here immediately! I won’t repeat it twice, Tolya, correct the mistake!

What part of the sentence are the presented word forms? They are not members of the proposal!

What words can be addresses

Most often, common sentences contain personal names(not to be confused with names, although names are included) or nicknames of animals. Moreover, it is not always the nickname that is applicable to them; often even the name of the species itself is a title. Examples:

What can you tell me new, Penkov? When, Vanya, are you going to get married?
Well, Sharik, here we are left alone...
Oh, you dog, you can't be a normal dog!

However, in speeches with appeals from fiction, Appeals to inanimate objects are allowed:

Well, Universe, I didn’t expect such a gift from you.
I love you, life, do you hear?

Also possible geographical names:

Eh, Russia, how glad I am to see you again!
Well hello Germany, here we are seeing you again...

Important! Addresses and interjection-type phrases are two different things. Even if we take into account the seemingly obvious appeal to an animated personality. For example: God save, God have mercy, thank God, thank God.

“You” and “you”, despite all their similarities, almost never used as address. They are the subject parts of a sentence.

Eg:

Hello, dear lands and endless fields, and you, birds of the air, and you, mighty winds!

However, in some cases these pronouns may be requests. These cases are the following:

1) When pronouns are used on their own. Examples:

Hey, you! Come on as quickly as possible!
- Louder, you! – the general shouted to the pianist and smiled imperiously.

2) When pronouns are combinations of adjectives with words that are defined if there are second persons between these words that are not separated by commas. Examples:

Why do you look so stupid, my beautiful darling?
You've let us all down, you hear, you're our smart guy.

3) When the appeal contains a pronoun preceded by the particle “o” and followed by a subordinate clause. Examples:

Can you hear me, oh you fools in Senate togas...
O you, best of the best, goddess of goddesses, queen of queens, can I love you?

How does the appeal stand out?

If the appeal is in the middle of a sentence, then it highlight commas on both sides. If it is at the beginning of a sentence or at the end, it is separated by a comma on one side.

Thirty-five, are you ready to go to another camp or would you like to have some more coffee?
One day, son, you will learn to be a father yourself.
Was it not for nothing that I was who I was all my life, tell me, not for nothing, Lavrenty?

I would like to point out one extremely common mistake, used in the placement of punctuation marks in addresses.

Most often, in texts, the address is used in one or two words, for example, “Hello, Pasha, how are you?”

The frequent use of just such short addresses leads to the fact that many consider the address to be a priori a short part of the sentence.

Let's give erroneous proposals with an appeal (attention, there is an intentional mistake in the sentences):

1) Our brothers, at the table next to you you got burnt by the summer sun.

2) Our brothers, at the table next to you, you got burnt by the summer sun.

In the first sentence, the comma is placed with the expectation that the address is the phrase “Our brothers.” However, it is obvious that the part “you got sunburnt in the summer sun” is a subordinate clause and should be separated by a comma.

That's exactly what they did in the second sentence. Nevertheless both are spelled incorrectly. The whole point is that the comma after the words “Our brothers” should not appear at all, since the address is: “Our brothers are at the next table.” Despite the large length, this is precisely what constitutes a complete and non-breaking appeal. It would be correct to write:

Our brothers at the table next to you, you got sunburnt under the summer sun.

A similar example, only using an address at the end of the sentence:

“All the best to you, my dear and highly cultured comrade!”

If the address is at the very beginning and it is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then you should remember that it is not separated by commas, but is highlighted with an exclamation mark, after which a new sentence comes, as expected, with a capital letter. Example:

My dear! Forget about past problems...

Attention! No matter how integral and inseparable the addresses may seem, there are situations when they can be separated by commas.

This happens if the conjunction “and” is repeated in a homogeneous address, for example:

All the best to both Marina and Elena.

In addition, when contacting several times in one sentence, they should all separate. Example:

Stepan Semenovich, tell the guys, dear, how you spent the night at the front under the stars.

It also happens that one address is interrupted by another word form. This is done to emphasize the action. In this case, both parts must be separated by commas. Example:

Tighter, horse, hit, hoof, minting a step!

The sentence diagram with the word form being studied can be compiled by the student independently.

How is appeal highlighted in sentences?

Learning Russian - sentences with addresses

Appeal- this is a word or phrase that names the one to whom or what the speech is addressed. For example: Wouldn't you be chasing something cheap, pop?(Pushkin).

The main purpose of the address is to attract attention, although sometimes the address can also express an attitude towards the interlocutor. For example: What are you doing sweetie?(Ostrovsky).

One sentence may even contain several addresses directed to the same addressee, one of which only names the listener, and the other evaluates, for example: Go, darling, Ilya Ilyich!(Goncharov).

Sometimes in poetic speech rhetorical personification-appeal is possible. It calls upon an inanimate object to become a participant in communication. For example: Make noise, make noise, obedient sail, Worry beneath me, gloomy ocean.(Pushkin.)

The address is not a member of the sentence, but can have dependent words, that is, be common, for example: Low house with blue shutters, I will never forget you!(Yesenin).

In writing, requests are separated by commas. If the appeal is emotionally charged and is at the beginning of the sentence, then there may be an exclamation mark after it. Compare the examples below:

Why did you get up so early, dad? (Pushkin)
Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? (Lermontov)

In official letters, addresses are usually written on a separate line. In this case, an exclamation point is placed after the address. For example:

Dear Ivan Ivanovich!

Please note: the word DEAR is part of the address and is not separated by a comma. Compare:

Hello, Ivan Ivanovich!

In this example, a comma is needed after the word HELLO, since it is not part of the address, but acts as a predicate.

Interjections- this is a special part of speech that serves to express various feelings and volitional impulses. This part of speech includes the words AY!, AH!, ALS!, BATYUSHKA! and others.

Interjections, like addresses, are not parts of a sentence, but in writing are separated by a comma or an exclamation mark.

Alas! His confused mind could not resist the terrible shocks (Pushkin).
Life, alas, is not an eternal gift (Pushkin).

Like many spelling rules, there is an exception to this rule that you need to remember. If the interjection O in a sentence comes before the address, then a comma or exclamation mark is not placed between the interjection and the address. Compare:

Oh, why am I not a bird, not a steppe raven! (Lermontov).
Your holy sentence, oh heaven, is wrong (Lermontov).

In addition, you need to know that sometimes interjections are part of integral combinations, for example: EH YOU, EH YOU, WELL, OH YES. In this case, there is no need to put commas, for example: Well, what should we do now?

Exercise

What do you want, old man? (Pushkin).
Tsyts_ damned_ how there is no death for you (Turgenev).
Have mercy_ the lady fish (Pushkin).
You_ the queen_ are the cutest of all, the most ruddy and whitest of all (Pushkin).
You stupid devil, where did you come after us? (Pushkin).
Farewell to free elements! (Pushkin).
But how can I give orders, Father Ilya Ilyich? (Goncharov).
And look at his face: wow, what importance shines in his eyes! I have never heard him say an extra word (Gogol).
Yeah_ You yourself admit that you are stupid (Pushkin).
What are you_ guests_ trading with and where are you going now? (Pushkin).
Ba_ all the faces are familiar! (Griboyedov).
Hello_ prince, you are my beautiful! (Pushkin).
Oh_ you_ vile glass! You are lying to spite me (Pushkin).
Sovereign, you are ours_ Vladimir Andreevich_ I, your old nanny, decided to report to you about Papenkin’s health (Pushkin).
Master, would you order me to come back? (Pushkin).
Well_ Maksimych_ go with God (Pushkin).
Saints_ how she was dressed! Her dress was white, like a swan: wow, so lush! and how I looked: the sun, by God, the sun! (Gogol).
Oh_ gods_ gods_ why are you punishing me? (Bulgakov).
Oh_ don't believe this Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
The wind twisted the sand, the water rippled, grew cold, and, looking at the river, Palaga whispered: “Lord, I wish there would be frost soon!” (Yesenin).
Don’t you have at least Pogodin’s edition_ general? Then I wrote here in a different font: this is a round, large French font, from the last century... (Dostoevsky).
Ay-ay_ what a voice! (Gogol).
“Where did you_ beast_ cut off your nose?” - she shouted with anger (Gogol).
- O_ hero! We all lined up in front of You one by one in order to express our admiration for Your bold and completely senseless act (Klyuev).
“Stop_ Praskovya Osipovna! I will put it, wrapped in a rag, in a corner: let it lie there for a little while; and then I’ll take it out” (Gogol).
Follow me_ reader! Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
“No give or take, a copy of “Inconsolable Grief”, a copy of you_ Erofeev,” I immediately thought to myself and immediately laughed to myself (Erofeev).
He placed them in front of me, opened my bag of drugs and announced that he would try all the drugs on these children until he found the right one. This is how King Don Rumata was poisoned... (Strugatskys).
How happy I am that I left! Priceless friend, what is the human heart? I love you so much: we were inseparable, and now we have separated, and I rejoice! (Goethe).
On the fourth day I arrived here_ dear friend_ and, as promised, I take up the pen and write to you (Turgenev).
- Well, brother Grushnitsky, it’s a pity that he missed! - said the captain... (Lermontov).

In written speech, it is not uncommon to use elements such as addresses or interjections. They are necessary to create the desired color in the narrative, as well as to designate the subject being addressed. Punctuation when using these words has its own characteristics, which you need to know.

1. Spelling of commas when addressing.

First, let’s define the term “conversion” itself.

An address is a word or phrase that names the participant in the action to whom the statement is addressed.

This may not necessarily be an animate person, but it may also be an inanimate object. In the Russian language system, this unit is given a peripheral place, and appeal is not a member of the sentence.

In writing, the address is separated by commas. If the sentence contains words related to the address, then they, together with it, are separated by commas from the rest of the statement. For example:

Dear colleagues, just a moment.
Father Vasily, I came to you for help.

Note. Sometimes the address may be highlighted with another punctuation mark, such as an exclamation mark. This is done in order to especially highlight the person being addressed:

Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
The azure steppe, the pearl chain
You rush as if like me, exiles
From the sweet north to the south. (Lermontov)
Eh, darling! deceive others with this; There will be more for you from the assessor for not frightening people with devilry. (Gogol)

2. Spelling of commas during interjections.

Interjections are a separate class of unchangeable words that serve for grammatically unstructured expression of emotions, feelings and expressions of will..

This is a unique group of words that is not part of the syntactic system of the Russian language. She only points out different reactions and emotions, but does not name them. Has its own spelling rules.

Usually in writing there are interjections (“eh”, “oh”, “ege-gay”, “ah”, “o”, “well”, “hey”, “op”, “oh”, “ai”, “ai- ay-ay”, “oh-oh-oh”, etc.) are separated by commas (sometimes with exclamation marks to enhance emotionality):

Ay-ay-ay, not good! – he scolded and shook his finger.
Eh, I'm tired of everything, I'll leave.
Oh, you were a playful child (Pushkin).
Oh, the board is running out, now I'm going to fall! (A. Barto)
Oh, what a woman, what a woman! I wish I had one like that! (gr. "Freestyle")
- Ege-ge-ge! Yes, these are both birds from the same nest! Knit them both together! (N.V. Gogol)

Note. The particles “o”, used when addressing, as well as “well”, “ah”, “oh” are homonyms of the same interjections. However, in writing these particles are not separated by commas:

O field, field, who strewn you with dead bones? (Pushkin)
But, oh my friends, I don’t want to die. (Pushkin)
Oh, you goy, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich! (Lermontov)
Well, Onegin? You are yawning? (Pushkin)
Oh, what are you!

An address is a word or phrase that names the person to whom we are speaking.

In the example: Moscow! How I love you! the address is the word Moscow.

Features of using proposals with appeals

The address is often expressed in the nominative case by a noun:

Are you very thoughtful, Alexander?

Less commonly, addresses are adjectives that are found in the meaning of a noun:

Take me back, beautiful, to the wide open space

The nominative case of address differs mainly from the nominative case of the subject in its intonation, where someone's name is used or a rise or fall in tone or tempo.

Let's compare: Petya will bring me a toy. - Petya, bring me a toy.

The appeal may be accompanied by words of explanation:

I will not forget your works, my dear.

When we address a speech not to one person, but to several, then usually an exclamation mark or a comma is placed between the names of these persons and they are connected by a coordinating conjunction, for example:

Ivan and Peter, I will write letters to you.

Mother! Father! Run here quickly!

When speech has an intonation of excitement, the address may be repeated:

Oh, Vasya, Vasya, I miss you

The interjection particle o can also be used:

But I cannot, O enemies, I die.

Appeal is not part of the offer!

The address is never connected by any grammatical connections with any of the members of the sentence and therefore will never be its members.

Let's compare examples where in one of which the word mother is an address, and in the other - the subject:

I love you, mother! - Mother speaks to me in a whisper.

Addresses in our speech have a special role, different from the role of sentence members: all sentence members always serve to express a certain thought, the most common task of address is often to force the interlocutor to listen to the speech. That is why addresses are very often names, nicknames, and so on:

Really, Svetlana Nikolaevna, do you want to leave us too?

Expressing feelings and emotions through messages

The address is also sometimes accompanied by an expression of affection, rage, love, etc. This attitude of the speaker towards the interlocutor is expressed mainly through intonation, suffixes, definitions and applications, for example:

Ivanushka, dear, don’t give it away, dear!

Neighbor, my dear, please eat!

Sometimes appeals can be expanded into often lengthy characteristics. In these cases, the address is repeated or changed and there may be several definitions with it. For example:

Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove, alone in the wilderness of the pine forests, you have been waiting for me for a long time.

Appeal is not always used only to certain persons; sometimes it can be used to inanimate objects in poetic speech: then it is one of the techniques of personification.

Thank you, dear beauty, for your healing space! Friend of idle thoughts, my inkwell, I have adorned my monotonous age with you.

Note. We often express rage, regret, love or indignation at a person with a nickname, name, title, etc. in an appropriate tone. This is how sentences called vocative are obtained. They should not be confused with appeals.

Let's give an example:

Voinitsky. He [Serebryakov] has no business. He writes nonsense, grumbles, is jealous, nothing else.

S o n i (in a tone of rage). Uncle!

A little test of attentiveness. In which of these sentences will the word handsome be used as an address?

appeal . Most often, proper names act as addresses; less often - the names of animals or the names of inanimate objects.

The address can stand outside the sentence or be part of it, located anywhere - at the beginning of the sentence, in the middle, at the end. Even when included in a sentence, the appeal does not become a member of it, i.e. has no coordinating or subordinating connection with other words and retains the isolation of its position and grammatical independence. For example: - Children, go to your rooms! - Anna Afanasyevna shouted from the dining room(Cupr.); I don’t feel good, Christya, I don’t know what to do!(M.G.); Give, Jim, luckily give me a paw(Ec.); My edge! Beloved Rus' and Mordva! In a parable of darkness you are alive as before(Es.).

The address is accompanied by a special vocative intonation. She especially clearly highlights the appeal that stands outside the sentence: Father ! Father ! Leave the threats, don’t scold your Tamara(L.).

Such appeals easily turn into special independent sentences - vocative. For example: - Grandmother ! - Olesya said reproachfully, with emphasis(Cupr.). The handling here is complicated functionally; it not only names a person, but conveys various shades of meaning accompanying this name: reproach, fear, joy, reproachful-condescending attitude, etc., i.e. conveys subjective modality. For example: - “Liza,” said Lavretsky, “Liza,” he repeated and bowed at her feet...(T); Anya, Anya!(Ch.). Sentences-addresses are especially rich in intonation shades.

The vocative intonation of the address at the beginning of the sentence is somewhat weakened Brown wind, how happy you are!(Pinch.). An address inside a sentence may have an introductory intonation (fast pace of pronunciation, lowering the voice) or an exclamatory intonation (in this case, the addition of the particle o conveys special poetry and pathos), for example: Break, break, night wave, and water the shore with foam...(L.); Let me be covered with cold earth, oh friend! always, everywhere my soul is with you(L.).

An address at the end of a sentence can be weakly emphasized intonationally if it does not have special semantic or expressive functions, for example: - What's your name, beauty? - the student asked affectionately(Cupr.). However, the general exclamatory intonation of a sentence can help emphasize the appeal: Hello to you, people of peaceful labor, noble workers! (Pan.)

An address, in addition to its main function - to attract the attention of the interlocutor, can also have an evaluative function, when the named person (or object) is characterized from one side or another; such addresses are often expressed in expressive words - But mom you are mine, my dear! You're approaching your seventh decade(Pan.); - Shut up, worm! - Slavyanov threw at him with a tragic gesture(Cupr). Such addresses are rich in intonation shades of pronunciation: Wait, honey! You'll sing!(Cupr.); Why were you timid, stupid head?(Cupr.); Oh, my darling, life is so beautiful(Cupr.); Hanging around here, Labardans!(Cupr.).

Ways of expressing appeals

To express addresses in the Old Russian language, there was a special form of the vocative case. Remnants of it can be found in the literature of the 19th century, for example: What do you want, old man?(P.). Such forms have been partially preserved in modern Russian as interjections and interjection expressions: Lord, God, my God, my dear fathers of light and some others.

In modern Russian, addresses are expressed by the nominative case form of a noun or a substantivized part of speech. Like what, lad, did you get it?(Cupr.); We, comrades, great patriots of the plant(Pan.); To you, Nastasya Ilyinichna lucky in life(Pan.); - Hello, sixth! - the thick, calm voice of the colonel was heard(Cupr.); Take advantage of life, living one(Bug.).

In colloquial speech, special forms of nouns are common to express addresses - truncated, for example: Tanya, Tanya...(M.G.); Mom, what about you?(Fed.). Colloquial speech is characterized by the technique of repeating references to the particle a (intensified call for attention): Grandma? And grandma? You are alive?(Paust.); - Ivan, and Ivan, - Listar pestered him...(M.-Sib.).

In folklore works there are special types of addresses that are tautological repetitions: path-path, friends-comrades, sadness-longing.

Works of art - especially poetic and oratorical - are characterized by common appeals. Usually these are nouns equipped with agreed and inconsistent definitions, applications and even subordinate modifiers. These appeals characterize an object or person and convey an attitude towards it. For example: - Dear Nadya, my dear girl“, says mom, “would you like anything?”(Cupr.): Farewell, dear forest, farewell, golden spring(Ec.); Young mare, honor of the Caucasian brand Why are you rushing, daring?(P.); Black, then smelling howl! How can I not caress you, not love you?(Ec.); The stars are clear, the stars are high! What do you keep inside yourself, what do you hide? Stars hiding deep thoughts, by what power do you captivate the soul?(Ec.); Come, chained to the canvas by the force of my power, look at those tailcoats from him...(Garsh.).

Addresses are often expressed by a pronoun with the particle o. This address is usually accompanied by attributive clauses, for example: O you, whose letters are many, many in my briefcase on the bank! Sometimes I look at them sternly, but I can’t throw them in the oven(TO).

Common addresses can be quite lengthy; their characteristic quality then becomes the content of the sentence: You, gray from the ashes of burned villages, hanging the shadow of your wings over life, you, waiting for us to crawl on our knees, not horror, but you awakened rage in us(Tward.); A soldier's son who grew up without a father and matured noticeably before his time, you are not separated from earthly joys by the memory of a hero and father(Tward).

Common calls can be dissected. This is characteristic of colloquial speech or speech reproducing colloquial speech: Stronger, horse, hit, hoof, minting a step(Bagr.); Oh, smart one, are you delirious, head?(Kr.).

Appeals can be arranged in a homogeneous row, for example: Sing, people, cities and rivers, sing, mountains, steppes and seas(Marmot.); Hear me, darling, hear me, beautiful, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Isak.).

Homogeneous calls can formally coincide with the combination of a call and its application, for example: You, Caucasus, the harsh king of the earth, I again dedicate a careless verse...(L.). The address here is the word Caucasus, it is distributed by the application harsh king of the earth.

In colloquial speech, uncontrolled prepositional case forms can be used as addresses. Such forms are contextually or situationally determined. They name the addressee of speech according to a single, situationally identified sign. For example: With higher education, step forward!(Kar.); Hey, on the boat ! Release the left side(B. Pol.); Hey, there, in the boats, don't get under the wheels!(B. Pol.).

The scope of appeals is very wide. They are a characteristic feature of colloquial speech, especially dialogical. The main function of such addresses is the name of the addressee of the speech. In poetic and oratorical speech, addresses perform special stylistic functions: they are carriers of expressive and evaluative meanings; as a rule, they are metaphorical: You are my abandoned land, you are my land, wasteland, unmown hayfield, forest and monastery(Ec.); Shine, last needle, in the snow! Stand up fire-breathing haze! Whip up your snowy ashes!(Bl.); Retreat like the tide all daytime, empty excitement, loneliness, become like a month above my hour!(Bruce.); The wandering spirit! You stir up the flame of your lips less and less often. Oh, my lost freshness, riot of eyes and flood of feelings! (Ec.); Sorry, dear shelter. What I served you with, and with that I am satisfied(Ec.); O wisdom of the most generous Indian summer, I accept you with joy(Berg.); “Forgive me, goodbye, my dryness!” - he said in the words of the song(Shol.).