See what "SNiP" is in other dictionaries. SNiP - what is it? Building norms and rules: list of documents, basic requirements Building norms and rules in design
The construction of a private house, as well as its design, carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory normative and technical documentation, is the greatest resource for saving costs!
Because, firstly, by complying with standards and technical regulations, you reduce to a minimum the possibility of making construction errors, the correction of which always costs many thousands of rubles. Secondly, a lot of defects committed during the construction of a house can only be revealed during its operation. Alterations of building structures during your stay cause the greatest inconvenience and force you to incur significant unplanned expenses. For example: a damp wall, a leaking roof, overheating electrical wiring, an icy floor, etc.
If you want to achieve maximum savings, then you need to competently control the progress of construction work. To do this, you need to know the key control points and quality assessment criteria. This section contains a brief selection of the main regulatory documents necessary for the design and construction of a private house.
1. Design, preparation for building a house
1.1. Architectural and general construction standards.
First you should familiarize yourself with the Code of Design Rules SP 11-III-99. After reading this document, you will know exactly what papers are required to begin construction on your individual site. When constructing a residential building and various outbuildings, there are standards for their location on the site, according to the following documents:
- “Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation” dated December 29, 2004 N 190-FZ;
- “Planning and development of gardening associations of citizens, buildings and structures” SNiP 30-02-97;
- “Residential buildings” SNiP 2.08.01-89 * and SP II 106-97;
- “Single-apartment residential houses” SNiP 02/31/2001;
- “Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements" SNiP 2.07.01-89;
This is the approximate layout of buildings on the site according to RSN 70-88.
Having carefully studied RSN 70-88 (republican building codes), SNiP 31-02-2001 and SNiP 2.08.01-89 (Building Norms and Rules), you will learn what restrictions apply to the areas and heights of premises in a residential building.
There are minimum restrictions on floor heights (SNiP 2.08.01-89). A house may be declared unsuitable for permanent residence if the height of the residential floors is below 2.5 m from floor to ceiling. In the attic floor the standard height is 2.3 m. The number of floors of a house is usually determined by the above-ground floors, which also includes the attic floor. Living rooms are not allowed to be located in the basement or basement floor. The basement floor can be equated to above-ground floors if the top of its ceiling is at least 2 meters above the planning level of the ground. If it is decided to place utility rooms in the basement or basement, then the height from floor to ceiling must be at least 2 meters.
The area of a residential building is defined as the sum of the areas of all rooms on the floors. Balconies and loggias are also included in the total area. The areas of stairwells at the level of a given floor are calculated.
If you are planning to build a house on the territory of a gardening association, then you must take into account the requirements of SNiP 30-02-97 “Planning and development of gardening associations of citizens, buildings and structures” as amended in 2011.
1.2. Concrete structures.
1.3. Thermal technical standards. Resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures.
1.4. Engineering Communication.
Electrical wires from a street pole to the entrance to a residential building must pass at a height of at least 2.75 m from the ground. If the diversion is carried out on the other side of the street along which vehicles are moving, then the permitted height is 6 m. The length of the branch line from the main line to the residential building should not exceed 25 m; if it turns out to be more, an additional support is installed. All places where the cable comes into contact with the surface of the building and passes through the walls must be fireproof and reliably insulated, and at the entry points the outer end of the insulating pipe must look down to prevent precipitation from entering there.
If the rules for installing sewer networks are violated, the developer faces regular clogging. He is doomed to frequent cleaning of drain-clogged pipes. According to standards, daily sewerage costs per person are about 200 liters. The smallest diameter of the external sewer pipe must be 100 mm, with a slope to the common collector of at least 8%. The minimum depth for laying a pipe in the ground is 0.3 meters. If there is no centralized street sewage system, then the construction of filter wells and trenches is allowed with the obligatory installation of a septic tank (industrial treatment device) in front of them. The base of artificial filters should be 1 meter above the groundwater level.
If you have the appropriate knowledge and experience, you are allowed to independently install utility networks, with the exception of gas communications. There are very strict requirements for the acceptance of a gas supply system. Only a specialized organization has the right to install a gas pipeline and connect gas appliances.
Gas pipes can be introduced into a residential building only from the furnace or kitchen side. If the house is of old construction and has a heating stove, then it is allowed to enter communications into the living room, provided that the disconnecting device is located outside the building. Under no circumstances should a gas pipe be inserted into the house through or under the foundation. If the pipe is laid along the outer wall of the house, then its nominal diameter should not exceed 50 mm. It is not allowed to install detachable pipeline connections under window openings and balconies. In general, all connections must be welded, threaded connections only in places where shut-off valves and gas appliances are installed. If the gas pipe according to the project passes over pedestrian paths, then it should be mounted at a height of at least 2.2 meters from the ground.
You cannot install more than two heating devices in one room. It is strictly forbidden to install a water heater in the bathroom, otherwise you may end up with a wonderful gas chamber.
The room for a gas boiler and water heater must be at least 2 meters high.
When installing one device, the room has a volume of at least 7.5 cubic meters, and with two devices - at least 13.5 cubic meters.
2. Construction of a house.
2.1. Foundations and concrete structures
2.1.10.
2.2.18.
GOST 24454-80 – Softwood lumber, GOST 9685-61 – Softwood timber.
SNiP (Building regulations SNiP
) - a set of regulatory documents in the field of construction, adopted by executive authorities and containing mandatory requirements. Until a year ago, there were no comprehensive regulatory documents in the field of construction in the USSR. After introduction, they were approved by the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Construction Affairs.
- Building codes and regulations consist of 4 parts:
- general provisions;
- design standards;
- rules for production and acceptance of work;
estimate norms and rules. Except Building codes and regulations for individual branches of design and construction there are also various, norms, rules, codes of practice (SP), instructions departmental building codes (VSN)
, and other regulatory documents.
In accordance with the Federal Law on Technical Regulation, until 2010 they must be replaced by technical regulations.
Classification
SNiP (Building Norms and Rules)
Section 1. Organization Management Economics
SNiP 1.05.03-87 Backlog standards in housing construction, taking into account complex development (text)
SNiP 1.06.04-85 (1998) Regulations on the chief engineer (chief architect) of the project (text)
SNiP 1.06.05-85 Regulations on designer’s supervision of design organizations over the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures (text)
Section 2. Design standards
Safety
SNiP 2.01.02-85 (1991) Fire safety standards (partially repealed by the introduction of SNiP 21-01-97) (text)
SNiP 2.01.07-85 (as amended. Loads and impacts. 1 1993) (text)
SNiP 2.01.09-91 Buildings and structures in mined areas and planting soils (text)
SNiP 2.01.14-83 (1985) Determination of design hydrological characteristics. (text)
SNiP 2.01.15-90 Engineering protection of the territories of buildings and structures from hazardous geological processes Basic design provisions (text)
SNiP 2.01.51-90 Engineering and technical measures of civil defense (text)
SNiP 2.01.53-84 (1998) Light camouflage of populated areas and national economic facilities
SNiP 2.01.54-84 (1998) Civil defense protective structures in underground mine workings
SNiP 2.02.01-83 (1995) Foundations of buildings and structures. (text)
SNiP 2.02.02-85 Foundations of hydraulic structures (text)
SNiP 2.02.03-85 (1995) Pile foundations. (text)
SNiP 2.02.04-88 (1990) Foundations and foundations on permafrost soils. (text)
SNiP 2.02.05-87 Foundations of machines with dynamic loads. (text)
SNiP 2.03.01-84 (1989, Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. as amended 1988, 1 1989, 2 1992) (text)
SNiP 2.03.02-86 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures made of dense silicate concrete (text)
SNiP 2.03.03-85 Reinforced cement structures (replaces SN 366-77) (text)
SNiP 2.03.04-84 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures intended for operation under conditions of exposure to elevated and high temperatures. (text)
SNiP 2.03.06-85 Aluminum structures. (text)
SNiP 2.03.09-85 Asbestos-cement structures (text)
SNiP 2.03.11-85 Protection of building structures from corrosion (text)
Engineering networks and systems
SNiP 2.04.01-85 (2000) Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings. (text)
SNiP 2.04.02-84 (as amended 1 1986, amendment 2000) Water supply. External networks and structures (text)
SNiP 2.04.03-85 (as amended 1986) Sewerage. External networks and structures. (text)
SNiP 2.04.05-91 (2000) Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (text)
SNiP 2.04.07-86 (2000) Heat networks (text)
SNiP 2.04.08-87 (1999) Gas supply (text)
SNiP 2.04.09-84 (as amended 1 1997) Fire automatics of buildings and structures (text)
SNiP 2.04.12-86 Strength calculation of steel pipelines (text)
SNiP 2.04.14-88 (1998) Thermal insulation of equipment and pipelines (text)
Transport
SNiP 2.05.02-85 (1997) Highways (text)
SNiP 2.05.03-84 (1991) Bridges and pipes. (text)
SNiP 2.05.06-85 (2000) Main pipelines (text)
SNiP 2.05.07-91 (1996, as amended 1 1996) Industrial transport (text)
SNiP 2.05.09-90 Tram and trolleybus lines (text)
SNiP 2.05.11-83 (1984) On-farm roads in collective farms, state farms and other agricultural enterprises and organizations. (text)
SNiP 2.05.13-90 Oil product pipelines laid in cities and other populated areas (text)
Hydraulic structures
SNiP 2.06.01-86 (as amended 1 1988) Hydraulic structures. Basic principles of design (text)
SNiP 2.06.03-85 Reclamation systems and structures. (text)
SNiP 2.06.04-82 (1989, as amended 2 1995) Loads and impacts on hydraulic structures (wave, ice and from ships). (text)
SNiP 2.06.05-84 (1990) Dams made of soil materials. (text)
SNiP 2.06.06-85 (as amended 1 1987) Concrete and reinforced concrete dams. (text)
SNiP 2.06.07-87 (1989) Retaining walls, shipping locks, fish passages and fish protection structures. (text)
SNiP 2.06.08-87 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures of hydraulic structures. (text)
SNiP 2.06.09-84 Hydraulic tunnels (replaces SN 238-73) (text)
SNiP 2.06.14-85 (as amended 1 1989) Protection of mine workings from groundwater and surface water (text)
SNiP 2.06.15-85 Engineering protection of the territory from flooding and flooding (text)
Urban planning
SNiP 2.07.01-89 (2000) Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements (instead of SNiP II-60-75) (text)
SNiP 2.08.01-89 (1999) Residential buildings (text)
SNiP 2.08.02-89 (1999) Public buildings and structures (text)
SNiP 2.09.02-85 (1991, as amended 3 1994) Industrial buildings (text)
SNiP 2.09.03-85 Constructions of industrial enterprises. (text)
SNiP 2.09.04-87 (2000) Administrative and domestic buildings (text)
SNiP 2.10.02-84 (as amended 1 2000) Buildings and premises for processing and storage of agricultural products (text)
SNiP 2.10.03-84 (as amended 1 2000) Livestock poultry and fur farming buildings and premises (text)
SNiP 2.10.04-85 (as amended 1 2000) Greenhouses and greenhouses (text)
SNiP 2.10.05-85 (1988, as amended 1 2000) Enterprises, buildings and structures for the storage and processing of raw materials. (text)
SNiP 2.11.01-85 (1991) Warehouse buildings (text)
SNiP 2.11.02-87 (as amended 1 2000) Refrigerators (text)
SNiP 2.11.03-93 Oil and petroleum products warehouses. Fire regulations (text)
SNiP 2.11.06-91 Warehouses of forest materials. Fire safety design standards (replaces SN 473-75) (text)
SNiP II-3-79 (1998) Construction heating engineering. (text)
SNiP II-7-81 (1995, as amended 4 1997) Construction in seismic areas (text)
SNiP II-11-77 (1985) Protective structures for civil defense (text)
SNiP II-22-81 (1995) Stone and reinforced masonry structures (text)
SNiP II-23-81 (1990) Steel structures (text)
SNiP II-25-80 (1988) Wooden structures (text)
Section 3. Organization of production and acceptance of work
SNiP 3.01.01-85 (as amended 1 1987, 2 1995) Organization of construction production (text)
SNiP 3.01.03-84 Geodetic work in construction (text)
SNiP 3.01.04-87 Acceptance into operation of completed construction facilities (text)
SNiP 3.01.09-84 Acceptance into operation of completed protective structures and their maintenance in peacetime (replaces SN 464-74) (text)
SNiP 3.02.01-87 Earthworks, foundations and foundations (text)
SNiP 3.02.03-84 Underground mine workings (text)
SNiP 3.03.01-87 Load-bearing and enclosing structures (text)
SNiP 3.04.01-87 Insulating and finishing coatings (text)
SNiP 3.04.03-85 Protection of building structures and structures from corrosion (text)
SNiP 3.05.01-85 (1988, amended 1 2000) Internal sanitary systems (text)
SNiP 3.05.02-88 (1994) Gas supply (text)
SNiP 3.05.04-85 (1990) External networks and structures of water supply and sewerage (text)
SNiP 3.05.05-84 Technological equipment and technological pipelines (text)
SNiP 3.05.06-85 Electrical devices (replaces SNiP III-33-76, SN 85-74, SN 102-76) (text)
SNiP 3.05.07-85 (as amended 1 1990) Automation systems (text)
SNiP 3.06.03-85 Highways (text)
SNiP 3.06.07-86 Bridges and pipes Rules for inspection and testing (text)
SNiP 3.07.01-85 River hydraulic structures (text)
SNiP 3.07.02-87 Hydraulic sea and river transport structures (text)
SNiP 3.07.03-85 (as amended 1 1991) Reclamation systems and structures (text)
SNiP 3.09.01-85 (as amended 1 1988, 2 1994) Production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products (text)
SNiP III-4-80 (2000) Safety in construction (sections 1-7 canceled with the introduction of SNiP 12-03-99)
SNiP III-10-75 Landscaping (text)
SNiP III-18-75 (as amended 1978, 1985, 1995) Metal structures (text)
SNiP III-24-75 Industrial furnaces and brick pipes (text)
SNiP III-41-76 Contact networks for electrified transport (text)
SNiP III-42-80 (as amended 1983, 1987, 1997) Main pipelines (text)
SNiP III-44-77 (as amended in 1981) Railway, road and hydraulic tunnels. Subways (text)
Section 4. Estimated standards
SNiP 4.07-91 Collection of estimated standards for additional costs during construction and installation work in winter (text)
SNiP 4.09-91 Collection of estimated cost standards for the construction of temporary buildings and structures (text)
Section 5. Cost standards for material and labor resources
SNiP 5.01.01-82 Consumption standards for materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost of construction and installation work. Municipal construction. Consumer services for the population (text)
SNiP 5.01.02-83 Consumption standards for materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost of construction and installation work. Microbiological industry. Medical industry. Geology and subsoil exploration. Film industry (instead of SN 501-77, SN 520-79, SN 526-80) (text)
SNiP 5.01.03-85 Consumption standards for materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost of construction and installation work on gas industry facilities (instead of SN 505-78, SN 526-80 regarding pipe consumption) (text)
SNiP 5.01.04-84 Consumption standards for materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost of construction and installation work. Chemical industry. Petrochemical industry (replaces SN 424-78, SN 526-80) (text)
SNiP 5.01.05-85 Consumption standards for materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost of construction and installation work on water management construction projects (text)
SNiP 5.01.06-86 Consumption standards for materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost of construction and installation work on electric power facilities (text)
SNiP 5.01.07-84 Consumption standards for materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost of construction and installation work for oil production, oil refining and oil and petroleum products transport facilities (instead of SN 504-78, SN-505-78, SN 526-80) (text)
SNiP 5.01.08-84 Consumption standards for materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost of construction and installation work. Building materials industry, construction, building structures and parts industry (
In the process of designing and constructing buildings, bridges and roads, architects and builders are guided by a set of rules that are approved at the legislative level, they are called SNiP. What kind of abbreviation this is, what its role and purpose is, it is worth knowing not only those involved in construction, but also all other people. This word appears quite often in various articles, documents and even in news releases.
Understanding even in general terms what SNiP means (decoding: you can create a more productive dialogue with the foreman of a repair or construction team, with a real estate agent.
Subject and structure of the document
In everyday life, the categories of SNiP for residential and public buildings are most often mentioned. This is the name of a document that includes a huge number of different nuances characteristic of the construction process. Its points affect almost all areas and stages of the design and construction of buildings:
- Illustrate general points.
- Describe design standards.
- Contains rules for the construction and acceptance of the finished facility.
- List the estimated norms and rules.
SNiP (what this is, we will consider in more detail below) concerns the development of projects for residential and public buildings, laying their foundations, the construction of walls (as well as staircases and cages), the size and location of windows and doors, as well as many other issues. In addition, the paragraphs of the document describe the requirements for water supply systems, electrical networks, sewerage and heating. Each item is numbered and named.
When developing the rules, the creators tried to formulate all the requirements as accurately and completely as possible in order to eliminate misunderstandings and incorrect interpretation of SNiP.
Each new building, regardless of purpose, must be built in accordance with the requirements of SNiP. This is due not only to the word “must”, but also to security considerations.
The figures given in the document represent averages calculated through a process of complex calculations. As a result of processing a large amount of statistical data, the optimal location of load-bearing walls, the distance between windows, the size of flights of stairs, the height of handrails and steps, the composition and density of concrete, as well as other characteristics were derived.
As an example, we can consider the most convenient and safest staircase design with an inclination of 30 to 50 degrees. Such steps can be used not only by adults, active men and women, but also by children or the elderly.
When builders adhere to SNiP, the building they erect turns out to be reliable, safe, comfortable and durable. In cases where building codes and regulations (SNiP) are violated, the following complications may arise:
- Lack of comfort when using the design.
- Falling and injuring people.
- House shrinkage.
- The appearance of cracks in the walls.
- Failure of the heating system and water supply (as a result of violation of the geometry of the building).
- Increased risk of fire.
- Collapse of a ceiling, a flight of stairs, a roof or the entire house.
Of course, the latter situation is the worst case scenario, but it should also be taken into account.
Evolution of building codes
The construction of houses, roads and bridges has always been a complex and responsible task, so it is not surprising that the first norms and standards arose back in the eleventh century. Of course, over the following centuries they were supplemented and changed. The standards that we know today represent the evolved “Code of Industrial Construction Standards” (late 20s of the 20th century).
Construction codes and regulations (SNiP) were first adopted in 1955 and have been edited several times since then. The interesting thing is that many of the points are still relevant and useful. The revision of SNiP was carried out quite actively in the 90s and 2000s. Over twenty years, a huge number of clarifications and adjustments have been made not only to the text of this document, but also to national standards.
SNiP: definition of the term and types of rules
The document consists of five sections:
Features of the construction of foundations
When construction of a building is planned, increased attention is paid to pouring or constructing the foundation. At this stage, the provisions of SNiP cannot be ignored. Foundations are the supports of all houses; they bear a colossal load, and if this part of the building is flawed, the quality of the rest of the work will significantly decrease.
To build a solid foundation, engineers take into account all the geological features of the area and the experience of those who have already successfully completed a similar task. In cases where a house needs to be built on soil with difficult geological conditions, specialized enterprises are involved in developing the project.
How is the construction of the foundation planned?
After carefully studying all the circumstances, the following parameters are determined:
- Foundation type. It can be natural or artificial.
- Design typology.
- Bookmark depth.
The future load on the foundation of the house is calculated in accordance with the requirements of SNiP. Foundations must be designed taking into account load-bearing capacity, deformation effects and adverse environmental factors.
The load capacity is calculated in cases where serious horizontal loads are expected, as well as if the future building is located on a slope or in an area with rocky soil. In cases where the foundation is guaranteed not to move, the bearing capacity need not be calculated.
When the project involves construction immediately after pouring the foundation, the load is controlled during the process.
Foundation and groundwater
Upon careful study of SNiP (design of foundations and foundations), you will notice that considerable importance is attached to the type of soil and the specifics of groundwater. This is so important because an incorrect forecast can ruin the entire construction.
SNiP contains several paragraphs describing factors that should be taken into account when constructing a natural foundation:
- The soil should not be frozen. For areas with negative temperatures, the requirements are different: the soil should not thaw.
- Loose soil is compacted.
- If the area is prone to flooding, long-term observations are taken into account.
To find out the basic characteristics of the soil, tests must be carried out. At the same time, they allow for the possibility of changes in hydrogeological conditions during the period of data verification (rising groundwater, the appearance of perched water or seasonal climatic influences). When the foundation has already been erected, it is subjected to strength testing and test loads.
SNiP requirements also determine the depth at which the foundation must be laid. This parameter depends on the purpose and size of the structure.
Relevance of requirements regarding sewerage and water supply
Like all other construction work, the design and installation of a sewer system should be carried out in accordance with standards and regulations. True, many builders look down on existing standards, although they know about SNiP. They understand perfectly well what it is and why it was developed, but they consider such standards to be excessively costly, irrational and inappropriate. As a result, when it comes time to repair or replace any element of the water supply or sewer system, home owners are faced with enormous difficulties. In addition, this system will be inconvenient to use, and the sanitary situation in the area may even worsen.
To prevent this from happening, the customer should inquire about the standards and monitor the construction process.
Internal and external sewer network
Water supply and drainage systems are extremely important for both private houses and multi-apartment buildings. There are external and internal sewer networks:
Factors that the developer takes into account when installing a water supply system
If all SNiP requirements are met, the safety of buildings will be ensured. Their comfort and convenience also increases, which is important for long-term use of residential and industrial buildings.
When designing and laying water and sewer pipes, the following factors are usually taken into account:
- Structure, properties and composition of soil.
- Disposition of groundwater.
- The volume of water that will pass through the pipes (supply and discharge).
The distance of the pumping station or treatment plant from the future building is also taken into account.
Types of pipes and requirements for them
Pipes can be metal, cast iron, asbestos-cement, concrete or plastic, this is stipulated in clauses of GOST and SNiP. The water pipeline is subject to enormous loads, so the pipes must be as strong as possible throughout. From the outside they are affected by moist soil, changing temperatures and other conditions, and from the inside pressure is exerted by water. If we are talking about sewage, then it is worth considering the composition of this water: it contains active chemical components in large quantities.
When selecting pipes for water supply, craftsmen must pay attention to the markings, since pipes for internal and external systems are strikingly different.
When all the requirements and standards are met, the owner of the house can be calm about the safety of his family, because such a building will serve faithfully for decades.
