The main genres of painting by Russian artists with examples of paintings. Animalistic genre in fine arts

Art: Business or Destiny?
Animalism, - animal painting and animal drawing, -
despite other artistic projects, it continues to be
one of Marina Efremova's favorite genres. And it is no coincidence that exactly
animalism became the main topic of the "Picturesque Energy" interview,
which was taken from Marina Efremova by journalist Olga Volkova.

"Exhibition of Animalism as an Artistic and Educational Action"
Art critic Nikolay Efremov. Report at a scientific and practical conference,
dedicated to the 125th anniversary of Vasily Alekseevich Vatagin
(February 5, 2009 - State Tretyakov Gallery;
February 6, 2009 - State Darwin Museum)

Below are some of the animalistic paintings by Marina Efremova, painted in 1999-2010. Some of them are in private collections, some in the artist's collection.
Paintings with dogs: "Basset Hound Vaska", "Lying Yorkie", "Portrait of the Yorkshire Terrier Lucky", "White Guardian (Argentinean Dog)", "Black Guardian (Rottweiler)", "Yorkie Taufiq", "Yorkie Manya", "Yorkie Chink", "Portrait of Timony", "Husky Sled", "Mongrels", "Late Autumn", "Greyhounds in the Field", "Portrait of a German Shepherd", "Pugs", "Portrait of a Rottweiler", "St. Bernard Vanessa", "Puppy with a Hare", "Boxer Puppy", "Archie's Basset Hound".
Pictures with cats: "Timych the Cat", "Gray Cat", "Zhulka Cat", "Murash Cat", "Black Hearth Keeper", "White Hearth Keeper", "Red Cat".
Pictures with horses: "Black horse", "Bay".
Pictures with wild animals: "Portrait of a gorilla", "Waiting (portrait of a wolf)", "Portrait of a tiger", "White tiger", "Old wolf", "Last dash", "Head of a bison", "Mandrill", "Portrait of a lioness "," Lion and Falcon "," Orangutan "," Black Jaguar "," Belek "," Fox "," Wolf "," Portrait of a Wolf ".
Pictures with birds: "Eagle", "Ibis", "Blue-yellow macaw", "Kafa horned raven".

). However, within the framework of this article, we will only consider object art.

Historically, all genres were divided into high and low. TO high genre or historical painting included works of a monumental nature that carry some kind of morality, a significant idea that demonstrates historical, military events associated with religion, mythology or artistic fiction.

TO low genre attributed everything that is associated with everyday life. These are still lifes, portraits, household painting, landscapes, animalism, images of naked people, and so on.

Animalism (lat.animal - animal)

The animalistic genre originated in antiquity, when the first people painted predatory animals on the rocks. Gradually, this direction grew into an independent genre, implying an expressive image of any animals. Animalists usually show a great interest in the animal kingdom, for example, they can be excellent equestrians, keep pets, or simply study their habits for a long time. As a result of the artist's intention, animals can appear realistic or in the form of artistic images.

Among Russian artists, many were well versed in horses, for example, and. So, in the famous painting by Vasnetsov "Heroes", heroic horses are depicted with the greatest skill: the suits, behavior of animals, bridles and their connection with riders are carefully thought out. Serov disliked people and considered the horse in many ways better than man, which is why he often portrayed it in a variety of scenes. although he painted animals, he did not consider himself an animalist, so the bears in his famous painting "Morning in a Pine Forest" were created by the animalist K. Savitsky.

In tsarist times, portraits with pets, which were dear to man, became especially popular. For example, in the painting, Empress Catherine II appeared with her beloved dog. Animals were also present in portraits of other Russian artists.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the genre

Historical painting

This genre implies monumental paintings that are designed to convey to society a grandiose plan, some kind of truth, morality, or to demonstrate significant events. It includes works on historical, mythological, religious themes, folklore, as well as military scenes.

In ancient states, myths and legends have long been considered events of the past, so they were often depicted on frescoes or vases. Later, artists began to separate the events from fiction, which was expressed primarily in the depiction of battle scenes. In ancient Rome, Egypt and Greece, scenes of heroic battles were often depicted on the shields of victorious warriors in order to demonstrate their triumph over the enemy.

In the Middle Ages, due to the dominance of church dogmas, religious themes prevailed; in the Renaissance, society turned to the past mainly in order to glorify its states and rulers, and from the 18th century this genre was often turned to to educate young people. In Russia, the genre became widespread in the 19th century, when artists often tried to analyze the life of Russian society.

In the works of Russian artists, battle painting was presented, for example, and. He touched upon mythological and religious subjects in his paintings. Historical painting prevailed at, folklore - at.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the genre of historical painting

Still life (fr. Nature - nature and morte - dead)

This genre of painting is associated with the depiction of inanimate objects. They can be flowers, fruits, dishes, game, kitchen utensils and other objects, of which the artist often composes a composition according to his intention.

The first still lifes appeared in ancient countries. In ancient Egypt, it was customary to represent offerings to the gods in the form of various foods. At the same time, the recognition of the subject was in the first place, therefore, the ancient artists did not particularly care about chiaroscuro or the texture of still life objects. In Ancient Greece and Rome, flowers and fruits were found in paintings and in houses to decorate the interior, so that they were portrayed more authentically and picturesquely. The formation and flowering of this genre falls on the 16th and 17th centuries, when still lifes began to contain hidden religious and other meanings. At the same time, many varieties of them appeared, depending on the subject of the image (floral, fruit, scientist, etc.).

In Russia, still life flourished only in the 20th century, since before that it was used mainly for educational purposes. But this development was rapid and captured, including abstractionism with all its directions. For example, he created beautiful flower compositions in, preferred, worked in and often "revived" his still lifes, giving the viewer the impression that the dishes are about to fall off the table or all objects will now begin to rotate.

The objects depicted by the artists were undoubtedly influenced by their theoretical views or worldview, state of mind. So, these were objects depicted according to the principle of spherical perspective discovered by him, and expressionist still lifes were striking in their drama.

Many Russian artists used still life mainly for educational purposes. So, he not only honed his artistic skills, but also conducted many experiments, laying out objects in different ways, working with light and color. experimented with the shape and color of the line, then moving away from realism to pure primitivism, then mixing both styles.

Some artists combined in still lifes what they had depicted earlier and their favorite things. For example, in the paintings you can find his beloved vase, notes and the portrait of his wife he created before, and depicted flowers that he loved from childhood.

Many other Russian artists, for example, others, also worked in the same genre.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the genre of still life

Nu (fr.nudite - nudity, abbreviated nu)

This genre is intended to depict the beauty of the naked body and appeared before our era. In the ancient world, much attention was paid to physical development, since the survival of the entire human race depended on it. So, in ancient Greece, athletes traditionally competed naked, so that boys and young men could see their well-developed bodies and strive for the same physical perfection. Around the 7th-6th centuries. BC NS. nude male statues appeared, personifying the physical strength of a man. Female figures, on the other hand, always appeared in front of the audience in robes, since it was not customary to expose a female body.

In subsequent eras, attitudes towards naked bodies changed. So, in the days of Hellenism (from the end of the 6th century BC), endurance faded into the background, giving way to admiring the male figure. At the same time, the first female nude figures began to appear. In the Baroque era, women with magnificent forms were considered ideal, during the Rococo era, sensuality became paramount, and in the 19th-20th centuries, paintings or sculptures with naked bodies (especially male ones) were often banned.

Russian artists have repeatedly turned to the nude genre in their works. So, these are dancers with theatrical attributes, these are posing girls or women in the center of monumental plots. It has a lot of sensual women, including in pairs, it has a whole series of paintings depicting naked women doing different things, and it has girls full of innocence. Some, for example, depicted completely naked men, although such pictures were not welcomed by the society of their time.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the nude genre

Landscape (fr. Paysage, from pays - area)

In this genre, the priority is the image of the natural or man-made environment: natural corners, views of cities, villages, monuments, etc. Depending on the chosen object, natural, industrial, sea, rural, lyrical and other landscapes are distinguished.

The first landscapes of ancient artists were discovered in rock art of the Neolithic era and were images of trees, rivers or lakes. Later, the natural motif was used to decorate the home. In the Middle Ages, the landscape was almost completely replaced by religious themes, and in the Renaissance, on the contrary, harmonious relations between man and nature came to the fore.

In Russia, landscape painting has developed since the 18th century and was initially limited (landscapes were created in this style, for example, and), but later a whole galaxy of talented Russian artists enriched this genre with techniques from different styles and trends. created the so-called inconspicuous landscape, that is, instead of chasing spectacular views, he depicted the most intimate moments in Russian nature. and came to a lyrical landscape that amazed the audience with a subtly conveyed mood.

And this is an epic landscape, when the viewer is shown all the grandeur of the surrounding world. He endlessly turned to antiquity, E. Volkov knew how to turn any discreet landscape into a poetic picture, amazed the viewer with his wondrous light in the landscapes, and he could endlessly admire the forest corners, parks, sunsets and convey this love to the viewer.

Each of the landscape painters focused on such a landscape that fascinated him especially strongly. Many artists could not pass by large-scale construction projects and painted many industrial and urban landscapes. Among them are works by other artists. carried away monuments, and

In the visual arts, it is perhaps the most ancient in history. Our ancestors scraped out images of animals with sharp stones on the walls of their caves. The proof of this is in France.

Many centuries have passed since then. Painting, drawing and sculpture have acquired a rich history, and the animalistic genre - paintings by famous artists testify to this - has become less popular. However, despite the emergence of new objects of image, such as people, architecture, landscapes and much more, animalism has not ceased to be in demand among both artists and art lovers.

Animalistic genre in visual arts: paintings depicting the animal world

Animalism is the depiction of animals on objects of art. This genre is not limited to drawing and painting, but is actively used in a number of other types of art. Many artists and critics consider animalism to be the most universal genre in the world, since images of animals are characteristic of people of all eras and cultures.

Images of animals are also characteristic of works of art created in a different genre. For example, the famous painting by Shishkin "Morning in a pine forest". Shishkin is the greatest landscape painter in the history of Russian art, and Morning in a Pine Forest is undoubtedly a landscape, but with elements of the animalistic genre. It is worth noting that Shishkin did not paint his famous bears, they were made by the animal artist Konstantin Savitsky.

This practice was extremely popular among animalists. For example, Frans Snyders - one of the most famous artists of the animalistic genre - often painted animals in Rubens' paintings. It is noteworthy that not all artists, even the most famous ones, could cope with the depiction of animals and birds.

History of the animalistic genre

The image of animals is the most ancient ardor for which did not fade until the Renaissance and the centralization of the focus on man with his classical ideals. It is noteworthy that in the era of classicism, animals were depicted on vases, mosaics and frescoes with enviable regularity.

Our early ancestors, scraping the figures of those animals they hunted and those they fled from on the stone walls of their rough dwellings, sought to systematize life and the environment, teach descendants, and pay tribute to nature. It is worth noting that the figures of animals were often depicted in much more detail than the figures of human hunters. This early animalism is commonly referred to as the animal style.

Later, in the culture of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and other regions, it was popular to depict deities in the form of animals or to deify the representatives of the fauna themselves. Thus, images of animals appeared on objects of worship, walls of tombs and jewelry.

Oddly enough, the animalistic genre in the visual arts began to take on modern features precisely during the Renaissance - an era when painting was predominantly religious. Although it is worth noting that most of the genres took shape thanks to the Renaissance.

Animalistic genre: artists

The first representatives of the animalistic genre in art are the Chinese artist Yi Yuanji (early 11th century), famous for depicting monkeys, and the Chinese emperor Xuande (mid-15th century), who painted monkeys and dogs as a hobby.

In Renaissance Europe, the animalistic genre was developed by one of the greatest representatives of the Northern Renaissance, Albrecht Durer. While his contemporaries wrote religious subjects, Dürer actively studied flora and fauna; his watercolors, drawings and lithographs indicate that one of the pillars of Renaissance art was interested in the animalistic genre. The paintings of famous artists of that time rarely deviated from the accepted norms of painting, however, even on the canvases of Leonardo and Raphael, albeit rarely, animals and birds still appear.

The most prominent and famous animal painter is the Flemish painter Frans Snyders. He is especially famous for his still lifes with hunting trophies.

Animalism in painting

During the Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism and subsequent styles, animalism was never not only dominant, but even a popular genre. However, talented animal painters were able to secure a decent living by collaborating with other artists such as Frans Snyders.

The aristocrats and bourgeoisie, especially in England, ordered images of leading horses at races or their favorites. Many portraits of the same Baroque era featured people with pets. In a military portrait, it was necessary to depict the leaders on horseback. Often, many aristocrats preferred to be portrayed in the saddle. The animalistic genre in painting was popular among the bourgeoisie, especially with regard to images of hunting and game caught.

Animalistic genre in sculpture

Images of animals in sculpture are very popular all over the world. From Capitoline Wolf and Braunschweig Lion to Bronze Horseman and Berlin Bear, animal sculptures often become symbols of cities and historical events.

Especially among animal sculptors, Antoine-Louis Bari stands out, who worked in the era of romanticism. His sculptures are characterized by drama and energy characteristic of romantics. Bari, however, was an unusually talented sculptor who studied in detail the anatomy and plasticity of animals. According to him, the image of an animal in motion requires special observation, because anatomy alone is not enough here. Each animal has its own plasticity, manner of movement and characteristic habits that must be captured in order for the image to turn out natural.

Other types of animalism

The animalistic genre has not bypassed photography either. Today, many professional photographers and talented amateurs pay attention to the natural beauty and strength of animals. This is especially true against the background of modern environmental problems and the desire of many people and organizations to pay attention to them and prevent possible disasters that threaten us with the loss of beautiful and charming animal species, such as the Amur tiger, panda, koala and western gorilla.

Animalism (Animalistic genre), sometimes also Animalism (from Latin animal - animal) -

genre of fine arts

The main object of which are animals, mainly in painting, photography, sculpture, graphics, and less often in decorative arts. Animalism combines natural science and artistic principles. The main task of the animalist can be both the accuracy of the image of the animal and artistic-figurative characteristics, including decorative expressiveness or endowing animals with human traits, actions and experiences (for example, fables).

From sculpture has spread

animalistic ceramics

Stylized figures of animals are found among the monuments of the animal style (en), in the art of the Ancient East, Africa, Oceania, ancient America, and in the folk art of many countries.

History of animal studies

Artists working in the animalistic genre are called animalists. Animals in painting and graphics evoke the same interest among viewers as portraits of famous people. And this is no coincidence. With animalism, when in the Paleolithic era, more than 30 thousand years ago, people began to depict animals on the rocks, world art began. It is rooted in the deep past and the tradition of preserving images of domestic animals, as well as animals and birds that were considered sacred. We have survived the bas-reliefs of dogs, lions, bulls and horses of ancient Assyria, bas-reliefs and frescoes with dogs, cats, ibises, crocodiles, baboons, snakes, jackals, falcons of Ancient Egypt, ceramics with drawings of dogs and horses of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, sculptural images jaguars, snakes and other animals among the Aztecs and Mayans. The image of animals in ancient China reached the highest level. There are images of dogs similar to the Chow Chow, more than two thousand years ago. We still admire the animalistic graphics of Chinese masters today. The European aristocracy developed an interest in animalism during the Renaissance. From those times until the twentieth century, many portraits depicted a person with an animal to which he was attached - a horse, a dog, a cat. Paintings by such famous artists as Paolo Veronese, Jean-Baptiste Oudry, Van Dyck, Gainsborough, Titian Vecellio, Antonio Moreau, Rosalba Carriera, George Stubbs, Henri-François Rieseneur and many others who captured people with their favorite animals - even though these artists have never positioned themselves as animalists - they are included in the collection of masterpieces of world painting.

The Russian elite also showed interest in animalism. Several years ago, the Historical Museum displayed portraits of dogs donated to the Russian tsars. From the Italian greyhound Catherine the Great, a sculpture was made, which is now kept in Peterhof. And in Borovikovsky's painting, the Empress is depicted with her other Italian greyhound. Count Orlov has put together a collection of portraits of his greyhounds and horses. The portrait of a man with an animal was painted by Bryullov, Makovsky, Serov, Serebryakova, and other famous Russian artists, and not only with a dog, but also with horses, and even with tamed wild animals. Russian animal painters are also known all over the world, that is, those who paint mainly animals - Stepanov, Vatagin, Efimov, Laptev, Charushin. In the second half of the twentieth century in Europe, the masters of realistic portraiture, including animalistic ones, began to be crowded out by representatives of "contemporary art". For example, Hirst, exhibiting a cow, a shark, and others preserved in formalin, got into animal painters.However, interest in animalism in a realistic manner developed in the USA - works of many animal painters are exhibited at exhibitions held there.

Animalistic genre (lat. Animal - animal) - the image of animals in painting, sculpture, graphics.

Combines natural science and artistic principles, develops observation and love for nature.

Animals in painting and graphics evoke the same interest among viewers as portraits of famous people. And this is no coincidence. When, in the Paleolithic era, more than 30 thousand years ago, people began to depict animals on the rocks, world art began. It is rooted in the deep past and the tradition of preserving images of domestic animals, as well as animals and birds that were considered sacred. We have survived the bas-reliefs of dogs, lions, bulls and horses of ancient Assyria, bas-reliefs and frescoes with dogs, cats, ibises, crocodiles, baboons, snakes, jackals, falcons of Ancient Egypt, ceramics with drawings of dogs and horses of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, sculptural images jaguars, snakes and other animals among the Aztecs and Mayans. The image of animals in ancient China reached the highest level.

The European aristocracy developed an interest in animalism during the Renaissance. From those times until the twentieth century, many portraits depicted a person with an animal to which he was attached. The Russian elite also showed interest in animalism. Several years ago, the Historical Museum displayed portraits of dogs donated to the Russian tsars. Count Orlov has put together a collection of portraits of his greyhounds and horses. Interest in animalism in a realistic manner has developed in the United States - at the exhibitions held there, the work of many animal painters is exhibited.

Animalist (from the Latin animal - animal)- artist, graphic artist, sculptor, photographer, who mainly devoted his work to depicting animals. The animalist works in the animalistic genre. This is a genre of fine art, the main object of which is animals. The main task of the animalist can be both the accuracy of the image of the animal and artistic-figurative characteristics, including decorative expressiveness or endowing animals with features, actions and experiences inherent in humans (for example, fables).

Animal painter focuses on the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, its habitat. The decorative expressiveness of the figure, silhouette, color is especially significant in park sculpture, paintings, small plastic. Often, especially in illustrations for fairy tales, fables, in allegorical and satirical images, the animal is "humanized", endowed with features inherent in people, actions and experiences. Often, the main task of the animalist is the accuracy of the image of the animal, for example, in illustrations for scientific and popular science literature. From sculpture, animalistic ceramics are widespread.

The fauna is infinitely diverse and colorful. How brightly, for example, the feathers of many birds are painted, how colorful the wings of butterflies sparkle. But drawing animals is not so easy, they will not pose. The animalist has to diligently observe and study their habits and character.

Famous animal painters:

Yi Yuanji (c. 1000 - c. 1064) is a Chinese painter especially famous for his skill in drawing monkeys.

Zhu Zhanji (1398-1435) - Chinese emperor and master of drawing dogs and monkeys.

Frans Snyders (1579-1657) - Flemish painter.

Jan Faith (1611-1661) was a Flemish painter and printmaker.

Paulus Potter (1625-1654) - Dutch painter.

David Koninck (1636-1699) - Flemish painter.

Karl Kuntz (1770-1830) - German painter and printmaker.

Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) - French painter and graphic artist.

Pyotr Klodt (1805-1867) - Russian sculptor.

Philippe Rousseau (1816-1887) - French painter.

Brighton Riviere (1840-1820) - English painter.

Franz Mark (1880-1916) - German expressionist painter.

Vasily Vatagin (1883-1969) - Russian painter and sculptor.

Evgeny Charushin (1901-1965) - Russian graphic artist, Honored Artist of the RSFSR.

Konstantin Flerov (1904-1980) - Russian paleontologist, graphic artist and painter, Doctor of Science.

Nikolay Kondakov (1908-1999) - Russian biologist, illustrator, Ph.D.

A few words about some of them:

Christophe Drochon

Born in France, on the outskirts of Paris, in 1963. His talent as an artist was not immediately noticed. Christoph's schoolteacher even told his mother that her son would never achieve great success in painting. But this did not cool his passion for art - Drochon enthusiastically devoted all his free time to painting on his own and, thanks to his talent and hard work, proved that the school teacher was wrong. The childhood of the future artist took place in Paris, he did not see wildlife and knew nothing about the natural habitat of wild animals. But when Christophe went to school, his family settled near the Vincennes Zoological Park, and in the summer they traveled to the south-west of France. There he spent a lot of time, carefully observing animals and making sketches. His interest in nature grew, and his observations taught him to deeply understand and empathize with animals. Drochon's stunning work, craftsmanship and realistic animal technique delight and captivate nature lovers. However, his depiction of animals is different from the usual. In his works, animals and landscapes always serve as symbols to express the artist's ideas and illustrate his emotional state. He tries to convey to the viewer an awareness of the impermanence of the world. In many of his drawings, the eyes of animals are very expressive, which makes the essence of living nature more palpable and brings us closer to self-knowledge.

Sonia Reid

She was born in the USA in the city of Kullman in 1964. She studied at the University of Auburn. In 1988 she successfully graduated from Winfrop College with a BA in Noble Arts and worked as an interior designer for 8 years. Sonya has always loved animals and enjoyed the beauty of nature. Deciding to devote all her time to portraying them, she leaves for Africa. Having visited the famous Ngoro Ngoro crater in Tanzania, Sonya fell in love with the nature of this continent. Africa has become her passion. In her oil and graphite paintings, she tries to show everything that so touched her soul, and to call on viewers to protect and glorify wildlife. Her paintings have won many awards at numerous exhibitions. Another passion of the artist is photography and collecting books about Africa and its nature.

Dan D. Amico

Dan lives in a mountain valley next to the Rocky Mountains National Park in Colorado. Dan's interest in art arose very early. He spent so much time drawing horses and rabbits that his parents gave him a chalk board to save the paper. While studying at the Graduate School of Arts, Dan developed an interest in Impressionism. He felt a special kinship with the art of Claude Monet, admired the art of André Vieta, whose style greatly influenced Dan's further work. Initially self-taught, Dan graduated from Robert Bateman's master class in 1991 and then studied with renowned artist Bob Kukhn. believes that an artist should study, grow and experiment throughout his life. One of the main tasks of an artist, according to Dan, is to share the beauty of the world around him. He says: “If I can nudge someone to appreciate the play of light on the wet autumn grass, I feel like I can touch his soul. The viewer cannot experience a moment of inspiration, he can only touch the picture, passing it through his own feelings. " Dan tries to create a mood by evoking reciprocal feelings or memories. In his works, he tries to truthfully convey not only the external appearance of the animal, but also his feelings. In 1991, Dan was elected a member of the Animalist Organization.

animal painting canvas

Nikolay Nikolaevich Kondakov

Was born in 1908 in the city of Ryazan. After graduation, he entered the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University. He began his career while still a student at the Murmansk Biological Station. After graduation, he worked in many research institutes in Vladivostok, Moscow and Leningrad. In the 1920s he defended his Ph.D. thesis on squid research. He took part in many expeditions. The main contribution to biological science was made by him drawings of various representatives of the fauna. These illustrations were included in many publications, such as TSB, Red Data Books of the USSR, RSFSR, in atlases of animals, in textbooks. In total, several tens of thousands of drawings were made by Kondakov during his life.

Flerov Konstantin Konstantinovich

Evgeny Ivanovich Charushin

(October 29 (November 11, old style) 1901, Vyatka, now Kirov - February 18, 1965, Leningrad) - Soviet graphic artist, sculptor and writer. Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1945). The son of the architect I.A. Charushin.

Vasily Alekseevich Vatagin

(1883/1884 - 1969) - Russian and Soviet graphic artist and animal sculptor. People's Artist of the RSFSR (1964). Full member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1957). Laureate of the Stalin Prize of the third degree (1952). Professor of the Moscow Higher School of Industrial Art (formerly the Stroganov School).

Literature

1.website dic.academic.ru

Encyclopedia "Krugosvet"

Vatagin V.A. An image of an animal. Animalist notes. - M .: Svarog and Co, 1999.

Dixon D. Dinosaurs. Illustrated Encyclopedia. - M .: Moscow club, 1994.

Komarov A. Stories of an old goblin. - M .: Armada, 1998.

Smirins V. and Yu. Animals in nature. - M .: Armada-Press, 2001.