Romanticism in art concept. The visual arts of romanticism

Romanticism in painting is a philosophical and cultural trend in the art of Europe and America of the late 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. Sentimentalism in the literature of Germany, the birthplace of romanticism, served as the basis for the development of the style. The direction developed in Russia, France, England, Spain and other European countries.

History

Despite early attempts by the pioneers El Greco, Elsheimer and Claude Lorrain, the style we know as Romanticism did not gain momentum until almost the end of the 18th century, when the heroic element of neoclassicism took a major role in the art of the time. The paintings began to reflect the heroic-romantic ideal based on the novels of the time. This heroic element, combined with revolutionary idealism, emotionality, emerged as a result of the French Revolution as a reaction against the restrained academic art.

After the French Revolution of 1789, significant social changes took place over the course of several years. Europe has been shaken by political crises, revolutions and wars. When the leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to ponder a plan to reorganize European affairs after the Napoleonic Wars, it became clear that the peoples' hopes for freedom and equality were not being realized. Nevertheless, during these 25 years, new ideas were formed that took root in the minds of people in France, Spain, Russia, Germany.

Respect for the individual, which was already a key element in neoclassical painting, developed and took root. The paintings of the artists stood out for their emotionality, sensuality in the transfer of the image of the person. In the early 19th century, various styles began to show traits of romanticism.

Goals

The tenets and goals of Romanticism included:

• A return to nature - an example of which is the emphasis on spontaneity in painting, which the paintings demonstrate;
• Belief in the kindness of humanity and the best qualities of the individual;
• Justice for all - the idea was widespread in Russia, France, Spain, England.

A firm belief in the power of feelings and emotions that dominate mind and intellect.

Peculiarities

Characteristic features of the style:

1. The idealization of the past, the dominance of mythological themes became the leading line in the creativity of the 19th century.
2. Rejection of rationalism and dogmas of the past.
3. Increased expressiveness through the play of light and color.
4. Pictures conveyed a lyrical vision of the world.
5. Increased interest in ethnic themes.

Romantic painters and sculptors tend to express an emotional response to their personal lives, as opposed to the restraint and universal values ​​promoted by neoclassical art. The 19th century marked the beginning of the development of romanticism and architecture, as evidenced by the exquisite Victorian buildings.

Main representatives

Among the greatest romantic painters of the 19th century were such representatives as I. Fussli, Francisco Goya, Caspar David Friedrich, John Constable, Theodore Gericault, Eugene Delacroix. Romantic art did not supplant the neoclassical style, but functioned as a counterbalance to the dogmatic and harshness of the latter.

Romanticism in Russian painting is represented by the works of V. Tropinin, I. Aivazovsky, K. Bryullov, O. Kiprensky. Russian painters tried to convey nature as emotionally as possible.
The preferred genre among romantics was landscape. Nature was seen as a mirror of the soul, in Germany it is also seen as a symbol of freedom and limitlessness. The artists place images of people against the background of the countryside or urban, seascape. In romanticism in Russia, France, Spain, Germany, the image of a person does not dominate, but complements the plot of the picture.

Popular vanitas motifs include dead trees and overgrown ruins, symbolizing the transience and finite nature of life. Similar motifs had taken place earlier in baroque art: artists borrowed work with light and perspective in similar paintings from baroque painters.

Aims of Romanticism: The artist demonstrates a subjective view of the objective world, and shows a picture filtered through his sensuality.

In different countries

19th century German romanticism (1800 - 1850)

In Germany, the younger generation of artists reacted to the changing times with a process of introspection: they retreated into the world of emotions, they were inspired by sentimental aspirations for the ideals of the past, primarily the medieval era, which is now seen as a time in which people lived in harmony with themselves and the world. In this context, Schinkel's paintings, such as Gothic Cathedral on the Water, are representative and characteristic of the period.

In their attraction to the past, romantic artists were very close to neoclassicists, except that their historicism criticized the rationalistic dogmas of neoclassicism. Neoclassical artists set such tasks: they looked into the past in order to justify their irrationality and emotionality, preserved the academic traditions of art in conveying reality.

19th century Spanish romanticism (1810 - 1830)

Francisco de Goya was the undisputed leader of the romantic art movement in Spain, his paintings demonstrate characteristic features: a tendency to irrationality, fantasy, emotionality. By 1789, he became the official painter of the Spanish royal court.

In 1814, in honor of the Spanish uprising against French forces in Puerta del Sol, Madrid, and the shooting of unarmed Spaniards suspected of complicity, Goya created one of his greatest masterpieces, May 3rd. Notable works: "The Disasters of War", "Caprichos", "Maja Nude".

19th century French romanticism (1815 - 1850)

After the Napoleonic Wars, the French Republic again became a monarchy. This led to a huge boost of Romanticism, which has hitherto been held back by the dominance of the neoclassicists. French painters of the Romantic era did not limit themselves to the landscape genre, they worked in the genre of portrait art. The most prominent representatives of the style are E. Delacroix and T. Gericault.

Romanticism in England (1820 - 1850)

The theorist and the most prominent representative of the style was I. Fusli.
John Constable belonged to the English tradition of romanticism. This tradition has been in search of a balance between a deep sensitivity to nature and advances in the science of painting and drawing. The constable abandoned the dogmatic depiction of nature, the paintings are recognizable thanks to the use of color spots to convey reality, which brings Constable's work closer to the art of impressionism.

The paintings of William Turner, one of the greatest English painters of romanticism, reflect the craving for observing nature as one of the elements of creativity. The mood of his paintings is created not only by what he portrayed, but also by the way the artist conveyed color and perspective.

Significance in art

The romantic style of painting of the 19th century and its special features stimulated the emergence of numerous schools, such as: the Barbizon School, plein air landscapes, the Norwich School of landscape painters. Romanticism in painting influenced the development of aestheticism and symbolism. The most influential painters created the Pre-Raphaelite movement. In Russia and the countries of Western Europe, romanticism influenced the development of the avant-garde and impressionism.

The presentation will acquaint with the work of the outstanding painters of France, Germany, Spain and England of the era of romanticism.

Romanticism in European painting

Romanticism is a trend in the spiritual culture of the late 18th - first third of the 19th century. The reason for its appearance was disappointment with the results of the French Revolution. The motto of the revolution is "Freedom, equality, brotherhood!" turned out to be utopian. The Napoleonic epic that followed the revolution and the gloomy reaction caused a mood of disappointment in life and pessimism. In Europe, a new fashionable disease "World Sorrow" quickly spread and a new hero appeared, yearning, wandering around the world in search of an ideal, and more often in search of death.

Content of romantic art

In an era of gloomy reaction, the English poet George Byron became the master of thought. Its hero Childe Harold is a gloomy thinker, tormented by longing, wandering around the world in search of death and parting with life without any regret. My readers, I'm sure, have now remembered Onegin, Pechorin, Mikhail Lermontov. The main thing that distinguishes the romantic hero is the absolute rejection of the gray, everyday life. The romantic and the common man are antagonists.

“Oh, let me bleed,

But give me room soon.

I'm scared to choke here

In the cursed world of hucksters ...

No, a vile vice is better

Robbery, violence, robbery,

Than bookkeeping morality

And the virtue of well-fed mugs.

Hey cloud take me away

Take with you on a long journey

To Lapland, or to Africa,

Or at least to Stettin - somewhere! "

G. Heine

Escape from the drab everyday life becomes the main content of the art of romanticism. Where can a romantic "run away" from routine and dullness? If you, my dear reader, are romantic at heart, then you can easily answer this question. At first, the distant past becomes attractive to our hero, most often the Middle Ages with its noble knights, tournaments, mysterious castles, Beautiful Ladies. The Middle Ages were idealized and glorified in the novels of Walter Scott, Victor Hugo, in the poetry of German and English poets, in the operas of Weber, Meyerbeer, Wagner. In 1764 Walpole's Castle of Otranto, the first English "Gothic" horror novel, was published. In Germany at the beginning of the 19th century, Ernest Hoffmann wrote "Elixir of the Devil", by the way, I advise you to read it. Secondly, the sphere of pure fiction, the creation of a fictional, fantastic world, became a wonderful opportunity for a romantic to "escape". Remember Hoffmann, his "Nutcracker", "Little Tsakhes", "Golden Pot". It is understandable why Tolkien's novels and stories about Harry Potter are so popular in our time. There is always romance! It's a state of mind, isn't it?

The third way the departure of the romantic hero from reality - flight to exotic countries untouched by civilization. This path led to the need for a systematic study of folklore. The basis of the art of romanticism was formed by ballads, legends, epics. Many works of romantic visual and musical art are associated with literature. Shakespeare, Cervantes, Dante again become masters of thought.

Romanticism in the visual arts

In each country, the art of romanticism acquired its own national features, but at the same time, all of their works have a lot in common. All romantic artists are united by a special relationship to nature. The landscape, in contrast to the works of classicism, where it served only as a decoration, a background, for romantics acquires a soul. The landscape helps to emphasize the state of the hero. It will be useful to compare European visual art of romanticism with art and.

Romantic art prefers a night landscape, cemeteries, gray fogs, wild rocks, ruins of ancient castles and monasteries. A special attitude to nature contributed to the birth of the famous landscape English parks (remember the regular French parks with straight alleys and trimmed bushes and trees). The stories and legends of the past are often the subjects of paintings.

Presentation "Romanticism in European Fine Arts" contains a large number of illustrations introducing the works of outstanding romantic artists of France, Spain, Germany, England.

If you are interested in the topic, perhaps you, dear reader, will be interested in reading the material of the article " Romanticism: Passionate Nature " on the art website Arthive.

I found most of the excellent quality illustrations on the site Gallerix.ru... For those who want to delve into the topic, I advise you to read:

• Encyclopedia for children. T.7. Art. - M .: Avanta +, 2000.
• Beckett V. History of Painting. - M .: LLC "Astrel Publishing House": LLC "AST Publishing House", 2003.
• Great artists. Volume 24. Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes. - M .: Publishing house "Direct-Media", 2010.
• Great artists. Volume 32. Eugene Delacroix. - M .: Publishing house "Direct-Media", 2010
• Dmitrieva N.A. A Brief History of Art. Issue III: Countries of Western Europe of the XIX century; Russia of the XIX century. - M .: Art, 1992
• Emohonova L.G. World art culture: Textbook. A guide for students. wednesday ped. study. institutions. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 1998.
• Lukicheva K.L. The history of painting in masterpieces. - Moscow: Astra-Media, 2007.
• Lvova E.P., Sarabyanov D.V., Borisova E.A., Fomina N.N., Berezin V.V., Kabkova E.P., Nekrasova World art culture. XIX century. - SPb .: Peter, 2007.
• Mini-encyclopedia. Pre-Raphaelism. - Vilnius: VAB "BESTIARY", 2013.
• Samin D.K. One hundred great artists. - M .: Veche, 2004.
• Freeman J. History of Art. - M .: "Astrel Publishing House", 2003.

Good luck!

The art of the period of romanticism at the heart of its idea has the spiritual and creative value of the individual, as the main theme for philosophy and reflection. It appeared at the end of the 18th century and is characterized by romantic motives associated with a variety of oddities and picturesque events or landscapes. In essence, the emergence of this trend was in opposition to classicism, and sentimentalism, which was quite clearly expressed in the literature of that time, became a harbinger of its appearance.

By the early 19th century, romanticism had blossomed and completely immersed itself in sensual and emotional imagery. In addition, a very important fact was the rethinking of the attitude to religion in this era, as well as the emergence of atheism expressed in creativity. The values ​​of feelings and heart experiences are put at the head, and there is also a gradual public recognition of the presence of intuition in a person.

Romanticism in painting

The direction is characterized by the allocation of sublime themes, which is the main one for this style in any creative activity. Sensuality is expressed in any possible and acceptable way, and this is the most important difference in this direction.

(Cristiano Banti "Galileo before the Roman Inquisition")

Among the founders of philosophical romanticism, Novalis and Schleiermacher can be distinguished, but in painting Theodore Gericault distinguished himself in this regard. In literature, one can note especially outstanding writers of the period of romanticism - the brothers Grimm, Hoffmann and Heine. In many European countries this style developed under strong German influence.

The main features are:

• romantic notes clearly expressed in creativity;
• fabulous and mythological notes even in completely non-fabulous prose;
• philosophical reflections on the meaning of human life;
• deepening into the subject of personality development.

(Friedrich Caspar David "Moonrise over the sea")

We can say that romanticism is characterized by notes of the cultivation of nature and the naturalness of human nature, and natural sensuality. The unity of man with nature is also glorified, and images of the chivalric era, surrounded by an aura of nobility and honor, as well as travelers who easily embark on romantic travel are very popular.

(John Martin "Macbeth")

Events in literature or painting develop around the strongest passions experienced by the characters. Individuals inclined to adventurism, playing with fate and predetermination of fate have always become heroes. In painting, romanticism is perfectly characterized by fantastic phenomena that demonstrate the process of personality formation and the spiritual development of a person.

Romanticism in Russian art

In Russian culture, romanticism is especially clearly manifested in literature, and it is believed that the first manifestations of this trend are expressed in the romantic poetry of Zhukovsky, although some experts believe that his works are close to classical sentimentalism.

(V. M. Vasnetsov "Alyonushka")

Russian romanticism is characterized by freedom from classical conventions, and this trend is characterized by romantic dramatic plots and long ballads. In fact, this is the latest understanding of the essence of man, as well as the meaning of poetry and creativity in the life of people. In this regard, the same poetry acquires a more serious, meaningful meaning, although previously writing poetry was considered ordinary empty fun.

(Fedor Alexandrovich Vasiliev "Thaw")

Most often in Russian romanticism, the image of the protagonist is created as a lonely and deeply suffering person. It is precisely the suffering and emotional experiences that are given the greatest attention of the authors, both in literature and in painting. In fact, this is an eternal movement along the way with various thoughts and reflections, and the struggle of a person with constant changes in the world that surrounds him.

(Orest Kiprensky "Portrait of the Life-Hussar Colonel EV Davydov")

The hero is usually quite self-centered and constantly rebel against the vulgar and material goals and values ​​of people. Getting rid of material values ​​in favor of spiritual and personal ones is promoted. Among the most popular and striking Russian characters created within the framework of this creative direction, one can single out the main character from the novel "A Hero of Our Time". It is this novel that very clearly demonstrates the motives and notes of romanticism at that time.

(Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky "Fishermen on the seashore")

The painting is characterized by fabulous and folklore motives, romantic and full of various dreams. All works are maximally aesthetic and have correct, beautiful constructions and forms. In this direction, there is no place for hard lines and geometric shapes, as well as overly bright and contrasting shades. At the same time, complex designs and many small, very important details in the picture are used.

Romanticism in architecture

The architecture of the era of romanticism is similar in itself to fairytale castles, and is distinguished by incredible luxury.

(Blenheim Palace, England)

The most striking and famous buildings of this time are characterized by:

• the use of metal structures, which were a new invention during this period, and represented a rather unique innovation;
• sophisticated silhouettes and designs that suggest incredible combinations of beautiful elements, including turrets and bay windows;
• richness and variety of architectural forms, an abundance of various combinations of technologies for the use of iron alloys with stone and glass;
• the building acquires visual lightness, thin forms allow you to create even very large buildings with minimal cumbersomeness.

The most famous bridge from this period was created in 1779 in England, and was thrown over the River Severn. It has a fairly short length, just over 30 meters, but it was the first such structure. Later, bridges of more than 70 meters were created, and after a few years, cast iron structures began to be used in the construction of buildings.

The buildings had up to 4-5 floors, and asymmetric shapes are characteristic of the layouts of the internal premises. The asymmetry is visible in the facades of this era, and the wrought iron grilles on the windows allow to emphasize the appropriate mood. You can also use stained glass windows, which is especially true for churches and cathedrals.

At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, the ideas of classicism and the Enlightenment lost their attractiveness and relevance. The new which, in response to the canonical methods of classicism and the moral social theories of the Enlightenment, turned to man, his inner world, gained strength and took possession of the minds. Romanticism is very widespread in all areas of cultural life and philosophy. Musicians, artists and writers in their works tried to show the high destiny of man, his rich spiritual world, the depth of feelings and experiences. From now on, man with his inner struggle, spiritual quests and experiences, and not "blurry" ideas of general welfare and prosperity, have become the dominant theme in works of art.

Romanticism in painting

The painters convey the depth of ideas and their personal experiences through the created with the help of composition, color, accents. Different European countries had their own peculiarities in the interpretation of romantic images. This is due to philosophical trends, as well as the socio-political situation, to which art was a living response. Painting was no exception. Fragmented into small principalities and duchies, Germany did not experience serious social upheavals, artists did not create monumental canvases depicting heroes-titans, here the deep spiritual world of man, his beauty and greatness, moral quest was of interest. Therefore, romanticism in German painting is most fully represented in portraits and landscapes. Otto Runge's works are classic examples of this genre. In the portraits made by the painter, through the subtle elaboration of facial features, eyes, through the contrast of light and shadow, the artist's desire to show the contradictory nature of personality, its power and depth of feeling is conveyed. Through the landscape, a slightly fantastic, exaggerated image of trees, flowers and birds, the artist also tried to discover the diversity of the human personality, its similarity with nature, diverse and unknown. A striking representative of romanticism in painting was the landscape painter KD Friedrich, who emphasized the power and might of nature, mountainous, seascapes, consonant with man.

Romanticism in French painting developed according to different principles. Revolutionary upheavals, stormy social life manifested themselves in painting by artists' gravitation towards depicting historical and fantastic subjects, with pathos and "nervous" excitement, which was achieved by bright color contrast, expression of movements, some chaos, spontaneity of composition. The most fully and vividly romantic ideas are presented in the works of T. Gericault, E. Delacroix. Artists skillfully used color and light, creating a pulsating depth of feeling, a sublime impulse for struggle and freedom.

Romanticism in Russian painting

Russian social thought responded very vividly to new trends and trends emerging in Europe. and then the war with Napoleon - those significant historical events that most seriously influenced the philosophical and culturological searches of the Russian intelligentsia. Romanticism in Russian painting was represented in three main landscapes, monumental art, where the influence of classicism was very strong, and romantic ideas were closely intertwined with academic canons.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, more and more attention was paid to the depiction of the creative intelligentsia, poets and artists of Russia, as well as ordinary people and peasants. Kiprensky, Tropinin, Bryullov with great love tried to show all the depth and beauty of a person's personality, through a glance, a turn of the head, details of a costume to convey the spiritual quest, the freedom-loving nature of their "models". Great interest in the personality of a person, its central place in art contributed to the flourishing of the genre of self-portrait. Moreover, the artists did not paint self-portraits to order, it was a creative impulse, a kind of self-report to contemporaries.

Landscapes in the works of romantics were also distinguished by their originality. Romanticism in painting reflected and conveyed the mood of a person, the landscape had to be in tune with him. That is why the artists tried to reflect the rebellious nature of nature, its power and spontaneity. Orlovsky, Shchedrin, depicting the sea element, mighty trees, mountain ranges, on the one hand, conveyed the beauty and multicolor of real landscapes, on the other, they created a certain emotional mood.

It originated at the end of the 18th century, but reached its peak in the 1830s. From the beginning of the 1850s, the period began to decline, but its threads stretch through the entire 19th century, providing the basis for such trends as symbolism, decadence and neo-romanticism.

The rise of romanticism

Europe, in particular England and France, is considered the birthplace of this trend, which is where the name of this artistic trend comes from - "romantisme". This is explained by the fact that romanticism of the 19th century arose as a consequence of the Great French Revolution.

The revolution destroyed all the previously existing hierarchy, mixed society and social strata. The man began to feel lonely and began to seek solace in gambling and other entertainment. Against this background, the idea arose that all life is a game in which there are both winners and losers. The protagonist of each romantic work is a person who plays with fate, with fate.

What is romanticism

Romanticism is everything that exists only in books: incomprehensible, incredible and fantastic phenomena, at the same time associated with the confirmation of the personality through its spiritual and creative life. Mostly, events unfold against the background of pronounced passions, all heroes have pronounced characters, they are often endowed with a rebellious spirit.

Writers of the era of romanticism emphasize that the main value in life is a person's personality. Each person is a separate world full of amazing beauty. It is from there that all inspiration and lofty feelings are drawn, and also a tendency towards idealization appears.

According to novelists, the ideal is an ephemeral concept, but nevertheless it has the right to exist. The ideal is beyond the bounds of everything ordinary, therefore the main character and his ideas are directly opposed to everyday relationships and material things.

Distinctive features

The peculiarities of romanticism are as they are in the main ideas and conflicts.

The main idea of ​​almost every piece is the constant movement of the hero in physical space. This fact, as it were, reflects the confusion of the soul, his continuously flowing reflections and, at the same time, changes in the world around him.

Like many artistic movements, romanticism has its own conflicts. Here the whole concept is based on the complex relationship of the protagonist with the outside world. He is very egocentric and at the same time rebel against the base, vulgar, material objects of reality, which in one way or another manifests itself in the actions, thoughts and ideas of the character. The following literary examples of romanticism are most clearly expressed in this regard: Childe Harold - the main character from "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" by Byron and Pechorin - from "A Hero of Our Time" by Lermontov.

If we generalize all of the above, it turns out that the basis of any such work is the gap between reality and the idealized world, which has very sharp edges.

Romanticism in European literature

European romanticism of the 19th century is remarkable in that most of its works have a fantastic basis. These are numerous fabulous legends, short stories and stories.

The main countries in which romanticism as a literary trend manifested itself most expressively are France, England and Germany.

This artistic phenomenon has several stages:

1. 1801-1815 years. The beginning of the formation of romantic aesthetics.
2. 1815-1830 years. The formation and flowering of the current, the definition of the main postulates of this direction.
3. 1830-1848 years. Romanticism takes on more social forms.

Each of the above countries has made its own, special contribution to the development of this cultural phenomenon. In France, the romantic had a more political overtones, the writers were hostile to the new bourgeoisie. This society, according to French leaders, ruined the integrity of the individual, its beauty and freedom of spirit.

In English legends, romanticism has existed for a long time, but until the end of the 18th century it did not stand out as a separate literary movement. English works, unlike French ones, are filled with Gothic, religion, national folklore, culture of peasant and workers' societies (including spiritual ones). In addition, English prose and lyrics are filled with travels to distant lands and exploration of foreign lands.

In Germany, romanticism as a literary movement was formed under the influence of idealist philosophy. The foundations were individuality and oppressed by feudalism, as well as the perception of the universe as a single living system. Almost every German work is permeated with reflections on the existence of man and the life of his spirit.

Europe: examples of works

The following literary works are considered the most notable European works in the spirit of romanticism:

Treatise "Genius of Christianity", stories "Atala" and "Rene" by Chateaubriand;

The novels "Dolphin", "Corinna, or Italy" by Germaine de Stael;

The novel "Adolphe" by Benjamin Constant;

The novel "Confessions of the Son of the Century" by Musset;

The novel "Saint-Mar" by Vigny;

Manifesto "Preface" to the work "Cromwell", novel "Notre Dame Cathedral" by Hugo;

Drama "Henry III and His Court", a series of novels about the Musketeers, "The Count of Monte Cristo" and "Queen Margot" by Dumas;

The novels Indiana, The Wandering Apprentice, Horace, Consuelo by Georges Sand;

Manifesto "Racine and Shakespeare" by Stendhal;

Coleridge's poems The Old Sailor and Christabel;

- "Oriental Poems" and "Manfred" by Byron;

Collected Works of Balzac;

The novel "Ivanhoe" by Walter Scott;

The fairy tale "Hyacinth and the Rose", the novel "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" by Novalis;

Collections of short stories, fairy tales and novels by Hoffmann.

Romanticism in Russian literature

Russian romanticism of the 19th century arose under the direct influence of Western European literature. However, despite this, it had its own characteristic features, which were tracked even in previous periods.

This artistic phenomenon in Russia fully reflected all the hostility of the leaders and revolutionaries to the ruling bourgeoisie, in particular, to its way of life - unbridled, immoral and cruel. Russian romanticism of the 19th century was a direct result of rebellious sentiments and anticipation of turning points in the history of the country.

In the literature of that time, two directions stand out: psychological and civil. The first was based on the description and analysis of feelings and experiences, the second - on the promotion of the struggle against modern society. The general and main idea of ​​all novelists was that a poet or writer should behave according to the ideals that he described in his works.

Russia: examples of works

The most striking examples of romanticism in the literature of Russia in the 19th century are:

Novels "Ondine", "Prisoner of Chillon", ballads "Forest Tsar", "Fisherman", "Lenora" by Zhukovsky;

Works "Eugene Onegin", "The Queen of Spades" by Pushkin;

- "The Night Before Christmas" by Gogol;

- "A Hero of Our Time" by Lermontov.

Romanticism in American Literature

In America, the direction received a slightly later development: its initial stage dates back to 1820-1830, the subsequent one - 1840-1860 years of the XIX century. Both stages were exceptionally influenced by civil unrest both in France (which served as the impetus for the creation of the United States), and directly in America itself (the war of independence from England and the war between the North and the South).

Artistic trends in American romanticism are represented by two types: abolitionist, who advocated liberation from slavery, and Eastern, who idealized plantation.

American literature of this period is based on the rethinking of knowledge and genres captured from Europe and mixed with a peculiar way of life and pace of life on a still new and little-known continent. American works are richly flavored with national intonations, a sense of independence and the struggle for freedom.

American romanticism. Examples of works

Cycle "Alhambra", stories "The Ghost Groom", "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" by Washington Irving;

The Last of the Mohicans by Fenimore Cooper;

The poem "The Raven", the stories "Ligeia", "The Golden Beetle", "The Fall of the House of Usher" and others by E. Alan Poe;

The novels "The Scarlet Letter" and "The House of Seven Gables" by Gorton;

Melville's novels Typee and Moby Dick;

Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe;

The poetically transcribed legends of Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, The Courtship of Miles Standish by Longfellow;

Whitman's Leaves of Grass collection;

Composition "Woman in the Nineteenth Century" by Margaret Fuller.

Romanticism as a literary movement had a rather strong influence on musical, theatrical art and painting - suffice it to recall the numerous performances and paintings of those times. This happened mainly due to such qualities of the direction as high aesthetics and emotionality, heroism and pretentiousness, chivalry, idealization and humanism. Despite the fact that the century of romanticism was short enough, this did not in any way affect the popularity of books written in the 19th century, in the following decades - works of literary art of that period are loved and revered by the public to this day.