Compositions. The essence and meaning of the comedy "Minor" The ideological meaning of the comedy "Minor"

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Sh. Valentina, pupilstsa8 classB

MAOU gymnasium No. 6 of Tomsk, teacher

Trushina Olga Vitalievna

Tomsk-2016

Content:

introduction (substantiation of the topic, goals and objectives of the study);

main part;

conclusion with the results of the conclusion;

Bibliography;

application

Introduction

Theme: Staging of Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor": history and modernity

Relevance of work lies in the fact that the comedy "The Minor" for over 200 years has been one of the most repertoire plays of the Russian theater. How many famous directors and artists were brought up on this work. Gone are the monarchy and serfdom, but the play reminds people (viewers) of eternal values. The issues of upbringing a citizen, education, attitude to power, money are still important today. It is difficult to imagine a drama theater that would never turn to Fonvizin, would not offer its own version of the production. I study at the Sintez theater studio, and I think we will stage this play as well. It is interesting to know what theatrical performances are offered by the country's theaters to modern audiences.

Purpose of work: prove that D.I. Fonvizin "The Nedorosl" has been of interest to the theater audience for more than two centuries.

Tasks:

Find out the history of the first production of the play;

Permeate theatrical performances of the comedy "The Minor", compare with the text of the play;

To trace what tendencies are characteristic of the modern theater, which puts the comedy "The Little Man" into its repertoire.

Practical significance : this work can be useful in literature lessons for a deeper understanding of the text of the play, for preparing for the OGE and USE in literature, for the possible implementation of the theatrical production of the comedy "The Minor" in the "Sintez" studio

Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin worked on the comedy "The Minor" for about 3 years. He wrote it in 1781, when the ideas of an enlightened monarchy dominated in Russia. These ideas were widespread, since they were supported by Catherine herself.II... As a nobleman, Fonvizin had the opportunity to observe the supporters of these ideas, their thoughts and delusions, and reflected everyone in his comedy "The Minor".

Fonvizin's innovation as a playwright:

1. The beginning of Russian realistic drama was laid;

2. Determined the dependence of a person's character on the environment and circumstances;

3. typical phenomena of Russian life are shown and typical images are created;

4. the connection between serfdom and the moral character of the nobility has been proved;

5. the dangerous effect of money on a person is predicted.

First production.

The path of comedy to the stage was very difficult. At first it was forbidden to stage it in St. Petersburg, and then in Moscow. However, a little later, permission to stage was given. The premiere took place on September 24, 1782 in St. Petersburg at the Karl Knipper Theater. Denis Fonvizin himself took part in staging this performance, he himself appointed to the roles of actors. The performance made a stunning impression. People were delighted with the author's bold work, because no one had ever created a work where the foundations of the state system would be so openly criticized. Particular attention was paid to the monologues of Starodum (actor Ivan Afanasyevich Dmitrevsky), the monologues were pronounced slowly, on low notes. Fonvizin wrote: "The success was complete." According to legend, Grigory Potemkin, having watched the comedy, said to the author: "Die, Denis, you can't write better." But CatherineIIwas offended by ridiculing the foundations of the state, among the courtiers, the empress, as if jokingly complained: "Oh, and Mr. Fonvizin wants to teach me to reign." Later, she cut off all possibilities of publishing Fonvizin's works.

But despite Catherine's harsh reactionII, the production became very popular in Russia. In Moscow, the comedy was staged on May 14, 1783 at the theater of Moscow University, and then 8 performances took place. Provincial theaters in Kharkov, Poltava, Kazan also successfully staged a new play.

But there were sophisticated spectators who were contemptuous of the play. LI Kulakova in the monograph “DI Fonvizin. Biography of the writer "gives an example:" Already at the beginning of the 19th century, one of the magazines wrote that the pictures depicted in the comedy do not give people anything "the best tone" and "the middle class and the people like the most." For the sake of persons of the "best tone" the directors shortened the speeches of positive characters and mutilated the language of Prostakova. " (p. 109)

In the 19th century, "The Minor" goes 5-10 times a year. In the period 1813-1827. in Moscow, the comedy was staged 27 times, and in St. Petersburg - 14. It is thanks to the heroes of Fonvizin that the play of Russian actors takes on truthful, vitally reliable features, and a realistic method of acting begins to form. This was especially evident in the work of the great Mikhail Semyonovich Shchepkin (1788-1863), who played all the roles in "The Ignorant". V.I. Zhivokini (1805-1874), an actor destroyed the boundaries of the hall and the stage, could turn to the prompter, improvise, and play the role behind the partner's back with facial expressions. This was one of the best Mitrofanushkas of the 19th century.

Heroes of the comedy "Minor"

There are 13 heroes in the play: nobles, landowners, serfs, commoners. There are main characters, minor and off-stage characters.
Each character has his own speech characteristic.

Kuteikin, a half-educated seminarian, uses Church Slavonicisms in his speech: "Peace to the house of Vladyka and many years from children and households."

Tsyfirkin, a former soldier, speaks in a military manner clearly: "We wish your honor to live a hundred years, twenty, and even more."

The language of the goodies is bookish, filled with public vocabulary and Old Church Slavonicism. In modern productions, it is the monologues of Starodum and Pravdin that are most abbreviated.

For example, these words were removed from the Maly Theater production:
Starodum: “People forget the duty of obedience, seeing in their master himself a slave of his vile passions.
Pravdin: "... from my own deed of my heart, I will not leave to notice those malicious ignoramuses who over their people complete power, use it for evil inhumanly."

But the speech of negative characters in the performances is not reduced.

Common speech, swear words have not changed for more than 200 years. “My brother, I won’t bark with you. From her old age, father, she never cursed with anyone. I have such a disposition. "

It was the speech of negative heroes that went to the people, became proverbs and sayings:
“I don’t want to study, I want to get married” (Mitrofanushka)
"Belens ate too much" (Mitrofanushka)
"Learning nonsense" (Skotinin)
"For good, for health" (Skotinin)

Staged by the Maly Theater.

The premiere of the play took place on January 6, 1986, and since then it has firmly entered the repertoire of the Maly Theater. During this time, the cast has changed more than once, but one thing is invariable - the classic reading of Fonvizin's play. Of course, if you meticulously check all the remarks and monologues of the heroes, we will see: after all, something has been edited. Act 1, yavl 1 - Pravdin's reasoning about the command "to bypass the local district ..."

Act 3, yavl. 2 - Starodum's words are excluded: “Leave wealth to children! In my head, no. They will be smart, they will do without him; and wealth does not help a foolish son. I've seen good fellows in gold caftans, but with a lead head ... "

Today these words sound more relevant than in the 80s of the 20th century, when the play was staged.

Act 4, yavl. 1 - the dialogue between Starodum and Sophia about reading is excluded. Starodum's thought about Western authors is not outdated: “I happened to read from them everything that was translated into Russian. True, they strongly root out prejudices, but they root out virtue. " In the same phenomenon, other monologues of Starodum are also shortened: “Without good behavior, an intelligent person is a monster,” “Think, what is a position? This is a sacred vow ... "

Act 5, yavl 1 - the words about upbringing are excluded: “We see all the unfortunate consequences of bad upbringing. But what can come out of Mitrofanushka for the fatherland, for which ignorant parents still pay money to ignorant teachers? "

The rest of the text is pronounced by the actors word for word. But, thanks to the excellent acting skills, the performance is watched in the 21st century. This is confirmed by the reviews of the audience.

This performance by the Maly Theater is a classic production, "following the author", no jokes, except for those in the comedy, no newfangled directorial innovations, everything is strictly according to the text. I was very afraid of how such a complex (even by ear) text would hold the viewer's attention, but the artists of the old school did a great job.

Yesterday I was with my 12-year-old daughter and her friend at the play "The Minor". At the entrance, when I saw whole classes of children aged 13-14, I immediately thought that the performance might be spoiled. And hearing them screeching, screaming and clapping like in football confirmed my worst fears.

But ten minutes later, the children were completely captured by the performance.
Despite the fact that the language is outdated, the children understood everything and were absorbed in the action.
Wonderful performance and wonderful acting. Amazing scenery and costumes, how nice to see such a production! And how modern it is without any attempts and pretensions!
I highly recommend going!

We sat in the second row of the stalls. The teenagers around were serious, did not make noise

The hall is dominated by schoolchildren, because this work is included in the literature program. The Maly Theater is famous for its performances of classics, so the excitement is understandable - the hall is full. We must pay tribute to the teenagers - they watched with pleasure, in silence, almost without rustling and negotiations. (from the website .)

The version of the Maly Theater contains interesting directorial and acting finds.

For example, in act 3, at the end of phenomenon 8, Vralman openly flirts with Prostakova. “Poti, my mother! Saletna bird! With him the tfoy of the voice is on top. "

Act 4, phenomenon 7. Dialogue between Starodum and Skotinin by unexpected serious revelation of both:

Starodum. You are happier than me. People touch me.

Skotinin. And I'm so pigs.

Act 5, phenomenon 4. The plan to kidnap Sophia was thwarted. Prostakova is about to begin to crack down on the serfs. From her threats, it becomes scary. Even a modern teenager understands what the tyranny of a landowner is and how great her power over serfs is: “Well! Now I will give the dawn to the canals to my people. Now I’m going to sort them all out one by one. Now I’ll try to find out who let her go. No, scammers! No, thieves! I will not forgive forever, I will not forgive this ridicule! "

I liked the thought of Afanasy Ivanovich Kochetkov, the first performer of the role of Starodum in this production, that “in our vague reality, it is almost impossible to predict how, when and how exactly the morality laid down in the basis of the classical work will respond to the viewer. "

"Musical performances

But oddly enough, fewer and fewer theaters choose the classic comedy production.Sometime in 1969the play was transcribed to music by the renowned composer Julius Kim. And, the director Julius Eidlin staged the opera "The Minor". The authors have kept all the storylines. As the directors say, they have created a folk opera, which has a parody, humor, "bright musical numbers".

Today this performance can be viewed at the Stavropol Academic Drama Theater named after M.Yu. Lermontov.

Director Mikhail Kovalchuk in an interview ("Stavropolskaya Pravda" 2014) shared his findings:
"There will be many unexpected things, for example, Skotinin's musical number in the gavotte style"
Or Starodum, a kind of free man with money ... his number in the style of an old romance.

Thanks to the musical processing, the comedy has become more modern, accessible. "
A source:www. stavteatr. ru

The Vologda Youth Theater followed the same path.

The didactic plot of "The Minor" was turned into an entertaining satirical story, freed from "cumbersomeness and moralizing", retaining the main conflict between ignorance, lack of spirituality and virtue, adorned with the reason of enlightenment (

Fonvizin was born and raised in Moscow, then moved to St. Petersburg, where he served in the Foreign Collegium, was a diplomat. He dearly loved Russia, served her interests, her people. The basis of contemporary society - serfdom, the unlimited power of some people over others - he considered a huge evil that cripples the souls of both. A very educated person, translator, author of poems and fables, a talented satirist and playwright, in his works Fonvizin ridiculed the harshness, rudeness, ignorance of landowners, their hypocrisy and base interests.

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Essay on the topic "The relevance of the comedy" Minor "by D. I. Fonvizin in our days"

Pupil 8 "B" class

MOU SOSH "Perspective

Panov Igor

Glory to Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin was brought by the comedy "The Minor", staged in 1782, on which he worked for many years.

The comedy "The Minor" is rightly considered the pinnacle of Fonvizin's work and of all Russian drama of the 18th century. Maintaining a connection with the worldview of classicism, the comedy has become a deeply innovative work.

The play makes fun of vices (rudeness, cruelty, stupidity, ignorance, greed), which, according to the author, require immediate correction. The problem of education - central to the ideas of the Enlightenment, is the main one in Fonvizin's comedy, which is emphasized by its name. (A minor is a young nobleman, a teenager who received a home education).

Where did comedy's innovation come about? For Fonvizin, in contrast to the classicists, it was important not only to pose the problem of upbringing, but also to show how circumstances (conditions) affect the formation of the character of a person. This essentially distinguishes comedy from the works of classicism. The Nedorosl laid the foundations for a realistic reflection of reality in Russian fiction. The author reproduces the atmosphere of landlord tyranny, exposes the greed and cruelty of the Prostakovs, the impunity and ignorance of the Skotinins. In his comedy about education, he raises the problem of serfdom, its corrupting influence on both the people and the nobles.

In contrast to the works of classicism, where the action developed in accordance with the solution of one problem, "The Minor" is a multi-dark work. Its main problems are closely related to each other: the problem of education - with the problems of serfdom and state power. To expose the vices, the author uses such techniques as speaking surnames, self-exposure of negative characters, subtle irony on the part of positive characters. In the mouths of positive heroes, Fonvizin puts criticism of the "depraved century", idlers-nobles and ignorant landowners. The theme of serving the fatherland, the triumph of justice is also carried through positive images.

The common sense of the surname Starodum (Fonvizin's favorite hero) emphasizes his adherence to the ideals of the old, Peter's times. Starodum's monologues are aimed (in accordance with the tradition of classicism) at educating those in power, including the empress. Thus, the scope of reality in comedy is unusually wide in comparison with strictly classic works.

Fonvizin's innovation manifested itself in the creation of the characters' speech. It is highly individualized and serves as a means of characterizing them. It was the first socio-political comedy on the Russian stage, and Fonvizin was the first playwright who presented not a character prescribed by the laws of classicism, but a living human image.

Problems of enlightenment and education were very acute in the time of Fonvizin. But in our days, in the age of universal literacy, are there such problems? How much is it permissible these days to buy yourself a university diploma, having unlimited income in the family? To what extent has the educational level of children who have completely lost interest in reading decreased, and can our television with its serials and "action films" replace a full-fledged education? Isn't it a problem that children get their basic knowledge from television and computer games: “Who wants to be a millionaire” and others. And this at a time when we are surrounded by the most sophisticated equipment and technology that requires deep systematized knowledge. Textbooks are getting easier, learning is getting easier. This is the problem of modern education.

The significance of "The Little Ones" is also great in the history of the development of Russian drama. Fonvizin's comedy has remained on the stage of the theater right up to the present day.The vitality of images, the historically correct depiction of people and the way of life of the 18th century, the natural spoken language, the skillful construction of the plot - all this explains the lively interest that comedy arouses in our days

The ideas of Fonvizin, expressed by him in the comedy "The Minor", have not lost their relevance today. His works entered the golden fund of classical literature and have not left the stages of Russian theaters for two hundred years. Is this not a proof of the genius of the author and his creation?

In order to understand the relevance of the comedy "The Minor" in our time, it is enough to recall what are the main problems raised in it. This work was written at the end of the 18th century by the outstanding Russian classic D.I.Fonvizin. The author presented in it heroes from various strata of the population and their vices. Among the main characters are nobles, and serfs, and ordinary servants, and impostor teachers, and civil servants.

The comedy, first of all, condemns the traditional upbringing of the nobility and its "ill will". The central character is a young nobleman, an "ignoramus" who received a written certificate of training from a teacher. People like him were not accepted into the service and they were not given documents allowing them to marry. The moral issues raised by the author in the work are undoubtedly relevant to this day. There is only one difference between modernity and two hundred years ago. Serfdom has long been abolished, so society now does not consist of serfs and nobles.

For the rest, you can easily see all the problems associated with upbringing and education, even in our time. After all, a high position in society is often occupied by people who are not entirely educated and have a low level of education, while many more literate people remain in secondary roles. The problem of "undergrowth" has always existed. There have always been those in society who did not want to learn and did not take useful sciences into account. So here, Fonvizin showed the Prostakov family - domineering, tough and ready to go for almost anything for their own benefit.

Minor - at the time of Fonvizin, the so-called noble children who did not receive a minimum education. Peter the Great tried to eradicate illiteracy in the "noble estate" by issuing a decree in 1714 ordering noble children to learn at least literacy, arithmetic and the law of God. Those who did not master this minimum were forbidden to marry and hold high government posts.

The modern ironic meaning of the word "ignoramus" appeared precisely thanks to the comedy of Denis Ivanovich. It was created in 1782, during the reign of Catherine II, who went down in history as a great enlightener. Despite the Peter's decree, the issue of education and upbringing of the nobility was still very acute in that era. It is to him that the work is mainly dedicated.

The author managed to vividly and ironically show the beginning of this historical process - the ennoblement and domestication of the Russian nobility. In the person of the narrow-minded and cruel landowner Prostakova, her spineless husband and bored son, Fonvizin reflects an entire era when the main concerns of landowners were only money and thoughtless power.

The topic of upbringing and education, raised by the writer, remains relevant today. Nowadays, school education has become a generally accepted norm, and access to almost any information can be obtained from a mobile phone. But many teenagers are still not interested in learning about the world. With the abundance and availability of entertainment television, games and social networks, the interest in real knowledge remains among the minority.

The problems of laziness and lack of curiosity can also be determined by upbringing. Just such a case shows us "Minor". Mitrofan does not have such an abundance of entertainment as modern adolescents, but he stubbornly avoids studying ...

Mrs. Prostakova acts, at first glance, inconsistently: she hires three teachers for her son, but for three years she does nothing for the boy to start studying. But teachers for her are just a matter of prestige, like purchased diplomas and certificates in the modern world. She herself is illiterate, the woman now and then speaks with contempt of science and is sure that Mitrofanushka will live well without her. This is the real reason that the young man did not learn to read over the years of study: he is convinced by his mother that it is boring and useless. The main thing that his mother teaches is selfishness: “Having found the money, do not share it with anyone. Take everything for yourself. " In the Mitrofan family, there is no example of even a respectful attitude towards people: Prostakov does not give a penny not only to serfs, but even to equals in origin: her husband and potential daughter-in-law Sophia. She is amiable only with those from whom she wishes to benefit. Unfortunately, this behavior is shown today by people who have been given power over others, albeit small. In the boring life of a poorly educated person, humiliation of the weaker is one of the favorite pastimes.
And we see that Mitrofanushka has learned his lesson well, having learned to shamelessly curry favor with his "superiors": "you are so tired, beating the priest."

Excessive custody and indulgence of the whims of children leads all to the same results as two hundred years ago. Adolescents lose interest in life, while remaining unadapted to work and healthy, mutually beneficial relationships with other people. At the same time, the parents still want their offspring to be successful in life, but until the very end they hope that everything will be resolved by itself: “How is happiness written for whom, brother. From our surname Prostakovs, look, lying on their side, they fly to their ranks. What is worse than their Mitrofanushka? "

Money is another eternal theme in literature. It is the money issue that is the main intrigue of the comedy. The struggle between Prostakova and Skotinin for Sophia's dowry, which the girl does not suspect until the last moment, gives the reader several comic moments.

In his work, Fonvizin condemns a society that educates people with a low level of civic responsibility. When such individuals become part of the state system, the state cannot flourish. It is with regret that we have to admit that this is the problem that is still the most urgent in our country. Created
the impression that the majority of government posts are still held by the "Prostakovs", although they are more educated, but just as greedy and indifferent to people and the world.

Fonvizin wrote his comedy back in 1781. The premiere of this play took place in 1782 and left an ambiguous impression on the audience. For that time, it was a non-standard and unexpected setting, rarely who could so easily expose the pressing problems of mankind to the public, open people's eyes to their vices. The "undersized" still collects full houses, since the problems raised in it are relevant in our life as well.

The play was conceived by D.I.

Fonvizin, as a comedy on one of the main themes of the Enlightenment - the theme of education. But later the "Minor" grew into something more. In addition to the topic of education, Fonvizin raised the acute problem in society of relations between nobles and serfs.

The comedy, written more than two centuries ago, has not lost its relevance today. One of the central problems in the work is the problem of education. A significant part of the work is devoted to ridiculing Mitrofanushka's upbringing. Mitrofan does not respect the hired teachers, does not want to perceive anything, and his mother, Mrs. Prostakova, indulges him in everything. She doesn't care about her son's education, what matters to her is that she can boast that her son has many teachers and even a foreigner among them. She only cares about her own prestige. But even today there are such Mitrofans who do not want to study. Many schoolchildren go to school not for knowledge, but because they "have to".

Equally important was the problem of serfdom. In those years, peasants were treated like things: they could be sold, exchanged for something, and much more. Fonvizin tried to show people the inhumanity of some landowners in relation to serfs by the example of Mrs. Prostakova, who heartlessly mocked the peasants for no reason. The author sympathizes with the fate of ordinary people, such as Trishka and Eremeevna, tries to open people's eyes to the shortcomings of the society in which they live. And although serfdom does not exist in our time, some people still have cruelty and hatred towards others. Class hatred, wars, racial enmity, national conflicts - all this exists in our world. I believe that these problems need to be addressed. Fonvizin in his work very accurately showed that rude, evil and stupid people do not achieve anything good in this life.

The comedy "The Minor" rightfully occupies an important place in classical literature. After all, many years later, the problems raised in it will be relevant, and if society finds a solution to these problems, the "Minor" will remind of what they left, and why you should not return to the previous way of life.

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